1912 British Military Aeroplane Competition

January 2020 1912 Military Aeroplane Competition Cody V biplane - Science Museum.jpg The second Cody V in the Science Museum, London In 1911 the British War Office announced their first Military Aeroplane Competition for aircraft to meet the requirements of the Air Battalion Royal Engineers. The formal requirements were published in December 1911. By the time the trials were held in August 1912, the Air Battalion had become the Military wing of the Royal Flying Corps (RFC). It was held at Larkhill on Salisbury Plain, and the competition was won by S. F. Cody with his Cody V biplane. "Specification for a Military Aeroplane" thumb|No. 12 a Bristol Gordon England biplane, pilot C. Howard Pixton By 1911 it was clear that the development of aircraft had reached the point where they were of military significance. France, the world leader in aviation at the time, had over 200 aircraft in military service. In contrast, Britain's total military aircraft strength was nineteen aircraft, of which, in the words of Colonel J.E.B Seely, Under-Secretary of State for War, "one is broken beyond repair and one is quite out of date. Others are more or less under repair" adding "We are arriving at a point when we think we see our way to choose what is the best type, first for teaching people to fly, and secondly, to buy for the purposes of war should war unfortunately break out".https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1911/oct/30/military-aeroplanes#S5CV0030P0_19111030_HOC_629HC Military Aeroplanes Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 30 October 1911 30 cc 664 true The only practical step that had been taken by the War Office was the creation of an establishment for the scientific examination of the various problems involved in aircraft design. After some consultation with the Royal Aero Club and various aircraft manufacturers, they announced their "Specification for a Military Aeroplane" in late December, the details being published in Flight magazine on 23 December 1911. thumbnail|left|Deperdussin monoplane (entrant no.21) at the Trials, pilot Jules Védrines The aircraft's performance had to meet the following requirements: Carry a live load of 350 lb kg on, in addition to its equipment and instruments and with fuel and oil for 4½ hours. Provide accommodation for a pilot and observer, with controls capable of use by either occupant. Fly when loaded for 3 hours, during which they should climb to 1000 ft (304 m) in five minutes or less and reach an altitude of 4500 ft m on, maintaining that altitude for an hour. Attain an air speed of not less than 55 miles per hour. Take off from long grass or rough ground in 100 yards (91 m) or less in calm weather, and be capable of being landed without damage on cultivated land by a pilot of ordinary skill. Additionally, the aircraft had to be transported to Larkhill in a crate of specified size and assembled there. Aircraft had to be capable of being dismantled and transported by road or rail, and the ease of rigging and de-rigging would be one of the factors taken into account by the judges. Prizes were to be awarded for aircraft built in any country: first prize £4,000, second prize £2,000. Prizes for British subjects in an aircraft made in the United Kingdom (except the engine): first prize £1500, two second prizes of £1,000, and three third prizes of £500. Ten other aircraft that passed the flying test would be given £100. The War Office issued an amended and slightly less demanding list of specifications in May 1912, and manufacturers were to submit their entries to the Secretary of the Judges Committee by 15 June. The aircraft had to be delivered to Larkhill on or before 15 July. No date was given for the actual flying trials."Military Aeroplane Competition" Flight 25 May 1912, p. 464–465. These eventually started on 2 August 1912. Originally 32 different aircraft were entered for the trials but some failed to turn up. The competition was judged by a committee consisting of Brigadier D . Henderson, Captain Godfrey Paine and Mervyn O'Gorman, with Major F.H. Sykes acting as Secretary. The trials were very different from modern military aircraft trials. Although the public were excluded from the aircraft hangars and flying field, otherwise free access was allowed. Aviation was then a subject of great popular interest, and many people came to watch."Forty Years Ago: Memories of Salisbury Plain Before the Days of 'Security'" Flight 1 August 1954 Aircraft Serial numberAircraftEntryNotes1Hanriot 1912 MonoplaneHanriot (England) Limited£100 for completing trial2Hanriot 1912 MonoplaneHanriot (England) Limited£100 for completing trial3Vickers Monoplane No. 6Vickers LimitedCompleted trial4Blériot XI-2Louis BleriotTandem seating, £100 for completing trial, purchased by the Royal Flying Corps after trial5Blériot XXILouis BleriotSide-by-side seating, £100 for completing trial6Avro Type GA V Roe and Co7Avro Type GA V Roe and Co£100 for completing trial8Breguet Biplane BiplaneBreguet Aeroplanes LimitedBritish-built, 110 hp Salmson engine. Engine problems stopped it from paying a major part in the trials.Bruce 1982, pp. 11–13.9Breguet Type U2Breguet Aeroplanes LimitedFrench-built, 110 hp Salmson engine, crashed before trial10COW BiplaneCoventry Ordnance Works LimitedDid not complete trial11COW BiplaneCoventry Ordnance Works LimitedDid not enter due to engine trouble12Bristol GE.2Bristol and Colonial Aeroplane Company13Bristol GE.2Bristol and Colonial Aeroplane Company3rd Prize of £500 in the British-built category, purchased by the Royal Flying Corps14Bristol-Coanda MonoplaneBristol and Colonial Aeroplane Company3rd Prize of £500 in the British-built category, purchased by the Royal Flying Corps15Bristol-Coanda MonoplaneBristol and Colonial Aeroplane CompanyPurchased by the Royal Flying Corps after trial16Flanders B.2L. Howard-Flanders LimitedWithdrawn and did not finish trial17Martin-Handayside MonoplaneMartin & HandaysideHad engine trouble during trial18Aerial Wheel Syndicate MonoplaneAerial Wheel Syndicate LimitedArrived at Larkhill but not assembled in time for start of flight trials19Mersey MonoplaneMersey Aeroplane CompanyFatal crash during trial20Deperdussin MonoplaneBritish Deperdussin Aeroplane Company Limited100 hp Anzani radial engine21Deperdussin MonoplaneBritish Deperdussin Aeroplane Company Limited100 hp Gnome rotary engine 3rd Prize of £500 in the British-built category, purchased by the Royal Flying Corps after trial22Maurice Farman S.7Aircraft Manufacturing Company Limited£100 for completing trial23DFW Mars monoplaneCecil E. KnyDid not arrive "Air Eddies". Flight, 13 July 1912, p. 638.24Lohner biplaneJacob Lohner and CoDid not arrive25Harper MonoplaneA M HarperDid not arrive26Deperdussin MonoplaneArmand Deperdussin100 hp Gnome rotary engine French-built, 2nd prize in any country category of £2,000, purchased by the Royal Flying Corps27Deperdussin MonoplaneArmand DeperdussinFrench-built, did not arrive28Handley Page Type F monoplaneHandley Page LimitedDamaged during trial29Piggott biplanePiggott Brothers and Co LimitedDid not complete trial30Cody IV monoplaneMr S F CodyCrashed before trial31Cody V biplaneMr S F CodyWinner of the trial with the 1st prize in any country category of £4,000 and 1st prize in the British-built category of £1,000, purchased by the Royal Flying Corps32Borel monoplaneSociete Anonyme des Aeroplanes, BorelNot ready to compete Aftermath The Cody biplane successfully passed all the tests and was declared winner of the competition, despite the fact that several other of the competitors (such as the Hanriot monoplanes) demonstrated better all-round performance. As a result, the Cody was purchased by the Flying Corps, with an order placed for a second example to be built by Cody.Bruce 1982, pp. 198–200.Bruce 1982, pp. 26–27. Several more of the competitors were also purchased by the Royal Flying Corps. These were the Blériot XI-2, the two Bristol Coanda monoplanes and the two Gnome-powered Deperdussins. Most of these aircraft saw little use, with one of the Deperdussins crashing fatally on 6 September 1912, followed by one of the Bristol-Coanda monoplanes on 10 September (with the Bristol crash being caused by inadvertent operation in flight of a quick-release catch which had been fitted to allow easy disassembly for the Trials). These crashes resulted in a ban being imposed on monoplane use by the RFC,Bruce 1982, pp. 155, 217–218. which had a long-term effect on the course of British aircraft design. The Cody Trials aircraft crashed fatally due to a structural failure in April 1913, and the second Cody biplane was withdrawn from use.Bruce 1982, p. 200. The War Office had already placed orders for A. V. Roe's Type 500 two seat biplane, the Gnome-engined immediate predecessor of the Type G. They had also placed orders for examples of the B.E.1 built by the Royal Aircraft Factory and designed by Geoffrey de Havilland. The prototypes of this design had put in a number of appearances at the trials and had clearly demonstrated its all-round superiority over the other aircraft; they were barred from competition because the Director of the Royal Aircraft Factory, Mervyn O'Gorman, was on the panel of judges. References War Office Aeroplane Tests. Modified Conditions. News 30 July 1912 8 39664 F Aeroplane Tests. First Prizes Won By Mr. Cody., British Successes. News 31 August 1912 4 39992 A Robertson 1987, p. 15 The War Office Competition. Flight. 23 December 1911, p. 1109. Bibliography Bruce, J. M. The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing). London: Putnam, 1982. 0-370-30084-X. Driver, Hugh The Birth of Military Aviation: Britain 1902-1914. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press for the Royal Historical Society, 1997. 0-86193-234-X Lewis, P British Aircraft 1806-1914. London: Putnam, 1967 Robertson Bruce British Military Aircraft Serials 1878-1987 1987 Midland Counties Publications Letchworth, England 0-904597-61-X External links Manufacturers' views of the conditions https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1912/1912%20-%200004.html Flight magazine 28 July 2016 4 6 January 1912 Tabular description of aeroplanes entered https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1912/1912%20-%200704.html Flight magazine 28 July 2016 704 3 August 1912 Category:Aviation history of the United Kingdom Category:Aviation competitions and awards Category:1912 in aviation Category:1912 in military history Military Aeroplane Competition Category:20th-century military history of the United Kingdom Category:Military history of Wiltshire Category:August 1912 in the United Kingdom