1923 Chicago mayoral election

none January 2025 September 2023 1923 Chicago mayoral election Chicago 1917 presidential no 1919 1927 April 3, 1923 File:William Emmett Dever 1923 headshot (1).jpg 150x150px William E. Dever Democratic Party (United States) 390,413 56.61% File:Arthur C. Lueder (A).jpg Arthur C. Lueder Republican Party (United States) 258,094 37.42% Chicago Mayoral Results by Ward, 1923.png Ward resultsDever sweeps in by 103,748 https://www.newspapers.com/image/355257268/ December 18, 2018 The Chicago Daily Tribune April 4, 1923 Mayor William H. Thompson Republican Party (United States) William E. Dever Democratic Party (United States) File:William A Cunnea attorney ACW Chicago strike of 1915 (a).png William A. Cunnea Socialist Party of America 41,186 5.97% 78% 10 pp In the Chicago mayoral election of 1923, Democrat William E. Dever defeated Republican Arthur C. Lueder and Socialist William A. Cunnea. Elections were held on April 3, the same day as aldermanic runoffs. To win their party's nominations, Dever went unopposed in the Democratic primary election, while Lueder handily defeated three opponents in the Republican Party's primary. Nominations Democratic primary Ahead of 1923, the Democratic Party had long been divided.The Mayors: The Chicago Political Tradition, fourth edition by Paul M. Green, Melvin G. Holli SIU Press, Jan 10, 2013 Carter Harrison IV and Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne had once each led factions which held equal prominence to a faction led by Roger Charles Sullivan. However, by the end of the 1910s, Sullivan's wing of the Chicago Democratic Party had dwarfed theirs. By then, the blocs of Harrison and Dunne had effectively united as well. When Sullivan died in 1920, George Brennan became the party leader. He sought to unify the Democratic Party factions. thumb|Dever (right) with George E. Brennan While he had been long discussed as a potential mayoral candidate for almost two decades, in 1923, a combination of conditions and events catapulted William E. Dever to the nomination. In December 1922, a number of influential Chicago advocates for clean government had held a forum led by Mrs. Kellog Fairbank and Reverend Graham Taylor at the City Club of Chicago about the pending mayoral election which Clarence Darrow attended. This led to the establishment of the Non-Partisan Citizens Mayoral Committee led by Mrs. Kellog Fairbank, which sought to lobby both parties to put forth truthful alternatives to the corrupt and demagogic mayor Thompson.Schmidt John R. "The Mayor Who Cleaned Up Chicago" A Political Biography of William E. Dever 1989 Northern Illinois University Press DeKalb, Illinois They decided that they would analyze prospective candidates and compile a shortlist of candidates they would be willing to back. Brennan, who was unable to narrow out the field of prospective candidates to personally back, took an interest in these efforts, seeing them as an opportunity to help inform him in narrowing out the field. The committee ultimately put forth a shortlist of seven prospective candidates they backed, including Judge William E. Dever. Dever had also been championed as a potential candidate by a broad array of individuals, including the Municipal Voters' League's George Sikes, William L. O'Connell (a leader in the party's Harrison-Dunne bloc), and Progressive Republican Harold Ickes. It was believed that Dever could unite the Democratic Party and serve as a clean and honest leader of the city's government. Brennan, particularly impressed that Dever had backing from both members of the Harrison-Dunne faction and from reformers outside of the party, decided to take a closer look at him as a candidate. Upon meeting with him, he found comradery and a positive working dynamic with Dever. He struck an arrangement under which, if elected mayor, he would allow Dever independence, but expected that Dever would, in turn, agree not utilize his patronage powers to build a political machine usurping Brennan's leadership of the party. After finding no opposition to Dever as a candidate from within the party leadership, he announced the next day that Dever was the party-backed candidate for mayor. Before Dever had become the consensus candidate, among the individuals speculated as prospective candidates by the press was Anton Cermak. Brennan worked to ensure that Dever was unopposed in the Democratic primary. Despite Brennan pushing forth Dever's candidacy, the public generally did not view Dever to be a "machine" candidate.Yarros Victor S. Sketches of American Mayors IV. William E. Dever of Chicago National Municipal Review July 1926 XV 7 The public generally perceived that reformist citizens organizations had advocated Dever to the Democratic party leaders. The Democratic primary was regarded as having had a large turnout, considering that there were uncontested races for mayor, City Treasurer and City Clerk. Democratic primary (February 27, 1923)Mayoralty Vote by Wards subscription https://www.newspapers.com/image/355115475 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune 25 October 2022 en February 28, 1923 Democratic Party (United States) William Emmett Dever 165,338 100 165,338 Results by wardWard Dever Dever % 1st 5,475 100% 2nd 1,218 100% 3rd 1,949 100% 4th 1,983 100% 5th 2,034 100% 6th 2,160 100% 7th 3,471 100% 8th 3,184 100% 9th 2,030 100% 10th 1,911 100% 11th 5,873 100% 12th 3,909 100% 13th 2,695 100% 14th 7,636 100% 15th 5,260 100% 16th 5,215 100% 17th 3,117 100% 18th 4,659 100% 19th 3,155 100% 20th 3,921 100% 21st 3,454 100% 22nd 3,431 100% 23rd 4,029 100% 24th 2,195 100% 25th 3,053 100% 26th 3,989 100% 27th 3,733 100% 28th 3,833 100% 29th 6,927 100% 30th 8,584 100% 31st 2,625 100% 32nd 3,401 100% 33rd 4,222 100% 34th 3,103 100% 35th 1,527 100% 36th 1,440 100% 37th 3,295 100% 38th 3,304 100% 39th 4,154 100% 40th 2,062 100% 41st 1,991 100% 42nd 3,054 100% 43rd 1,723 100% 44th 1,942 100% 45th 3,222 100% 46th 1,601 100% 47th 1,998 100% 48th 1,662 100% 49th 3,140 100% 50th 1,789 100%Total165,338100 Republican primary Due to his poor health, there had been uncertainty as to whether two-term incumbent Republican William H. Thompson would run for reelection. He was also seen as more vulnerable to being unseated by a strong Democratic opponent, as Thompson had severed ties with a number of key political allies, including Robert E. Crowe and Frederick Lundin. One of the final factors in Thompson's decision not to seek reelection was a scandal involving campaign manager being implicated in shaking down vendors of school supplies for bribes and political contributions.https://www.nbcchicago.com/blogs/ward-room/The-Most-Corrupt-Public-Official-In-Illinois-History-William-Hale-Thompson-138057708.hotel The Most Corrupt Public Official In Illinois History: William Hale Thompson McClelland Edward NBC Chicago March 21, 2019 Thompson had bled middle class support over rumors of corruption in his administration, and had bled support from working class votes over his backing at the time of Prohibition, which Chicago voters had made their opposition known by a margin in excess of eighty-points in a 1919 referendum on the matter.Cohen Adam Taylor Elizabeth American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley – His Battle for Chicago and the Nation 2001 Little, Brown 978-0-7595-2427-9 37 https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=nGem2g467GAC 26 May 2020 en Uneager to joust with Dever, nearly a week after Dever became the presumptive Democratic candidate, Thompson announced his decision not to run with only a month before the Republican primary.Schottenhamel George 1952 How Big Bill Thompson Won Control of Chicago https://www.jstor.org/stable/40189189 Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 45 1 30–49 40189189 0019-2287 This created an open race for the nomination. Candidates thumb|Edward R. Litsinger (photographed) performed the strongest among the primary opponents that Lueder defeated Bernard P. Barasa, judge of the Municipal Court of Chicago Edward R. Listinger, member of the Cook County Board of Review,The Daily News Almanac and Political Register for ... https://books.google.com/books?id=pivZAAAAMAAJ Chicago Daily News Company 2 January 2021 785 en 1923 Arthur C. Lueder, Chicago postmaster and businessman Arthur M. Millard, president of the Masonic Bureau of Service and Employment Campaign Arthur C. Lueder was backed by the Brundage-McCormick/Tribune and Deneen blocs of the party.Thompson Men Lose in Chicago Primaries, Lueder Winning the Nomination for Mayor https://www.nytimes.com/1923/02/28/archives/thompson-men-lose-in-chicago-primaries-lueder-winning-the.html The New York Times 15 May 2020 28 February 1923 He was also backed by Robert E. Crowe. Lueder ran on a "ticket", mutually being endorsed by and endorsing city treasurer candidate John V. Healy and city clerk candidate William H. Cruden, neither of whom were opposed in their primaries. Edward R. Litsinger was backed by the William Randolph Hearst and Frederick Lundin blocs of the party, and was also the candidate supported by the remaining members of Thompson's dwindling faction of the party. Bernard P. Barasa ran on a pro-liquor platform amid prohibition. Results Lueder won a greater margin of victory than even his own campaign had expected. Republican primary (February 27, 1923) Republican Party (United States) Arthur C. Lueder 128,704 42.76 Republican Party (United States) Edward R. Litsinger 74,560 24.77 Republican Party (United States) Arthur M. Millard 51,054 16.96 Republican Party (United States) Bernard P. Barasa 46,690 15.51 301,008 Socialist nomination William A. Cunnea was nominated by the Socialist Party. Cunnea had been a Democratic nominee for alderman in 1899, and had been the Socialist nominee for Cook County State's Attorney in 1912 and 1916.Illinois: A Descriptive and Historical Guide 1971 US History Publishers 978-1-60354-012-4 42 https://books.google.com/books?id=soYJZ1cXqr8C 15 May 2020 enHeadley Kathleen J. Krol Tracy J. Legendary Locals of Chicago Lawn and West Lawn 2015 Arcadia Publishing 978-1-4396-5409-5 34 https://books.google.com/books?id=2JEECwAAQBAJ 15 May 2020 en By profession, Cunnea was a labor lawyer.RADICALS: Active Debs http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,715092,00.html Time 15 May 2020 17 March 1923 General election Campaigning Lueder and his wife cast their votes|thumb thumb|William Cunnea and his wife cast their votes Both major party candidates campaigned as reformers. On March 18, 1923, Oscar Hewitt of the "Chicago Tribune" characterized the campaign one of the “mildest” At the time of the election, Chicago was seen as a Republican-leaning city, especially due to the influx of black voters to the city as part of the Great Migration, a demographic largely voted for the Republican Party at the time. Furthermore, the city had not voted Democratic in a presidential election over the previous three decades, with the Republican nominees carrying the city's vote in all but the 1912 presidential election when former Republican president Theodore Roosevelt carried the city on the third party Progressive Party ticket. However, factors harming the Republican Party's prospects included a divide among the party's ranks, the scandals that had tarnished Thompson's administration, and tax increases made during Thompson's mayoralty.For Mayor of Chicago. https://www.nytimes.com/1927/02/24/archives/for-mayor-of-chicago.html The New York Times 7 September 2022 24 February 1927 Dever was only the second resident of Edgewater to run for mayor, after only Nathaniel Sears, and consequentially would be the first Edgewater resident to serve as mayor.Edgewater Teasers Vol. XVI No. 3 – FALL 2005 http://www.edgewaterhistory.org/ehs/articles/v16-3-5 Edgewater History 13 February 2019 Dever had a strong reputation for honesty, and was seen to be smart and well-spoken. He was supported by many reformers and independents. Many went so far as to organize the Independent Dever League, a group created to act in support of Dever's campaign. Dever won strong backing from progressive independents. The traction issue reemerged in this election. Lueder promised to "study" the possibility of municipal purchase of street railways. Dever, on the other hand, was far more enthusiastic on the issue, proclaiming that the most critical task for the victor of the election would be to resolve problems with the city's public transit. These problems included price increases and declining quality of service provided by the Chicago Surface Lines. A long time advocate for municipal ownership, Dever believed that it would be ideal for the city to buy-out the Chicago Surface Lines once their franchise expired in 1927. He also had hopes of possibly acquiring the Chicago Rapid Transit Company. Socialist Cunnea campaigned for a 5-cent fare.Headley Kathleen J. Krol Tracy J. Legendary Locals of Chicago Lawn and West Lawn October 19, 2015 Arcadia Publishing 34 https://books.google.com/books?id=2JEECwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 978-1-4396-5409-5 Lueder offered a strong contrast to the incumbent Republican mayor, being dignified and soft-spoken, with a strong reputation of personal integrity. Thompson did not campaign at all on behalf of Republican candidate Lueder. Lueder had strong support from the business community. Running a tidy campaign, positioning himself as a nonpolitical businessman, Lueder focused on securing the support of the Republican Party's factions. He maintained his support from the Brundage-McCormick and Deneen factions and picked up the backing of key figures from the Thompson faction of the party despite Thompson's own refusal to back him. Lueder attempted to portray himself as an expert administrator.Bukowski Douglas Big Bill Thompson, Chicago, and the Politics of Image 1998 University of Illinois Press Lueder argued that his experience in real estate and as postmaster had sufficiently prepared him for the administrative role of the mayoralty, asserting that it provided a more valuable experience than holding various minor elected posts. He stated, "I believe what the people want is a businessman for mayor. I believe that want a man who will devote his time to his duties as mayor of Chicago, and not building up a political machine. Lueder refused to formally debate Dever, despite Dever's request for debates. However, on numerous occasions they spoke at the same events. Eugene V. Debs actively campaigned for Socialist nominee William A. Cunnea. The campaign was largely uneventful, with little tenuous debate or controversy arising.https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8aBaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=N08DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5749%2C3092278 Clean campaign marks Chicago city election Prescott Evening Courier Associated Press April 3, 1923 1 However, in the final stretch of the campaign, a level of anti-Catholic sentiment was vocalized by select segments of Chicago's population that were unhappy at the prospect of Dever, as a Catholic, being mayor. At the same time, some made an effort at the close of the election to draw a link between the Ku Klux Klan and the Republican campaign. Outside of this last minute heightening of discourse in select corners, the campaign proved to be relatively tame. Endorsements William A. Cunnea Individuals Eugene V. DebsDebs-Cunnea Meeting https://flps.newberry.org/article/5425702_1_0391 Newberry La Parola del Popolo 15 March 2019 March 3, 1923 February 2021 InternetArchiveBot yes William E. Dever Individuals Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne, former governor of Illinois and former mayor of Chicago Margaret Haley Carter Harrison IV, former mayor of Chicago Harold L. Ickes Mrs. Kellog Fairbank Julia Lathrop Mary McDowell Charles E. Merriam, Republican Chicago mayoral nominee in 1911 Raymond Robins Colonel A.A. Sprague Graham Taylor Newspapers Chicago Daily Journal Arthur C. Lueder Individuals Charles S. Deneen Newspapers Chicago Daily News Chicago Tribune Polling Early into the race the candidates ran close in the polls. However, Dever took a strong lead in the race. By the end of the race, gambling boss James Patrick O'Leary had assigned 1-7 betting odds in favor of a Dever victory. Chicago Tribune straw polls The Chicago Tribune conducted straw polls during a portion of the campaign. These were not modern scientific polls, and many focused on specific sub-portions of the city's populace, rather than true representative samples. Tribune began conducting these polls on March 7, 1923, with the first being published the next day.Hewitt Oscar Chicago Tribune 08 Mar 1923, page 1 https://www.newspapers.com/image/354941263 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune subscription 21 November 2022 en March 8, 1923 By March 18, the Tribune's analysis of its polling was that Dever began the general election campaign with an advantage over Lueder. The final amalgamation of the polls predicted Dever receiving 52.21%, Leuder receiving 39.37, and Cunnea receiving 8.42%. It had predicted 378,000 votes for Dever, 285,000 votes for Lueder, and 61,000 votes for Cunnea. The prediction of total votes for Lueder proved to be extremely accurate. After the election, the newspaper argued that the reason its polls predicted a larger socialist vote was because industrial workers were proportionally a greater share of those questioned in the straw polls than a share of the election vote. They also found that they had underestimated the share that Dever would receive of the black vote. Chicago Tribune straw polls for the 1923 Chicago mayoral election.chart Chicago Tribune straw polls for the 1923 Chicago mayoral election.tab 700px Chicago Tribune straw polls Datepublished Samplesize William Emmett Dever(Democrat) Arthur Leuder(Republican) William A. Cunnea(Socialist) Uncommitted LeadApril 1, 1923Lead Between 62,000-92,000 Vote Indicates https://www.newspapers.com/image/355254805 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar April 1, 1923 11,89258.85% 34.41% 6.74% +24.44March 31, 1923Push Fight on Mayoralty to Final Minute https://www.newspapers.com/image/355021400 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 31, 19235,072Survey of white-collar workers at downtown office buildings. Buildings were the Wrigley Building, Old Colony Building, Commonwealth Edison Building, Lumber Exchange Building, Title & Trust Building, Ashland Block, Conway Building, McCormick Building, Peoples Gas Building, Chamber of Commerce Building, Westminster Building, Railway Exchange Building, Transportation Building, and Monadnock Building. 46.75%47.99% 5.26% +1.24March 30, 1923Dever Increases His Poll Lead at Rapid Rate https://www.newspapers.com/image/355020897 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 30, 19234,376Straw poll conducted outside of sixteen movie theaters (Armitage, Ashland, Atlantic, Boulevard, Brighton, Crescent, Halfield, Harvard, Julian, Langley, Marshall Square, Oakley, Orpheus, People's, Schindler's, Woodlawn). 62.50% 30.53% 6.97% +32.97March 29, 1923Dever Gains Strength in Tribune Poll https://www.newspapers.com/image/355020296 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 29, 19233,582Straw poll conducted outside of thirteen Ascher Brothers theaters: Oakland Square, Metropolitan, Frolle, Commercial, West Englewood, Cosmopolitan, Crown, Terminal, Portage Park, Lane Court, Chateau, Salo, Kenwood 57.45% 37.13% 5.42% +10.32March 28, 1923Dever Upsets Lueder Lead in Twelve Movies https://www.newspapers.com/image/355019855 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 28, 19233,644Straw poll conducted outside of twelve movie theaters operated by Lubliner & Trinz (including the Biograph Theater, Covent Garden Theatre, Knickerbocker Theatre, Pantheon Theater, Paramount Theatre, Michigan Theatre, Senate Theatre, Wilson Theater, Vitagraph Theatre, and West End Theatre) 57.44% 37.90% 4.67% +19.54March 27, 1923New Test Puts Socialist Vote at Some 85,000 https://www.newspapers.com/image/355019439 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 27, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 26, 19231,080Poll aimed to survey "highbrow" citizens. Places/events canvassed included: intersection of Monroe Street and Wabash Avenue; intersection of State Street and Van Buren Street; Randolph Street Station; Culture Club tea event at the La Salle Hotel; Illinois Chamber of Commerce meeting, and a gathering at a theater.46.57% 44.81% 8.61% +1.76March 26, 1923Dever Keeping Lead in Poll, Check Shows https://www.newspapers.com/image/355018956 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 26, 19236,3232,519 surveyed at theaters, 2,363 interview at Chicago "L" stations, 1,441 interviewed on business streets. Among theaters: 166 surveyed at the Douglas, 133 at the Crown, 52 at the Star, 73 at the Atlantic, 223 at the Karlov, 448 at the Harvard, 230 at the Armitage, 639 at the McVicker's, 275 at the Majestic, 280 at the Lin. Hippodrome. Among "L" Stations: 330 surveyed at State/Lake, 625 at Van Buren/State, 637 for north side trains at Madison/Wabash, 465 for west side trains at Madison/Wabash. For business streets: 308 at Blue Island Avenue south of Roosevelt Road, 225 at Roosevelt Road west of Paulina Street, 239 along North Avenue west of Kedzie Avenue, 234 along 22nd Street west of Marshall Boulevard, 178 along Chicago Avenue west of Cicero Avenue, 258 along Madison Street west of California Avenue.51.72% 41.50% 6.78% +10.22March 25, 1923Lueder Outlines Contract with City's People https://www.newspapers.com/image/355016899 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 21, 19238,145Poll conducted via telephone 30.83%38.83% 1.47% 28.86%+8.00March 24, 1923Small Business Men of W. Side Vote for Dever https://www.newspapers.com/image/355016398 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 24, 19232,051Poll of six main thoroughfares on the West Side selected due to the large number of small businesses (poll aimed to find the opinion of "small business men". Locations were: North Avenue and Milwaukee Avenue west; between the intersections of Milwaukee Avenue & Grand Avenue and Grand Avenue & North Avenue; Chicago Avenue and Milwaukee Avenue west; Madison Street and Ogden Avenue west; Roosevelt Road and Halsted Street west; 22nd Street and Wood Street west59.39% 28.96% 11.65% +30.43March 23, 1923Workers' Vote for Dever, But Not "Solidly" https://www.newspapers.com/image/355015890 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 23, 19232,064Straw poll of industrial workers. Locations included: Pullman Company car shops, B. Kuppenheimer & Co., RR Donnelley, V.F. Hall Printing Co., Engers & Hall printers, La Salle Engraving Co., Blakeley-Oswald Printing Co., Kohl-Madden Printing Ink Co., Schulze Baking Company44.77% 33.19% 22.04% +11.58March 22, 1923Dever Leading in Vote of Labor, Poll Indicates https://www.newspapers.com/image/355015458 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 22, 19232,362Straw poll of industrial employees. The Chicago Tribune described those questioned as, "employees making electrical apparatus, musical instruments, addressograph machines, stoves, candy, foundry products and steel". Firms surveyed were Benjamin Electric Manufacturing Company, Kellogg Switchboard and Supply Company, Lyon & Healy musical instruments, The Addressograph Co.'s office and factory, Cribben & Sexton stoves, Bunte Candy Company, Crane Company, and the Illinois Steel Company.56.90% 33.78% 9.31% +23.12March 21, 1923Lueder Slight Favorite in 43d Ward, Tribune Poll Shows https://www.newspapers.com/image/355014940 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 21, 19231,258Straw poll conducted at movie theaters in the new 43rd ward (the Criterion, Clybourn, Dearborn, Ideal, Janet, Mohawk, Orchard, and Windsor theaters. The poll's 1,258 respondents were roughly one-tenth of the 12,666 voters that the Tribune projected would vote in the ward if voter turnout in the ward reached 80%. The Chicago Tribune opined that the Lueder's narrow lead solidly indicated that Lueder was favored to carry the ward. This assertion was partly based both upon evidence in an earlier Chicago Tribune poll. It was also based on the geographic location of the theaters, which the newspaper believed precluded the participation of many from the Republican-leaning lake shore area of the ward. It was further based a suspicion the newspaper made (based upon assumptions related to economic class) that residents of the Republican-learning lake shore area in the ward possibly did not as attend movies as frequently as other residents of the ward.46.58%47.22% 6.20% +0.64March 20, 1923Joy to Lueder, Gloom to Foes in Poll Data https://www.newspapers.com/image/355014355 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 15, 19236,443Survey of white-collar workers at downtown office buildings. Buildings were the Wrigley Building, Old Colony Building, Commonwealth Edison Building, Lumber Exchange Building, Title & Trust Building, Ashland Block, National Life Building, New York Life Insurance Building, Reaper Block, Conway Building, McCormick Building, Peoples Gas Building, Chamber of Commerce Building, Monroe Building, Tower Building, Westminster Building, Railway Exchange Building, Transportation Building, and Monadnock Building. 41.49%54.23% 4.28% +12.74March 19, 1923Lueder "Leads by a Nose" in 2 Tribune Polls https://www.newspapers.com/image/355013947 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 21, 19234,461 Straw poll conducted at Chicago "L" stations. Stations were Quincy/Wells, Clark/Lake, Adams/Wabash, State/Lake, Randolph/Wells, Randolph/Wabash, Madison/Wabash, LaSalle/Van Buren, Marshfield, and Wilson.47.39% 46.25% 6.37% +1.14March 18, 1923*Leuder Began with Handicap, Poll Reveals https://www.newspapers.com/image/355011946 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription 1 Hewitt Oscar March 18, 1923 Leuder Began with Handicap, Poll Reveals (Continued) https://www.newspapers.com/image/355011995 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription 6 Hewitt Oscar March 18, 19233,566Straw poll conducted outside of the five large movie theaters operated by Balaban and Katz. Two were located on the South Side, two were located in the Chicago Loop, one was located on the North Side, and one was located on the West Side.45.40%47.78% 6.81% +2.38March 16, 1923Car Men Switch Back from 1919 Ride with G. O. P. https://www.newspapers.com/image/355011439 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 16, 19232,199Straw poll of streetcar men, conducted outside of seven streetcar barns (located at the corners of Kedzie and Van Buren; 69th and Ashland; Cicero and North, Clark and Dewey; 38th and Cottage Grove; Lincoln and Sheffield; Clark and Devon).66.35% 21.46% 12.19% +44.95March 15, 1923Dever Men Drive Hard as Lueder's Rest, Poll Hints https://www.newspapers.com/image/354944604 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 15, 19231,557Straw poll conducted outside of several theaters: Lyric in the 2nd ward, Franklin in the 2nd ward, Langley in the 6th ward, Woodlawn in the 6th ward, Marshall Square in the 21st ward, Atlantic in the 23rd ward, Oakley in the 34th ward, Buckingham in the 46th ward, and Lakeside in the 48th ward.52.99% 39.69% 7.32% +13.30March 14, 1923German' Voters 67% for Lueder on Face of Poll https://www.newspapers.com/image/354944179 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 14, 19231,183Straw poll aimed to assess the views of German-American voters. Straw poll was conducted at men's meeting held at Social Turner Hall, men's meeting held at Lincoln Turner Hall, men's skat club at Social Turner Hall, Victorian players event at Social Turner Hall, women's bunco party at Social Turner Hall, dance at Vorwaerts Turner Hall, men's meeting at Heidelberg Hall, and men's meeting at Mozart Hall. 17.67%59.43% 15.30% +41.76March 13, 1923Dever Has Jump on Lueder in Polish Homes https://www.newspapers.com/image/354943888 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 13, 1923681Straw poll aimed to assess the views of Polish-American voters. Straw poll was conducted at Pulaski Hall at 13th Street and Ashland Avenue; Lyric Theater at 1217 Milwaukee Avenue; the area near the intersection of 51st Street and Throop Street; the Polish National Alliance headquarters; St. Joseph Catholic Union at 48th Street and Paulina Street; Chopin Theatre at Milwaukee Avenue and Division Street; Holy Trinity Church banquet.83.26% 12.04% 4.70% +71.22March 12, 1923Dever Quietly Enlists Many Colored Votes https://www.newspapers.com/image/354943589 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 12, 19231,647Poll of "colored" voters in an area of the city bounded by 31st street, 35th street, State Street, and Indiana Avenue. 33.09%63.27% 3.64% +30.18March 11, 1923Dever Jumps Into Lead in Tribune Poll https://www.newspapers.com/image/354942088 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 11, 19233,257Straw poll conducted outside of movie theaters in several wards (per the pre-1923 ward map). The pre-1923 fourth ward saw two theaters polled (the Vista and New Park theaters), as did the 43rd ward (Criterion and Plaza theaters). All other wards surveyed only had polls conducted at one theater. The other theaters were the Brighton (12th ward) People’s (13th ward), Halfield (14th ward) Boulevard (16th ward), Orpheum (26th ward), Ashland (27th ward), Tiffin (30th ward), Schindler (31st ward), Crescent (38th ward), Windsor (43rd ward), and the Julian (46th ward).58.77% 34.45% 6.79% +23.32March 10, 1923Socialists To MaKe Some Gain Poll Indicates https://www.newspapers.com/image/354941899 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 11, 19231,283Straw poll conducted during "second shows" during night at nine theaters: Oakland, Kenwood, West Englewood, Cosmopolitan, Terminal, Lane Court, Chateau, and Calo. 45.91%49.81% 4.29% +3.90March 9, 1923Dever Gains in Mayoralty Poll https://www.newspapers.com/image/354941605 Newspapers.com Chicago Tribune October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 9, 1923 2,762Straw poll conducted during after first nighttime showings at several movie theaters. The theaters were the Oakland in the 3rd ward, Metropolitan in the 4th ward, Kenwood in the 5th ward, Frolic in the 5th ward, Commercial in the 10th ward, West Englewood in the 126th ward, Cosmopolitan in the 19th ward, Crown in the 32nd ward, Terminal in the 40th ward, Portage Park in the 41st ward, Lane Court in the 43r ward, Chateau in the 48th ward, and Salo in the 50th ward.48.59% 44.06% 5.18% +4.53 March 8, 1923 3,680 Straw poll of conducted at fifteen Lubliner & Trinz theaters: the Michigan in ward 3, Wilson in ward 28, Crawford in ward 29, Senate in ward 29, Madison Square in ward 30, West End in ward 30, Paramount in ward 29, Covent Garden in ward 44, Biography in ward 44, Vintagraph in ward 45, Lakeside in ward 48, Pantheon in ward 48, Knickerbocker in ward 49, Ellantee in wards 49 and 50, Pershing in ward 50. 49.0253.53% 5.08% +4.51 Notes on polling samples Results thumb|300px|Celebration of Dever's victory featuring Dever and other prominent Chicago Democrats The voter turnout in the election (78%) was the second-lowest in at least 24 years, behind only the 74% that participated in the 1901 election. Dever's performance was strong. With the exception of William Hale Thompson's 147,477 margin of victory in 1915, no mayor had carried a mayoral election in Chicago with a margin of victory exceeding 25,000 in the previous two decades. Dever had a 132,319 vote margin of victory. Dever won thirty-two of the city's fifty wards (the 1923 election was the first after the city had redistricted itself from 35 to 50 wards). His greatest share of votes was in the city's ten inner-city ethnic wards, located in traditional Democratic strongholds. Lueder won the wards in traditionally-Republican areas on the edge of the city. However, Dever made inroads with voters in these edge wards. Dever also had made inroads among Black and Jewish voters. Dever received 83.47% of the Polish-American vote, while Lueder received 12.43% and Cunnea received 4.04%.Kantowicz Edward 1972 The Emergence of the Polish-Democratic Vote in Chicago https://www.jstor.org/stable/20147849 Polish American Studies 29 1/2 67–80 20147849 0032-2806 Dever received more than 80% of the Italian American vote. Dever received 53% of the African American vote by some accounts. This was a change from the typical voting pattern of Chicago African American voters, who regularly voted for the Republican Party.https://books.google.com/books?id=-sARAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA125 Crisis 1923 Dever received slightly less than half of the Swedish American and German American votes. 1923 Chicago mayoral election (general election)Election Results Shows Accuracy of Tribune Poll https://www.newspapers.com/image/355257322 Newspapers.com Oscar Hewitt October 23, 2022 en subscription Hewitt Oscar March 28, 1923RaceID=123292 https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=123292 Our Campaigns December 6, 2018 Democratic Party (United States) William E. Dever 390,413 56.61 Republican Party (United States) Arthur C. Lueder 258,094 37.42 Socialist Party of America William A. Cunnea 41,186 5.97 689,693 89 References collapsed Category:Mayoral elections in Chicago Chicago Chicago Category:20th century in Chicago Category:1923 in Chicago