1834 in science

none 1834 science 1834 The year 1834 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Events March – William Whewell (anonymously) first publishes the term scientist in the Quarterly Review, but notes it as "not generally palatable".scientist, n. Oxford English Dictionary online version Oxford University Press http://www.oed.com/Entry/172698 2011-04-05 March 2011 January 2016 Astronomy March 14 – John Herschel discovers the open cluster of stars now known as NGC 3603.Sher D. The Curious History of NGC 3603 Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 59 76 1965 1965JRASC..59...67S Hermann Helmholtz proposes gravitational contraction as the energy source for the Sun. Johann Heinrich von Mädler and Wilhelm Beer publish Mappa Selenographica, the most complete map of the Moon up to this time. Thomas Henderson is appointed first Astronomer Royal for Scotland. Biology James Paget discovers in human muscle the parasitic worm that causes trichinosis. Félix Dujardin proposes that single-cell animals should be classified in a group by themselves. Chemistry Phenol is discovered by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, who has extracted it (in impure form) from coal tar. Geology The Triassic is named by Friedrich August von Alberti for the three distinct layers of redbeds, capped by chalk, followed by black shales that are found throughout Germany and Northwest Europe, called the 'Trias'. The Great Devonian Controversy begins.Martin J. S. Rudwick Rudwick Martin J. S. The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge among Gentlemanly Specialists University of Chicago Press 1985 Paleontology The large prehistoric whale Basilosaurus is discovered in Eocene rock deposits. It is presumed to be a large reptile.2012 Evolution of Whales from Land to Sea Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 156 3 309–323 http://prod.lsa.umich.edu/content/dam/paleontology-assets/paleontology-documents/1560305Gingerich.pdf Gingerich P. D.Notice of fossil bones found in the Tertiary formation of the State of Louisiana Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 1834†Basilosaurus Harlan 1834 (whale) https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36681 PBDB Mathematics Charles Babbage begins the conceptual design of an "analytical engine", a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer. It will not be built in his lifetime.Anthony Hyman R. Anthony Hyman Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer Oxford University Press 1982 0-19-858170-Xhttp://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/computing_and_data_processing/1878-3.aspx Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1834-1871 (Trial model) Science Museum (London) 2010-10-01 https://web.archive.org/web/20100920230519/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/computing_and_data_processing/1878-3.aspx 20 September 2010 dead dmy-allPalmer Alan Palmer Veronica 1992 The Chronology of British History Century Ltd London 259–260 0-7126-5616-2 Mechanics Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi discovers his uniformly rotating self-gravitating ellipsoids. Scottish naval architect John Scott Russell first observes a nondecaying solitary wave (a soliton, which he calls "the Wave of Translation") while watching a boat hauled through the water of the Union Canal near Edinburgh, subsequently using a tank to study the dependence of solitary wave velocities on amplitude and liquid depth.J. Scott Russell Report on waves Fourteenth meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science York 311–390 http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/~chris/Scott-Russell/SR44.pdf 2012-08-28 September 1844 2012-07-16 https://web.archive.org/web/20120716202136/http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/~chris/Scott-Russell/SR44.pdf dead Medicine Joseph-François Malgaigne publishes Manuel de medecine operatoire. St. Vincent's Hospital is set up in Dublin by Mary Aikenhead, staffed by the Religious Sisters of Charity,Meenan F. O. C. 1995 St Vincent's Hospital 1834–1994 Dublin Gill and Macmillan 0-7171-2151-8 the first hospital staffed by nuns in the English-speaking world. Physics Émile Clapeyron presents a formulation of the second law of thermodynamics. Michael Faraday publishes "On Electrical Decomposition" in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, in which he coins the words electrode, anode, cathode, anion, cation, electrolyte and electrolyze. Michael Faraday 116224057 Michael Faraday 1834 On Electrical Decomposition http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Faraday-electrochem.html Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 10.1098/rstl.1834.0008 124 77–122 subscription Heinrich Lenz discovers Lenz's law. Jean-Charles-Athanase Peltier discovers the Peltier effect. Technology June 21 – Cyrus McCormick receives his first patent for a mechanical reaper, in the United States.George Iles 1912 2nd Leading American Inventors New York Henry Holt and Company https://archive.org/details/leadingamericani00ilesrich 276–314 Cyrus H. McCormick 31 December 2011 December 23 – English architect Joseph Hansom patents the Hansom cab.Penguin Pocket On This Day Penguin Reference Library 0-14-102715-0 2006 Joseph Chaley’s Grand Pont Suspendu in Fribourg is the first suspension bridge with cables assembled in mid-air.Peters Tom F. Andrea L. Transitions in Engineering: Guillaume Henri Dufour and the early 19th century Cable Suspension Bridges Basel Birkhauser 1987 3-7643-1929-1 Jacob Perkins creates a cooling machine that uses ice, an early refrigerator.http://www.softschools.com/timelines/inventions_of_the_1800s_timeline/262/ Inventions of the 1800s timeline softschools.com dead https://web.archive.org/web/20150518103452/http://www.softschools.com/timelines/inventions_of_the_1800s_timeline/262/ 2015-05-18 Thomas Davenport, inventor of the first American DC electrical motor, installs his motor in a small model car, creating one of the first electric cars. Awards Copley Medal: Giovanni PlanaCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 22 July 2020 en Births January 7 – Johann Philipp Reis (died 1874), German physicist and inventor. January 15 – Frederick DuCane Godman (died 1919), English lepidopterist, entomologist and ornithologist. January 17 – August Weismann (died 1914), German biologist. February 7 – Dmitri Mendeleev (died 1907), Russian chemist. February 16 – Ernst Haeckel (died 1919), German zoologist. February 20 (O.S. February 8) – Nikolai Kaufman (died 1870), Russian botanist. March 17 – Gottlieb Daimler (died 1900), German mechanical engineer and automotive pioneer. April 30 – John Lubbock (died 1913), English naturalist and archaeologist. June 22 – William Chester Minor (died 1920), Ceylonese-born American military surgeon, lexicographer and murderer. July 6 – Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen (died 1923), English surveyor, geologist and naturalist. August 5 – Ewald Hering (died 1918), German physiologist. August 10 – Maurice Raynaud (died 1881), French physician. August 22 – Samuel Pierpont Langley (died 1906), American astronomer. August 23 – Hugh Owen Thomas (died 1891), Welsh-born orthopaedic surgeon. August 29 – Hermann Sprengel (died 1906), German-born chemist. September 30 – Carl Schorlemmer (died 1892), German organic chemist. December 15 – Charles Augustus Young (died 1908), American astronomer. December 24 – Augustus George Vernon Harcourt (died 1919), English chemist. Deaths January 8 – Jacques Labillardière (born 1755), French naturalist. January 17 – Giovanni Aldini (born 1762), Italian physicist. February 16 – Lionel Lukin (born 1742), English inventor. February 26 – Alois Senefelder (born 1771), German inventor. July 12 – David Douglas (born 1799), Scottish-born botanist and explorer. August 7 – Joseph Marie Jacquard (born 1752), French inventor. September 9 – James Weddell (born 1787), Anglo-Scots seal hunter and Antarctic explorer. October 10 – Thomas Say (born 1787), American naturalist. November 27 – Rosalie de Constant fr, Swiss naturalist (born 1758) References Category:19th century in science Category:1830s in science