2012 Sierra Leonean cholera outbreak

Cholera outbreak in Sierra Leone October 2020 2012 02-present Sierra Leone and Guinea 392 Reported cases: 25,000+ 2012 September 24, a cholera outbreak in Sierra Leone had caused the deaths of 392 people.GUINEA-SIERRA LEONE: Cholera outbreak easing http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96379/GUINEA-SIERRA-LEONE-Cholera-outbreak-easing 24 September 2012 IRIN 24 September 2012 Dakar It was the country's largest outbreak of cholera since first reported in 1970 and the deadliest since the 1994–1995 cholera outbreak.WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Global Task Force on Cholera Control 22 January 2013 CHOLERA COUNTRY PROFILE: SIERRA LEONE https://www.who.int/cholera/countries/SierraLeoneCountryProfile2013.pdf?ua=1 The outbreak has also affected Guinea, which shares a reservoir near the coast.Guinea and Sierra Leone: Cholera epidemic escalates http://www.msf.org/msf/articles/2012/08/guinea-and-sierra-leone-cholera-epidemic-escalates.cfm MSF 31 August 2012 20 August 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120823145913/http://www.msf.org/msf/articles/2012/08/guinea-and-sierra-leone-cholera-epidemic-escalates.cfm 23 August 2012 dead This was the largest cholera outbreak in Africa in 2012.Schlein Lisa Sierra Leone's Cholera Epidemic Easing But Not Over https://www.voanews.com/a/cholera-epidemic-in-sierra-leone-easing-but-not-over/1511745.html 22 September 2012 Voice of America 20 September 2012 Abdulai Bayraytay, the spokesman of the Sierra Leonean government, stated that as of 1 October 2012 there were no new reported cases of cholera.Sierra Leone: 'No New Cholera Cases' – Abdulai Bayraytay Affirms http://allafrica.com/stories/201210111211.html 11 October 2012 Concord Times 11 October 2012 Memunatu Bangura Florence Turay A second outbreak occurred in 2013 with 368 cases reported by August.GIDEON Informatics, Inc. Dr. Stephen Berger Infectious Diseases of Sierra Leone https://books.google.com/books?id=jHx3BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 3 April 2014 GIDEON Informatics Inc. 978-1-4988-0187-4 60– Sources Cholera is a water-borne disease, primarily spread by the consumption of water or food contaminated by the feces of an infected person. The outbreak was triggered by heavy rainfall and flooding in Sierra Leone and Guinea, combined with poor hygiene practices, unsafe water sources, and ineffective waste management.GUINEA-SIERRA LEONE: Cholera – rising with the downpours http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96212/GUINEA-SIERRA-LEONE-Cholera-rising-with-the-downpours 31 August 2012 IRIN Africa 31 August 2012 FreetownUK to spend m combating cholera in Sierra Leone https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19377113 31 August 2012 BBC 25 August 2012 Crowded living conditions, poor sanitation and inadequate access to safe water are responsible for the higher rates of the outbreak in the Western Area including Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone. Only about 40% of people in Sierra Leone have access to a private or shared latrine, where approximately seven families typically share one toilet. According to The Africa Review, nearly 60% of toilets are pit toilets that easily drain directly into sources of drinking water and more than 30% of people defecate in the open. The water and sanitation systems were damaged after the civil war in Sierra Leone, and have not been rebuilt properly, leaving approximately 43% of Sierra Leoneans without access to clean water. Poor health-care system in the country with the population of six million people also contributes to the outbreak. The UN figures indicate that there is only one doctor per 34,744 people.Sierra Leone hit by cholera outbreak http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/08/2012816173953690645.html 1 September 2012 Al Jazeera 16 August 2012 Casualties The disease has killed 392 people and infected more than 25,000 others in Sierra Leone and Guinea since February 2012, when the epidemic was reported. On 4 September 2012, the death toll increased to 350. On 12 September, Dr. Amara Jambai, the Director of Disease Surveillance and Control in the Ministry of Health and Sanitation, reported that cholera infection in Sierra Leone dropped as a result of the activities of the government and other organizations.Sierra Leone: Cholera Infection Drops http://allafrica.com/stories/201209130470.html Sierra Leone Government 13 September 2012 Freetown 12 September 2012 For the period of January to mid-August 2012, more than 11,600 cholera cases were officially recorded by the Ministry of Health and Sanitation in Sierra Leone.Nossiter Adam Cholera Epidemic Envelops Coastal Slums in West Africa https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/world/africa/cholera-epidemic-envelops-coastal-slums-in-west-africa.html 1 September 2012 The New York Times 22 August 2012 Associated Press Dakar By 30 August, reported cases increased to 13,934 according to the World Health Organization (WHO).Sierra Leone/Guinea: Cholera Outbreak – Feb 2012 http://reliefweb.int/disaster/ep-2012-000041-sle Relief Web 1 September 2012 The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) reported that ten of Sierra Leone's thirteen districts were affected. The outbreak occurred primarily in eight districts until August 2012: Port Loko, Kambia, Tonkolili, Bo, Moyamba, Bombali, Pujehun and the Western Area. However, twelve districts became affected by the outbreak by September 2012. Of these districts, the one most affected is the Western Area, which includes the capital, Freetown. This area witnessed 4,965 cases and 63 deaths from 1 January to mid-August 2012.Akam Simon Sierra Leone declares cholera outbreak a national emergency http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/sierra-leone-declares-cholera-outbreak-a-national-emergency 31 August 2012 Alert Net 17 August 2012 Reuters Freetown https://web.archive.org/web/20121108022530/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/sierra-leone-declares-cholera-outbreak-a-national-emergency 8 November 2012 dead The number of cases and deaths for Port Loko during the same period is 2,806 and 45, respectively.Cholera outbreak in Sierra Leone http://www.nathnac.org/pro/clinical_updates/cholera_sierra_leone_220812.htm NaTHNaC 1 September 2012 22 August 2012 There were 1,134 reported cases and 28 deaths in the Kambala district. In Moyamba district nearly 20 people died from the cholera outbreak from 25 July to November 2012.Sierra Leone: Cholera Kills 20 in Moyamba http://allafrica.com/stories/201211051197.html 11 November 2012 Concord Times 5 November 2012 Hawa Amara Florence Turay Free Town At the beginning of August, the disease began to ravage the Kenema district.Playing Politics with Cholera in Kenema Sierra Leone? http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article_200521014.shtml 1 September 2012 Awareness Times 30 August 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120901221813/http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article_200521014.shtml 1 September 2012 dead The Ministry of Health and Sanitation reported that the disease is spreading more rapidly in cities than in isolated areas with poor sanitation.Vrba Sarah 176 Dead in Sierra Leone Cholera Outbreak http://www.care2.com/causes/176-dead-in-sierra-leone-cholera-outbreak.html Care2 31 August 2012 17 August 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120821181440/http://www.care2.com/causes/176-dead-in-sierra-leone-cholera-outbreak.html 21 August 2012 dead On 24 September, OCHA issued a report, indicating that in the period between late August and 16 September, new cholera cases per week decreased from 2,110 to 1,418 in Sierra Leone and from 1,152 to 346 in Guinea. According to the data of the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization, nearly 841 new cases were reported in at the beginning of October 2012.Cholera Ebbing in Sierra Leone http://allafrica.com/stories/201210191136.html 20 October 2012 IRIN 18 October 2012 It was 433 in the second week of October. State of emergency On 17 August 2012, Sierra Leonean President Ernest Bai Koroma announced that the outbreak was a national public health crisis. At this time the cholera outbreak had a mortality rate of 1.8% in the country, nearly double the threshold for a state of emergency.Cholera Outbreak Leaves 224 Dead in Sierra Leone http://www.inquisitr.com/312837/cholera-outbreak-leaves-224-dead-in-sierra-leone/ 1 September 2012 The Inquisitr 26 August 2012 By the end of August 2012, approximately 13,300 people were infected by cholera; humanitarian officials confirmed that 217 had already died by 23 August.Sierra Leone cholera death toll rises to 217 AP Worldstream 23 August 2012 https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-8662aa65cae14ca9bd6fb3dcd24cd590.html https://web.archive.org/web/20160409043716/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-8662aa65cae14ca9bd6fb3dcd24cd590.html April 9, 2016 HighBeam Research subscription usurped The Sierra Leonean government and WHO predict that 32,000 people will be infected in September due to the rainy season.Sierra Leone cholera outbreak worsens as rainy season peaks http://www.timeslive.co.za/africa/2012/08/30/sierra-leone-cholera-outbreak-worsens-as-rainy-season-peaks 31 August 2012 Times Live 30 August 2012 SAPAhttps://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hkr0oKYgUKYOZaCdIBQ8CYgVHFYg?docId=CNG.9281272cc980979698afae1108f9f7a1.2e1 https://web.archive.org/web/20130524180749/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hkr0oKYgUKYOZaCdIBQ8CYgVHFYg?docId=CNG.9281272cc980979698afae1108f9f7a1.2e1 dead 24 May 2013 S.Leone cholera outbreak to worsen as rainy season peaks AFP 29 August 2012 31 August 2012 Johnson, Rod Mac International responses In late August 2012, Amanda McClelland, the Emergency Health Coordinator of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, said that the outbreak "has the potential to cause a serious humanitarian crisis" and called for "more funds to deliver the most effective response". The British government announced that it allocated million for an emergency plan to counter the cholera outbreak in Sierra Leone. Additionally, the Rapid Response Facility (RRF) established in March 2012 and activated by the British government is expected to assist Sierra Leone in coping with the epidemic.UK Govt Intervenes to Stem Cholera Deaths – Activates New Rapid Response Facility http://allafrica.com/stories/201208310164.html 31 August 2012 All Africa 29 August 2012 Concord Times Freetown The facility is a network consisting of private businesses and specialist aid organisations that provide rapid emergency medical, water and sanitation assistance to affected people in the country. In addition, Doctors Without Borders, in cooperation with the Ministry of Health and Sanitation, runs three cholera treatment units in Freetown, where more than 500 patients have been treated.Battling Cholera in Freetown, Sierra Leone http://www.sierraexpressmedia.com/archives/45456 31 August 2012 Sierra Express Media 31 July 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120802043329/http://www.sierraexpressmedia.com/archives/45456 2 August 2012 dead The organisation has treated approximately 4,600 patients in Sierra Leone and Guinea since February. The group has begun to establish other cholera treatment centres at 34 Military Hospital in the west of Freetown, expanding the total number of beds from 90 to 200.S.Leone cholera outbreak to worsen as rainy season peaks http://www.newera.com.na/articles/47353/S-Leone-cholera-outbreak-to-worsen-as-rainy-season-peaks https://archive.today/20130221041912/http://www.newera.com.na/articles/47353/S-Leone-cholera-outbreak-to-worsen-as-rainy-season-peaks usurped 21 February 2013 31 August 2012 New Era 31 August 2012 The group is also collaborating with the Ministry of Health and Sanitation to inform the public of how to avoid contracting the disease. Among the other groups helping victims are Action Firm (AF) and the Sierra Leone Red Cross Society. AF provided free medical care for victims while about 400 volunteers of the Sierra Leone Red Cross helped out on sanitation awareness campaigns.Cham Kemo Cholera hits Sierra Leone hard, leaving 100 dead http://www.africareview.com/News/Sierra+Leone+battles+cholera+outbreak/-/979180/1479084/-/e8m3i4/-/index.html 31 August 2012 Africa Review 14 August 2012 1 October 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171001030818/http://www.africareview.com/News/Sierra+Leone+battles+cholera+outbreak/-/979180/1479084/-/e8m3i4/-/index.html dead Oxfam, a charity group based in the United Kingdom, is another group that provides nearly 67,000 people in Freetown with emergency water chlorination.Sierra Leone cholera outbreak http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what-we-do/emergency-response/sierra-leone-cholera Oxfam 31 August 2012 Oxfam also plans to assist up to 500,000 people with cholera prevention kits, water purification kits and public information campaigns on how to prevent the disease. The Isle of Man donated to assist the activities in the country through Oxfam.Isle of Man help for Sierra Leone cholera outbreak https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-19475707 5 September 2012 BBC 4 September 2012 The other British groups mobilised include Save the Children, International Rescue Committee, Concern, Care International and the British Red Cross.Sierra Leone: UK rapid response to tackle cholera http://www.dfid.gov.uk/News/Latest-news/2012/Sierra-Leone-UK-rapid-response-to-tackle-cholera-outbreak/ UK Department for International Development 1 September 2012 Press Release 22 August 2012 The Finnish Red Cross sent medication and doctors to the country on 24 and 25 August. World Vision is also working with the government to prevent the disease from spreading through various activities, including the collection of the garbage pills.World Vision responds to Sierra Leone's worst cholera outbreak in more than a decade http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/world-vision-responds-to-sierra-leones-worst-cholera-outbreak-in-more-than-a-decade 6 September 2012 Alert Net 5 September 2012 Reuters https://web.archive.org/web/20120909042216/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/world-vision-responds-to-sierra-leones-worst-cholera-outbreak-in-more-than-a-decade/ 9 September 2012 dead An International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh team began its activities in coordination with the WHO in the country on 6 September 2012.ICDDR,B team reaches Sierra Leone to tackle cholera outbreak http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/more.php?news_id=142523&date=2012-09-07 6 September 2012 The Financial Express 7 September 2012 The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies launched an emergency appeal for million in August, explaining that the number of cases of cholera was rising, along with the number of fatal cases.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-cholera-idUSBRE87M0SR20120823 Red Cross fears Sierra Leone cholera crisis, appeals for funds Reuters 23 August 2012 31 August 2012 Akam, Simon Tiina Saarikoski of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society reported on 30 August that the Bombali, Tonkolili, Port Loko and Kambia districts have been targeted to effectively deal with the epidemic.Kamara Michael T. More Red Cross Delegates Jet in to Sierra Leone to help Fight Cholera http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article_200521011.shtml 31 August 2012 Awareness Times 30 August 2012 Freetown https://web.archive.org/web/20120914054527/http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article_200521011.shtml 14 September 2012 dead The IFRC has funded health promotion activities and assistance to affected families, including the preparation of oral rehydration solutions and construction of suitable toilets, but the organisation has stated that the level of aid coverage remains "very low." Oral cholera vaccines have the potential to shorten cholera outbreaks, and hence reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with outbreaks have not been deployed in Sierra Leone.Reyburn Rita Jacqueline L. Deen Rebecca F. Grais Sujit K. Bhattacharya Dipika Sur Anna L. Lopez Mohamed S. Jiddawi John D. Clemens Lorenz von Seidlein amp The Case for Reactive Mass Oral Cholera Vaccinations PLOS Negl Trop Dis January 2011 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000952 21283614 3026767 5 1 e952 free Conakry Residents Demand Cholera Vaccine http://allafrica.com/stories/201209141040.html 14 September 2012 IRIN 13 September 2012 The large international institutions IFRC as well WHO have shied away from large mass vaccination campaigns despite the fact that oral cholera vaccines have been successfully used earlier in 2012 by MSF in Guinea Bissau and by Partners in Health in Haiti.Enserink Martin Policy Shifts on Emergency Use of Cholera Vaccines Science 17 August 2012 337 785–6 10.1126/science.337.6096.785 6096 22903987 2012Sci...337..785E See also 2014 Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone References 33em Category:2012 disease outbreaks Cholera outbreak in Sierra Leone Category:Cholera outbreaks Category:Disease outbreaks in Guinea Category:2012 in Guinea Cholera 2012