1956 in the Vietnam War

none August 2020 1956 Vietnam War Ba Cut Trial.jpg 300px Ba Cụt in Cần Thơ Military Court 1956 Indochina South Vietnam Anti-government insurgents:Vietnam Viet Minh cadresThousands of Viet Minh cadres had stayed behind after Vietnam was split into North and South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government wanted a national referendum on unification as per the Geneva Accords. As such they forbid the southern Viet Minh cadres from anything but low level insurgency actions instead issuing directives to focus on political action and persuasion in preparation for the scheduled elections. The Diem government of South Vietnam refused to hold the elections.1971 Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960 Pentagon Papers 1 Chapter 5 Section 3 314–46 http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm 4 May 2010 Beacon Press https://web.archive.org/web/20100514013220/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm 14 May 2010 liveHòa Hảo sect Ba Cụt Viet Minh: 4,300 US casualties: 1Tovo Ken 18 March 2005 http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/army-usawc/ksil241.pdf From the ashes of the Phoenix: Lessons for contemporary counterinsurgency operations Air University March 31, 2010 24 24 August 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20060824203432/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/army-usawc/ksil241.pdf dead Ngo Dinh Diem consolidated his power as the President of South Vietnam. He declined to have a national election to unify the country as called for in the Geneva Accords. In North Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh apologized for certain consequences of the land reform program he had initiated in 1955. The several thousand Viet Minh cadres the North had left behind in South Vietnam focused on political action rather than insurgency. The South Vietnamese army attempted to root out the Viet Minh. thumb|250px|A map of South Vietnam showing provincial boundaries and names and military zones (1, II, III, and IV Corps). France completed its military withdrawal from Vietnam. The United States expanded the number of its military advisers in South Vietnam. The first American killed in the Vietnam War died June 8 at the hand of another American soldier. In 1956 the term Viet Cong came into use and gradually replaced the older term Viet Minh. The government-controlled Saigon press first started using the term referring to communists in South Vietnam as Viet Cong a shortening of Viet Nam Cong-San which means "Vietnamese Communist". January 11 January President Diem issued Ordinance Number 6 which permitted the imprisonment of communists and others "dangerous to national defense and common security"."History.com This Day in History" http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/diem-issues-ordinance-no-6, accessed 10 August 2014 Diem's anti-communist repression reduced communist party membership in South Vietnam by about two-thirds between 1955 and 1959, but the repression also alienated many non-communists.Jacobs Seth Cold War Mandarin: Ngô Đình Diệm and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963 Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 2006 0-7425-4447-830 In the words of scholar Bernard Fall, Ordinance No. 6 gave the Diem government "almost unchecked power to deal with the opposition--and the non-Communist opposition, least inured to clandestine operations, was hit hardest. The non-communist opposition to Diem came mostly at this time from the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo religious sects and the Bình Xuyên criminal mafia.Fall Bernard, (1966) "Viet Nam in the Balance", The Australian Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 21–22 February 9 February The Geneva Accords of 1954 forbade any increase in foreign military personnel in Vietnam and required all to withdraw by 1956. Adhering to the agreement, the U.S. had kept the level of its Military Advisory Assistance Group (MAAG) in Saigon at 342 personnel. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles with the concurrence of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the U.S. Department of Defense authorized a "temporary mission" of 350 additional American military personnel to South Vietnam to salvage about $1 billion in military equipment left behind by the French military, now departed. By the end of 1957, nearly all of these additional personnel had been assigned to MAAG to train the South Vietnamese army (ARVN).97 25 February Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev made his "secret speech" On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences to the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.Soviets, After 33 Years, Publish Khrushchev's Anti-Stalin Speech New York Times Francis X. Clines 6 April 1989 https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/06/world/soviets-after-33-years-publish-khrushchev-s-anti-stalin-speech.html The speech was a major cause of the Sino-Soviet split in which China (under Chairman Mao Zedong) and Albania (under First Secretary Enver Hoxha) condemned Khrushchev as a revisionist. In response, they formed the anti-revisionist movement, criticizing the post-Stalin leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union for allegedly deviating from the path of Lenin and Stalin.http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1964/phnycom.htm 1964: On Khrushchev's Phoney Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World marxists.org Khrushchev also announced a policy of Peaceful coexistence between the Soviet-allied socialist states and the capitalist bloc in contrast to the earlier Soviet policy of world revolution. 26 February Scholar Hans J. Morgenthau defended the authoritarian practices of President Diem and his government in a newspaper article. "Considering the enormity of the task which confronts Diem, it would be ill-advised to be squeamish about the methods he used."Lewy Gunther America in Vietnam Oxford University Press 1978 978-019502732714 28 February After occupying the Cao Đài sect's political center of Tây Ninh, the Diem government signed an agreement with Cao Dai leaders which permitted Cao Dai members to continue practicing their religion but prevented political activity.Daugherty Leo The Vietnam War Day by Day Chartwell Books 2002 978-078582857017 March 4 March South Vietnam held elections for the National Constituent Assembly. Diem's candidates won 90 of 123 seats."Vietnam War Timeline: 1956–1967" http://www.vietnamgear.com/Indochina1956.aspx, accessed 10 August 2014 April Dr. Tom Dooley's book Deliver us from Evil was published in the United States and became a runaway best seller and influential anti-communist tract. Dooley described his work among Vietnamese refugees in Haiphong, North Vietnam, in 1954 and 1955. Hundreds of thousands of refugees, mostly Catholic, migrated from North Vietnam to South Vietnam in those years with transportation and assistance provided by the U.S. and French navies. Dooley's lurid accounts of communist atrocities committed on the refugees were not substantiated by other sources. Dooley was an informant of CIA agent Edward Lansdale who ran clandestine and propaganda programs encouraging Northerners, especially Catholics, to migrate south.147–49"18 Years After Dr. Tom Dooley's Death, a Priest Insists He Was a Saint, Not a CIA Spook" by Rosemary Rawson, People Magazine, Vol. 12, No. 5, July 30, 1979 http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20074218,00.html https://web.archive.org/web/20110412140603/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20074218,00.html 12 April 2011 South Vietnam created the para-military Civil Guard and Self Defense Corps. The two organizations, each with about 50,000 troops, were stationed in villages and had the task of combating subversion and intimidation and freeing the South Vietnamese army from being responsible for protecting the rural population from the Viet Cong and other dissidents. Training for the Civil Guard and the Self Defense Corps was provided by Michigan State University.Spector Ronald United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and support: the early years, 1941–1960 United States Army Center of Military History 1983 https://history.army.mil/html/books/091/91-1/index.html https://web.archive.org/web/20120913055946/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/091/91-1/index.html dead 13 September 2012 978-0160016004320–21 13 April Hoa Hao commander Ba Cụt was arrested by a patrol on 13 April 1956,84 and his remaining forces were defeated in battle.Moyar Mark Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War 1954–1965 Cambridge University Press 2006 978-052175763865Doyle Edward Lipsman Samuel Weiss Stephen The Vietnam Experience: Passing the Torch Boston Publishing Company 1981 978-0939526017131 28 April The French military withdrawal from Vietnam was completed as the last soldier in the French Expeditionary Force left South Vietnam.Logevall Fredrik Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam Random House 2012 978-0375756474650 A few French air force and navy personnel remained in South Vietnam as trainers. June Diem abolished elections for village councils, apparently out of concern that large numbers of Viet Minh might win office. By replacing the village notables with appointed officials, Diem swept away the traditional administrative autonomy of the village officials, and took upon himself and his government the onus for whatever corruption and injustice subsequently developed at that level. These government appointees to village office were outsiders—northerners, Catholics, or other "dependable" persons—and their alien presence in the midst of the close-knit rural communities encouraged revival of the conspiratorial, underground politics to which the villages had become accustomed during the resistance against the French. 1 June Senator John F. Kennedy gave the keynote speech at a conference of the American Friends of Vietnam, headed by General John W. O'Daniel. Kennedy lauded the accomplishments of President Diem and described South Vietnam as "the cornerstone of the Free World in Southeast Asia.... This is our offspring—we cannot abandon it, we cannot ignore its needs."Mann, Robert A Grand Delusion: America's Descent into Vietnam New York: Basic Books, 2001, pp. 200–201 Kennedy opposed the elections called for in the Geneva Accords (1954) saying that elections would be subverted by North Vietnam.13 8 June Richard B. Fitzgibbon Jr. became the first American to be killed in the Vietnam War. Fitzgibbon was serving as part of the Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) (DET 1, 1173RD FOR MSN SQD),http://www.footnote.com/image/#48326087&terms=Richard+B.+Fitzgibbon Richard B. Fitzgibbon, Jr. National Archives and Records Administration March 31, 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20100314052514/http://www.footnote.com/image/ 14 March 2010 live which was involved in training military personnel in South Vietnam. Fitzgibbon was not killed in action, but rather was murdered by another United States airman.https://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=1902 Name of Technical Sergeant Richard B. Fitzgibbon to be added to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Department of Defense (DoD) 6 November 1998 31 March 2010 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20131020044326/http://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=1902 20 October 2013 July 6 July Vice President Richard Nixon visited South Vietnam. He gave Diem a letter from President Eisenhower stating that the United States looked forward to many years of partnership with South Vietnam.Chronology of Events Relative to Vietnam, 1954–1965" Vietnam Perspectives, Vol 1, No. 1 (August 1965), p. 19 In a speech in the Vietnamese constituent assembly, Nixon said that "the march of Communism has been halted."17 Ho Chi Minh said that "the U.S. imperialists and the pro-American authorities in South Vietnam have been plotting to partition our country permanently and prevent the holding of free general elections as provided for by the Geneva Agreements"114 11 July The Joint Chiefs of Staff said that "the major threat [to South Vietnam] continues to be that of subversion." The CIA agreed. Despite those conclusions, American assistance to the South Vietnamese army was focused on building an army to deal with a conventional military attack from North Vietnam. The U.S. generals did not believe that the communists could mount an insurgency that would threaten the survival of South Vietnam. The concept of counterinsurgency received little attention in the U.S. army at that time. U.S. soldiers received only four hours of "counterguerrilla" training and training courses provided by the U.S. to the South Vietnamese army were almost "exact copies" of the military training given U.S. soldiers.272–73Krepinevich Andrew The Army and Vietnam Johns Hopkins University Press 1986 0-8018-2863-5 23 13 July Lê Quang Vinh, popularly known as Ba Cụt, was a military commander of the Hòa Hảo religious sect, which operated from the Mekong Delta and controlled various parts of southern Vietnam during the 1940s and early 1950s. He was captured on April 13 and after a short trial, publicly guillotined on July 13, 1956, in Cần Thơ.65Buttinger Joseph Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled Praeger Publishing 1967 978-9999238014 888–89 Some followers, led by a hardcore deputy named Bay Dom, retreated to a small area beside the Cambodian border, where they vowed not to rest until Ba Cụt was avenged. Many of his followers later joined the Viet Cong and took up arms against Diệm.Warner Denis The Last Confucian: Vietnam, South-East Asia and the West Angus and Robertson 1964 753163184 105–07 20 July The date specified in the Geneva Accords for national elections to re-unify North and South Vietnam. The elections were not held because Diem said South Vietnam was not a party to the Accords. Most observers believe that Ho Chi Minh would have won the elections easily649–51Eisenhower Dwight David The White House Years: Mandate for Change 1963 XIV. Chaos in Indochina Doubleday In response to the planned elections not being held, the few remaining Viet Minh living within South Vietnam began a small-scale resistance campaign against Diem's government.Gutzman Philip Vietnam: A Visual Encyclopedia PRC Publishing Ltd. 2002 8 August 17 August Ho Chi Minh and other North Vietnamese officials publicly apologized for errors committed in North Vietnam's land reform program. Estimates of the number of people called "landlords" who were killed in the 1954–1956 period range from 3,000 to 50,000. 12,000 people were released from prisons after Ho's apology.633111 21 August The Diem government issued Ordinance Number 47 which made it against the law, upon penalty of death, to assist any organization defined as communist. Diem defined "Communist" as "all persons and groups who resorted to clandestine political activity or armed opposition to his government".Adamson, Michael R. "Ambassadorial Roles and Foreign Policy: Elbridge Durbrow, Frederick Nolting, and the U.S. Commitment to Diem's Vietnam, 1957–1961" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 2 (June 2002), p. 234. October 22 October The Diem government issued Ordinance No. 57, a land reform program intended to transfer land from persons owning more than 100 ha acres to landless and small landholders. Land reform was described as the most important step the South Vietnamese government could take to counter communist influence. This program expanded an earlier effort at land reform beginning in 1955.Fall, Bernard, "South Vietnam's Internal Problems" Pacific Affairs, Vol. 31, No. 3 (September 1958), p. 250. The Land reform program, however, was poorly implemented, landlords were able to retain most of their land, and peasants had to pay for the land they were eligible to receive.Tucker Spencer Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: a political, social, and military history, Volume 2 1998 ABC-CLIO 978-0-87436-983-0 The provisions of the land reform program probably indicated the growing influence of large landowners rather than being a genuine attempt to re-distribute land to the poor and landless rural dwellers.Wurfel, David (June 1957), "Agrarian Reform in the Republic of Vietnam", Far Eastern Survey, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 81, 92. 26 October Diệm announced the adoption of a constitution for South Vietnam. The constitution gave Diem the power to declare and rule by "emergency" whenever he wished. It also gave him the right to suspend "temporarily" freedom of assembly, speech, and other civil rights.227 November Diệm dealt strongly with another group not among his supporters: the approximately 1,000,000 Chinese-identified people of Vietnam, the Hoa, who dominated much of the economy. Diệm issued an executive order which barred "foreigners", including Chinese, from 11 kinds of businesses, and demanded the half-million Vietnamese-born Hoa men, "Vietnamize", including changing their names to a Vietnamese form. His vice-president, Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ, was put in charge of the program.South Vietnam: 500,000 Uncles Time 13 May 1957 http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,867643,00.html https://web.archive.org/web/20111019195250/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,867643,00.html dead 19 October 2011 2 November Farmers in Nghệ An, Ho Chi Minh's native province, presented a petition to the International Control Commission protesting North Vietnam's land reform program. Violence spread throughout the province. The 325th Division of the People's Army of Vietnam put down the uprising and restored order. Approximately 1,000 protesters were killed, and another 5,000 were deported.Cheng Guan Ang Vietnamese Communist's Relations with China and the Second Indochina Conflict, 1956–1962 McFarland Publishing Company 1997 42Karnow Stanley Stanley Karnow Vietnam: A history Penguin Books 1997 0-670-84218-4 226 8 November The North Vietnamese government officially shut down the Peoples Agricultural Reform Tribunals, which are believed to have been responsible for executing 10,000–15,000 North Vietnamese landowners and imprisoning or deporting another 50,000–100,000. December 18 December Ho Chi Minh's government banned "subversive" publications and cracked down on intellectuals in North Vietnam. 31 December The total number of U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam totaled 692.97 South Vietnam estimated there were 4,300 VC cadres and guerrillas in the country. References Category:Vietnam War by year War Vietnam Category:United States history timelines