1978 New Zealand general election

General election in New Zealand April 2024 April 2018 1978 New Zealand general election New Zealand parliamentary no 1975 New Zealand general election 1975 38th New Zealand Parliament 1981 New Zealand general election 1981 40th New Zealand Parliament 92 seats in the Parliament 47 1978 11 25 y members Robert Muldoon (blue background).jpg Robert Muldoon 9 July 1974 New Zealand National Party Tamaki 55 seats, 47.6% 54 51 3 680,991 39.8% 7.8% Bill Rowling, 1974 (crop).jpg Bill Rowling 6 September 1974 New Zealand Labour Party Tasman 32 seats, 39.6% 32 40 8 691,076 40.4% 0.8% Bruce Craig Beetham (cropped).jpg Bruce Beetham 14 May 1972 Social Credit Party (New Zealand) Rangitīkei 0 seats, 7.4% 1 1 274,756 16.1% 8.7% 1978 New Zealand general election.svg 350px Results by electorate, shaded by winning margin Prime Minister Subsequent Prime Minister Robert Muldoon Robert Muldoon New Zealand National Party New Zealand National Party The 1978 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to elect the 39th New Zealand Parliament. It saw the governing National Party, led by Robert Muldoon, retain office, but the opposition Labour Party won the largest share of the vote. Reorganisation of the enrolment system caused major problems with the electoral rolls, which left a legacy of unreliable information about voting levels in this election. Background The National Party had won a resounding victory in the 1975 elections, taking fifty-five of the eighty-seven seats and ousting the Labour Party from government. Labour had been led by Bill Rowling, who had assumed the post of Prime Minister on the death in office of the popular Norman Kirk. Labour won the remaining thirty-two seats in that election, with no other parties gaining entry to Parliament. Labour's Rowling had been criticised by many for inadequately countering Muldoon's confrontational style, and was widely perceived as "weak". Following Labour's defeat, there had been speculation about replacing Rowling as leader of the party, but Rowling retained his position. Gradually, as some people wearied of Muldoon's style, Rowling's more reserved manner was held up as an asset rather than a weakness, and Labour began to gain a certain amount of traction again. Economic troubles hurt the government, and its reputation had fallen. Muldoon remained a powerful opponent, however, and was regarded as a strong campaigner. Not long before the 1978 election, a by-election in Rangitikei caused considerable comment when it introduced a third party to Parliament: Bruce Beetham, leader of the Social Credit Party. Although other parties dismissed Social Credit's success as a fluke, Beetham predicted a great future for the party. MPs retiring in 1978 Five National MPs and three Labour MPs intended to retire at the end of the 38th Parliament. Party Name Electorate Term of office Date announced National Peter Gordon Clutha 1960–78 28 October 1977https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19771029.2.10 Mr Gordon to call it a day The Press 29 October 1977 1 Allan McCready Manawatu 1960–78 8 August 1977https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19770809.2.10 Minister of Defence to retire The Press 9 August 1977 1 Ed Latter Marlborough 1975–78 18 August 1978https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19780819.2.25 Marlborough's M.P. not standing again The Press 19 August 1978 3 Harry Lapwood Rotorua 1960–78 18 August 1977https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19770819.2.4 Tourism Minister to retire The Press 19 August 1977 1 Ray La Varis Taupo 1975–78 4 November 1977https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19771104.2.86.9 Taupo M.P. to go The Press 4 November 1977 11 Labour Martyn Finlay Henderson 1946–491963–78 25 May 1977Cedric Mentiplay https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19770525.2.11 Dr Finlay to end long stint in Parliament The Press 25 May 1977 1 Roger Drayton St Albans 1969–78 8 September 1977https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19770909.2.17 Tribute paid to retiring M.P. The Press 9 September 1977 2 Paddy Blanchfield West Coast 1960–78 16 July 1977https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19770716.2.124 The man who works for the West The Press 16 July 1977 15 Sir Stanley Whitehead MP for Nelson had announced he would retire at the end of the term in 1978, due to ill-health, but he died on 9 January 1976 triggering a by-election instead.Former Speaker of House is Dead 9 January 1976 The Evening Post 1 Opinion polling border|left|520x520px http://www.polled.co.nz/historicalpollingdata.php Historical Pollling Data 1974–2021 Patrick Leyland PollDateThese are the survey dates of the poll, or if the survey dates are not stated, the date the poll was released. National Labour Socred Values Lead 1978 election result 25 Nov 1978 39.82 40.41 16.07 2.41 0.59TVNZ Heylen 18 Nov 1978 38 39 20 4 1NBR 1 Nov 1978 44 35 17 3 9TVNZ Heylen 28 Oct 1978 45 38 14 3 7TVNZ Heylen 30 Sep 1978 44 36 17 3 8NBR 1 Sep 1978 44 35 16 4 9TVNZ Heylen 15 Aug 1978 46 39 11 4 7TVNZ Heylen 15 Jul 1978 46 39 12 3 7NBR 1 Jul 1978 47 36 14 3 11TVNZ Heylen 15 Jun 1978 45 37 15 4 8TVNZ Heylen 15 May 1978 43 38 16 4 5NBR 1 May 1978 40 37 16 4 3TVNZ Heylen 15 Apr 1978 39 38 18 5 1TVNZ Heylen 15 Mar 1978 43 33 18 5 10NBR 1 Mar 1978 41 31 22 5 7TVNZ Heylen 15 Feb 1978 45 35 14 6 7NBR 1 Jan 1978 45 37 13 5 8TVNZ Heylen 15 Dec 1977 47 39 8 6 8NBR 1 Nov 1977 48 37 9 5 11TVNZ Heylen 15 Oct 1977 47 40 8 6 7TVNZ Heylen 15 Sep 1977 46 41 7 6 5TVNZ Heylen 15 Aug 1977 48 38 9 6 10TVNZ Heylen 15 Jun 1977 48 43 4 5 5TVNZ Heylen 15 May 1977 47 40 8 5 7TVNZ Heylen 15 Feb 1977 46 37 10 8 9TVNZ Heylen 15 Jun 1976 48 39 8 5 9 Electoral changes Problems In 1975 several reforms had been made to the electoral system. These included combining the re-enrolment process with the taking of the 1976 census and replacing existing Justice Department registrars with electorate officers appointed from Post Office Staff. They would work in conjunction with Statistics Department and Electoral Office staff, and at the same time, a switch would be made from a manual to a computerised system. A report completed in 1979 found that there had been poor liaison between the various departments involved, staff shortages and problems with the computer system. However, the main problem arose from the decision to combine re-enrolment with the 1976 census. Many voters had been confused by the need to re-enrol only a year after the previous election, and many had not bothered to fill out their forms. Census staff had not been given the authority to insist on the card being completed.McRobie 1989 119 To avoid disenfranchising a significant portion of the electorate, the Chief Electoral Officer decided just to carry forward many old voter registrations in the hope that duplications and outdated enrolments would be purged later. However, not enough staff were provided to complete that in time, and by the time that the rolls closed, 35,000 forms remained unprocessed. It has been estimated that as many as 460,000 enrolments may have been outdated or duplicates. Many voters (even candidates) found themselves enrolled in the wrong electorate or off the roll completely, and others were enrolled in multiple electorates or several times in the same electorate. That means that accurate figures for electoral turnout are impossible to determine, and other figures may not be reliable.Atkinson 2003 187–188, 191–193 Electoral redistribution The 1977 electoral redistribution was the most overtly political since the Representation Commission had been established by an amendment to the Representation Act in 1886, initiated by Muldoon's National Government.McRobie 1989 8–9, 51, 119 That a large number of people failed to fill out an electoral re-registration card had little practical effect for the electoral redistribution for people on the general roll, but it transferred Māori to the general roll if the card was not handed in. Together with a northward shift of New Zealand's population, that resulted in five new electorates having to be created in the upper part of the North Island.McRobie 1989 119 The electoral redistribution was very disruptive, and 22 electorates were abolished (see list below), and 27 electorates were newly created or re-established. In the North Island, fifteen electorates were newly created (Albany, East Cape, Eastern Hutt, Helensville, Horowhenua, Hunua, Kaimai, Matamata, Ōhāriu, Papakura, Papatoetoe, Pencarrow, Rangiriri, Tarawera, and Te Atatū) and six electorates were re-created (Bay of Islands, Kaipara, Taranaki, Waipa, Waitakere, and Waitotara). In the South Island, two electorates were newly created (Otago and Yaldhurst) and four electorates were re-created (Ashburton, Fendalton, Selwyn, and Waitaki). The changes came into effect for the 1978 election.McRobie 1989 115–120 The election The election was held on 25 November. There were 2,489,510 people officially registered to vote in the elections, making the election the first one in which there were more than two million registered voters. However, the electoral roll in 1978 was significantly out of date and contained numerous duplicate entries. The cause of this confusion was a major redistribution of electoral boundaries, which had been implemented the year before. The actual number of potential voters is estimated to have been about 2,100,000, and actual turnout is estimated to have been about 80% (as compared to the official turnout of only 68.70%), slightly lower than the turnout for the previous election. Results The 1978 election saw the National Party win fifty-one seats in parliament, a majority of several seats. This allowed it to retain power. The Labour Party won forty seats. The Social Credit Party retained the Rangitikei seat, which it had won in a by-election shortly before the election. No other parties won seats, and there were no successful independent candidates. While National won a majority of seats in parliament, it did not actually win a majority of the vote. Labour received the highest number of votes, winning slightly more than forty percent. National, by contrast, won slightly less than forty percent. Social Credit, despite winning only one seat, actually received around sixteen percent of the vote. The election night result had National with more seats, but many seats had small majorities and it was conceivable that if special votes overturned enough electorates Labour could form a government.Labour's Hopes Get New Boost The New Zealand Herald 5 December 1978 1 Ultimately this did not eventuate however. While the Hunua electorate was initially won by Malcolm Douglas (Labour), the result was overturned by the High Court and Winston Peters (National) became the MP for Hunua.Wilson 1985 193, 226 Detailed results thumb|right|400px Party totals centerParty Candidates Total votes Percentage Seats won Change New Zealand National Party92680,99139.8251 -4 New Zealand Labour Party92691,07640.4140 +8 Social Credit Party (New Zealand)92274,75616.071 +1 Values Party9241,2202.410 ±0National Socialist Party of New Zealand1220.00- ±0 Independent politician5322,1301.290 ±0Total4211,710,17392 +5 Votes summary Popular Vote #ddd 600px 410px Labour New Zealand Labour Party 40.41 National New Zealand National Party 39.82 Social Credit Social Credit Party (New Zealand) 16.07 Values Values Party 2.41 Independents Independent politician 1.29 Parliament seats #ddd 600px 410px National New Zealand National Party 55.43 Labour New Zealand Labour Party 43.48 Social Credit Social Credit Party (New Zealand) 1.09 Results by electorate The tables below shows the results of the 1978 general election: Key New Zealand National Party New Zealand Labour Party Social Credit Party (New Zealand) Electorate results for the 1978 New Zealand general election |- |colspan=8 style="background-color:#FFDEAD" | General electorates |- Albany Don McKinnon New Zealand National Party 1,159 David Rankin New Zealand Labour Party Ashburton Rob Talbot New Zealand National Party 3.005 John Srhoy New Zealand Labour Party Auckland Central Richard Prebble New Zealand Labour Party 5,284 Maire Cole New Zealand National Party Avon Mary Batchelor New Zealand Labour Party 8,215 Tom George New Zealand National Party Awarua Rex Austin New Zealand National Party 1,450 Bill Devine New Zealand Labour Party Bay of Islands Neill Austin New Zealand National Party 1,682 William Guy McPherson Social Credit Party (New Zealand) Birkenhead Jim McLay New Zealand National Party 2,534 Rex Stanton New Zealand Labour Party Christchurch Central Bruce Barclay New Zealand Labour Party 5,947 Gwen Clucas New Zealand National Party Clutha Peter Gordon New Zealand National Party Robin Gray New Zealand National Party 1,427 F A O'Connell New Zealand Labour Party Dunedin Central Brian MacDonell New Zealand Labour Party 3,413 M B Ablett New Zealand National Party Dunedin North Richard Walls New Zealand National Party Stan Rodger New Zealand Labour Party 2,850 Richard Walls New Zealand National Party East Cape Duncan MacIntyre New Zealand National Party 2,533 O P Drabble New Zealand Labour Party East Coast Bays Frank Gill New Zealand National Party 1,566 Colleen Hicks New Zealand Labour Party Eastern Hutt Trevor Young New Zealand Labour Party 5,373 Rosemary Young New Zealand National Party Eden Aussie Malcolm New Zealand National Party 648 John Hinchcliff New Zealand Labour Party Fendalton Eric Holland New Zealand National Party 1,956 David CloseBohan 2004 67 New Zealand Labour Party Gisborne Bob Bell New Zealand National Party 213 Allan Wallbank New Zealand Labour Party Hamilton East Ian Shearer New Zealand National Party 1,361 Lois Welch New Zealand Labour Party Hamilton West Mike Minogue New Zealand National Party 1,006 Dorothy Jelicich New Zealand Labour Party Hastings Bob Fenton New Zealand National Party David Butcher New Zealand Labour Party 334 Bob Fenton New Zealand National Party |- | Hauraki | colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background-color:#ececec;" | New electorate | style="background-color:New Zealand National Party;" | | style="text-align:center;background-color:;" | Leo Schultz | style="text-align:right;" | 2,019 | style="background-color:Social Credit Party (New Zealand);" | | style="text-align:center;" | Gordon Miller |- Hawkes Bay Richard Harrison New Zealand National Party 1,908 Mike Cullen New Zealand Labour Party Helensville Dail Jones New Zealand National Party 1,199 Jack Elder New Zealand Labour Party Heretaunga Ron Bailey New Zealand Labour Party 2,744 John Ward New Zealand National Party Horowhenua Geoff Thompson New Zealand National Party 744 Alan Charles Eyles New Zealand Labour Party Hunua Winston Peters New Zealand National Party 192 Malcolm Douglasnb The election of Malcolm Douglas in Hunua was overturned by the Electoral Court on 24 May 1979 New Zealand Labour Party Invercargill Norman Jones New Zealand National Party 256 Aubrey Begg New Zealand Labour Party Island Bay Gerald O'Brien New Zealand Labour Party Frank O'Flynn New Zealand Labour Party 650 Bill Nathannb Gerald O'Brien came third standing as Independent Labour New Zealand National Party Kaimai Bruce Townshend New Zealand National Party 3,476 Douglas Conway Social Credit Party (New Zealand) Kaipara Peter Wilkinson New Zealand National Party 520 Nevern McConachyChapman 1999 208 Social Credit Party (New Zealand) Kapiti Barry Brill New Zealand National Party 23 Margaret Shieldsnb Margaret Shields had initially been declared the winner but she lost 83 votes in a magisterial recount New Zealand Labour Party King Country Jim Bolger New Zealand National Party 2,770 Leo Menefy New Zealand Labour Party Lyttelton Colleen Dewe New Zealand National Party Ann Hercus New Zealand Labour Party 1,423 Colleen Dewe New Zealand National Party Manawatu Allan McCready New Zealand National Party Michael Cox New Zealand National Party 2,913 Trevor de Cleene New Zealand Labour Party Mangere David Lange New Zealand Labour Party 6,263 Peter Saunders New Zealand National Party Manurewa Merv Wellington New Zealand National Party Roger Douglas New Zealand Labour Party 2,467 Peter O'Brien New Zealand National Party Marlborough Ed Latter New Zealand National Party Doug Kidd New Zealand National Party 323 Ian Brooks New Zealand Labour Party Matamata Jack Luxton New Zealand National Party 4,407 David Mawdsley Social Credit Party (New Zealand) Miramar Bill Young New Zealand National Party 315 Bill Jeffries New Zealand Labour Party Mt Albert Warren Freer New Zealand Labour Party 2,861 Frank Ryan New Zealand National Party Napier Gordon Christie New Zealand Labour Party 2,927 Kevin Rose New Zealand National Party Nelson Mel Courtney New Zealand Labour Party 2,239 Peter Malone New Zealand National Party New Lynn Jonathan Hunt New Zealand Labour Party 4,390 Jacky Bridges New Zealand National Party New Plymouth Tony Friedlander New Zealand National Party 112 Dennis Duggan New Zealand Labour Party North Shore George Gair New Zealand National Party 4,650 Gene Leckey New Zealand Labour Party Onehunga Frank Rogers New Zealand Labour Party 1,417 Barrie Hutchinson New Zealand National Party Ohariu Hugh Templeton New Zealand National Party 1,958 Helene Ritchie New Zealand Labour Party Otago Warren Cooper New Zealand National Party 3,722 R J Rutherford New Zealand Labour Party Otahuhu Bob Tizard New Zealand Labour Party 4,762 Ray Ah Chee New Zealand National Party Pahiatua John Falloon New Zealand National Party 6,675 P M A Hills New Zealand Labour Party Pakuranga Gavin Downie Independent politician Pat Hunt New Zealand National Party 2,111 Elsa Smith New Zealand Labour Party Palmerston North John Lithgow New Zealand National Party Joe Walding New Zealand Labour Party 2,736 John Lithgow New Zealand National Party Papakura Merv Wellington New Zealand National Party 3,622 Geoff Braybrooke New Zealand Labour Party Papanui Bert Walker New Zealand National Party Mike Moore New Zealand Labour Party 3,289 Bert Walker New Zealand National Party Papatoetoe Eddie Isbey New Zealand Labour Party 1,511 Colin Bidois New Zealand National Party Pencarrow Fraser Colman New Zealand Labour Party 3,649 Brett Newell New Zealand National Party Porirua Gerry Wall New Zealand Labour Party 3,657 Alan Perry New Zealand National Party Rangiora Derek Quigley New Zealand National Party 1,145 Don McKenzie New Zealand Labour Party Rangiriri Bill Birch New Zealand National Party 2,276 Robert Frederick McKee New Zealand Labour Party Rangitikei Bruce Beetham Social Credit Party (New Zealand) 2,853 Les Gandar New Zealand National Party Remuera Allan Highet New Zealand National Party 5,771 Lee Goffin New Zealand Labour Party Roskill Arthur Faulkner New Zealand Labour Party 1,671 John Banks New Zealand National Party Rotorua Harry Lapwood New Zealand National Party Paul East New Zealand National Party 1,020 Peter Tapsell New Zealand Labour Party St Albans Roger Drayton New Zealand Labour Party David Caygill New Zealand Labour Party 3,679 Neil Russell New Zealand National Party St Kilda Bill Fraser New Zealand Labour Party 2,959 Graeme Laing New Zealand National Party Selwyn Colin McLachlan New Zealand National Party 1,232 Bill Woods New Zealand Labour Party Sydenham John Kirk New Zealand Labour Party 7,040 Ian Wilson New Zealand National Party Tamaki Robert Muldoon New Zealand National Party 6,310 Audie Cooke-Pennefather New Zealand Labour Party Taranaki David Thomson New Zealand National Party 4,573 K A Tracey Social Credit Party (New Zealand) Tarawera Ian Mclean New Zealand National Party 2,022 JJ Stewart New Zealand Labour Party Tasman Bill Rowling New Zealand Labour Party 1,794 Ruth Richardson New Zealand National Party Taupo Ray La Varis New Zealand National Party Jack Ridley New Zealand Labour Party 609 Lesley A. MillerGustafson 1986 284 New Zealand National Party Tauranga Keith Allen New Zealand National Party 3,318 Paul Hills Social Credit Party (New Zealand) Te Atatu Michael Bassett New Zealand Labour Party 2,819 W R Cross New Zealand National Party Timaru Sir Basil Arthur New Zealand Labour Party 2,183 Bill Penno New Zealand National Party Waikato Lance Adams-Schneider New Zealand National Party 5,063 Brian WestNorton 1988 368 New Zealand Labour Party Waipa Marilyn Waring New Zealand National Party 4,906 John Kilbride Social Credit Party (New Zealand) Wairarapa Ben Couch New Zealand National Party 837 Allan Levett New Zealand Labour Party Waitakere Ralph Maxwell New Zealand Labour Party 2,016 Bill Haresnape New Zealand National Party Waitaki Jonathan Elworthy New Zealand National Party 1,315 Bill Laney New Zealand Labour Party Waitotara Venn Young New Zealand National Party 4,109 Edith Charteris Social Credit Party (New Zealand) Wallace Brian Talboys New Zealand National Party 5,324 Jim Thomson New Zealand Labour Party Wanganui Russell Marshall New Zealand Labour Party 3,102 John Rowan New Zealand National Party Wellington Central Ken Comber New Zealand National Party 916 Neville Pickering New Zealand Labour Party West Coast Paddy Blanchfield New Zealand Labour Party Kerry Burke New Zealand Labour Party 5,647 George Ferguson New Zealand National Party Western Hutt Bill Lambert New Zealand National Party John Terris New Zealand Labour Party 168 Bill Lambert New Zealand National Party Whangarei John Elliott New Zealand National Party 1,176 Colin Moyle New Zealand Labour Party Yaldhurst Mick Connelly New Zealand Labour Party 1,638 David Watson New Zealand National Party |- |colspan=8 style="background-color:#FFDEAD" | Māori electorates |- Eastern Maori Paraone Reweti New Zealand Labour Party 7,400 Monty Searancke New Zealand National Party Northern Maori Matiu Rata New Zealand Labour Party 4,844 Joe Toia Social Credit Party (New Zealand) Southern Maori Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan New Zealand Labour Party 9,180 Charles Piharo Maitai New Zealand National Party Western Maori Koro Wētere New Zealand Labour Party 9,719 Gordon Pihema Social Credit Party (New Zealand) |} Table footnotes: nb Map Image:NewZealandElectorates1978-Labeled.png Summary of changes For details about the winners of each individual electorate, see the article on the 39th Parliament. Electoral redistributions: A major reconfiguration of electorates and their boundaries occurred in 1977. This resulted in twenty-two electorates being dissolved and twenty-seven new electorates being formed (a net gain of five electorates). The seats of Bay of Plenty, Coromandel, Egmont, Franklin, Grey Lynn, Henderson, Hobson, Hutt, Karori, Manukau, Oamaru, Petone, Piako, Raglan, Rakaia, Riccarton, Rodney, Ruahine, South Canterbury, Stratford, Waitemata, and Wigram ceased to exist. The seats of Albany, Ashburton, Bay of Islands, East Cape, Eastern Hutt, Fendalton, Hauraki, Helensville, Horowhenua, Hunua, Kaimai, Kaipara, Matamata, Ohariu, Papakura, Papatoetoe, Pencarrow, Rangiriri, Selwyn, Taranaki, Tarawera, Te Atatu, Waipa, Waitakere, Waitaki, Waitotara, and Yaldhurst came into being. Seats captured: By Labour: Hastings, Lyttelton, Manurewa, Palmerston North, Papanui, Taupo, and Western Hutt were captured from National. By National: None By Social Credit: None Seats transferred from departing MPs to new MPs: The seats of Clutha, Manawatu, Marlborough, Pakuranga, and Rotorua, all held by departing National MPs, were won by new National candidates. The seats of Dunedin North, Island Bay, St Albans, and West Coast, all held by departing Labour MPs, were won by new Labour candidates. Notes References Neill Atkinson 2003 Adventures in Democracy: A History of the Vote in New Zealand Dunedin University of Otago Press Bohan Edmund https://books.google.com/books?id=ijCGmSeVp6AC Burdon: a man of our time Hazard Press 2004 978-1-877270-90-1 62718931 20 June 2015 Chapman Robert Robert Chapman (academic) https://books.google.com/books?id=ePH7cF14-nUC New Zealand Politics and Social Patterns: Selected Works Victoria University Press 1999 9780864733610 1 September 2015 Chapman George George Chapman (party president) The Years of Lightning 1980 AH & AW Reed Wellington 0-589-01346-7 Gustafson Barry Barry Gustafson The First 50 Years : A History of the New Zealand National Party 1986 Reed Methuen Auckland 0-474-00177-6 Electoral Atlas of New Zealand McRobie Alan 1989 GP Books Wellington 0-477-01384-8 Norton Clifford New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946–1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science 1988 Victoria University of Wellington Wellington 0-475-11200-8 Wilson Jim Jim Wilson (librarian) New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 4th First published in 1913 1985 V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer Wellington 154283103 Category:November 1978 in Oceania