1993 Italian local elections

none The 1993 Italian local elections were held on 6 June (with runoffs on 20 June) and 21 November (with runoffs on 5 December). They were the first elections conducted after the introduction of the direct election of mayors and presidents of provinces, a reform that brought a semi-presidential model to the local level (Law 25 March 1993, no. 81). Alongside the democratic election of the heads of local administrations, the electoral system was also modified. A majority bonus was introduced, granting 3/5 of council seats to the coalition supporting the winning candidate in both municipal and provincial elections. In smaller municipalities – whose threshold was significantly raised to 15,000 inhabitants – a form of group alignment was introduced for the first time, albeit through civic lists. In these municipalities, the electoral system provided for a two-thirds majority bonus and a single-round vote. The overall number of councillors was also reduced; because councillors’ roles were separated from those of executive officials (assessori), municipal and provincial executives were effectively institutionally separated from the councils. It proved difficult to establish a clear hierarchy among political parties on the basis of the election results, as numerous ad hoc labels and civic lists were attached to the coalitions supporting individual candidates. At a general level, the first round of the June elections revealed the strong performance of the Northern League (LN) in northern Italy, where it obtained around 40% of the vote in Milan. The Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) and the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) remained relatively stable—losing fewer votes than the Christian Democrats – while the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) virtually disappeared. In Milan, where it had been a central actor in public life for nearly a century, the PSI failed to elect even a single municipal councillor. In the rest of the country, the former communist forces achieved considerable support, partly due to their ability to build effective electoral alliances. Centrist lists, by contrast, generally failed to reach the runoff stage, largely because of internal divisions. The centrist electorate therefore became decisive in the second rounds, both in contests between the Northern League and left-wing coalitions and in races between two left-leaning candidates. One notable example occurred in Turin, where the Northern League narrowly missed the runoff by 5,013 votes. The autumn electoral round confirmed the success of left-wing coalitions, which prevailed in major cities including Genoa, Rome, Naples, Palermo, Trieste, and Venice. In areas where the Northern League was absent – particularly in central and southern Italy – the Italian Social Movement (MSI) achieved significant gains. The party benefited from the fact that it was largely untouched by the Mani pulite corruption investigations, and from the fragmentation of the political centre, especially the decline of the Christian Democracy (DC), which led many moderate voters to view the far-right party as preferable to the left. In several large cities, political outsiders were elected as mayors: in Genoa a magistrate, in Trieste a businessman, and in Venice a philosopher. Elsewhere, mayors were elected who had never previously held national government office, such as in Rome and Naples. Particularly notable was the victory of Leoluca Orlando in Palermo, who won 75% of the vote in the first round. Among provincial capitals, there were 17 victories for coalitions centred on the PDS and one for the PSI. Reformist or civic-oriented alliances won three contests, the Northern League secured eight, a local right-wing coalition won one, and the MSI obtained two victories, in addition to two further mayors elected under “lame duck” conditions (anatra zoppa, where the mayor lacks a supporting council majority). In provincial elections, there were four victories for coalitions led by the PDS, four for the Northern League, and one province won by a local party. Voting system The semipresidential voting system was the one used for all mayoral elections in Italy of cities with a population higher than 15,000. Under this system voters express a direct choice for the mayor or an indirect choice voting for the party of the candidate's coalition. If no candidate receives at least 50% of votes, the top two candidates go to a run-off after two weeks. The winning candidate obtains a majority bonus equal to 60% of seats in the City Council. The election of the City Council is based on a direct choice for the candidate with a preference vote: the candidate with the majority of the preferences is elected. The number of the seats for each losing party is determined proportionally, using D'Hondt seat allocation. Only coalitions with more than 3% of votes are eligible to get any seats. Municipal elections Mayoral election results Democratic Party of the Left Alliance of Progressives (PDS and allies) 1px solid #AAAAAA Italian Social Movement Italian Social Movement (MSI) 1px solid #AAAAAA Italian Socialist Party Italian Socialist Party (PSI) 1px solid #AAAAAA Lega Nord Northern League (LN) 1px solid #AAAAAA Southern Action League Southern Action League (LAM) 1px solid #AAAAAA #87CEFA Centrist coalition (DC and allies) 1px solid #AAAAAA Independent politician Civic lists 1px solid #AAAAAA Region City Incumbent mayor Elected mayor 1st round 2nd round Seats Source Votes % Votes % June electionssenza cornice|22x22px Piedmont Novara Antonio Malerba (PSI) Sergio Merusi (LN) 17,684 25.73 31,392 51.6224 40 Lega Nord Turin Giovanna Cattaneo Incisa (PRI) Valentino Castellani (Ind) 121,517 20.33 280,092 57.3230 50 Democratic Party of the Left Vercelli Fulvio Bodo (PSI) Mietta Baracchi (LN) 9,100 26.16 16,926 56.6224 40 Lega Nordsenza cornice|22x22px Lombardy Milan Giampiero Borghini (PSI) Marco Formentini (LN) 346,537 38.82 452,868 57.0836 50 Lega Nord Lecco Guido Boscagli (DC) Giuseppe Pogliani (LN) 11,535 36.22 14,602 56.3024 40 Lega Nord Pavia Alessandro Cantone (DC) Rodolfo Jannaccone (LN) 22,930 43.19 29,572 64.4224 40 Lega Nord senza cornice|22x22px Veneto Belluno Gianclaudio Bressa (DC) Maurizio Fistarol (PDS) 7,453 30.81 11,593 54.6824 40 Democratic Party of the Left senza cornice|22x22px Friuli-Venezia Giulia Pordenone Alvaro Cardin (DC) Alfredo Pasini (LN) 7,977 23.19 17,782 57.0424 40 Lega Nord 22x22px Emilia-Romagna Ravenna Giovanni Miserocchi (PDS) Pier Paolo D'Attorre (PDS) 37,421 38.92 48,711 55.9224 40 Democratic Party of the Leftsenza cornice|22x22px Tuscany Grosseto Loriano Valentini (PDS) Loriano Valentini (PDS) 18,398 38.17 23,836 52.8124 40 Democratic Party of the Left Siena Pierluigi Piccini (PDS) Pierluigi Piccini (PDS) 15,123 37.80 18,667 55.9524 40 Democratic Party of the Left senza cornice|22x22px Umbria Terni Mario Todini (PSI) Gianfranco Ciaurro (Ind) 14,840 20.77 33,702 50.1624 40 Independent (politician) senza cornice|22x22px Marche Ancona Franco Del Mastro (PSI) Renato Galeazzi (PDS) 31,873 46.46 42,057 71.4924 40 Democratic Party of the Left22x22px Sicily Agrigento Giovanni Roberto Di Mauro (DC) Calogero Sodano (PRI) 9,791 31.29 15,041 50.739 40 #87CEFA Catania Angelo Lo Presti (PSDI) Enzo Bianco (AD) 76,025 40.43 81,326 52.1117 60 Democratic Party of the Left November elections senza cornice|22x22px Piedmont Alessandria Gianluca Veronesi (PSI) Francesca Calvo (LN) 21,262 33.52 30,797 53.2324 40 Lega Nord senza cornice|22x22px Lombardy Lodi Marco Magrini (DC) Alberto Segalini (LN) 11,590 37.77 16,113 61.1524 40 Lega Nord senza cornice|22x22px Veneto Venice Ugo Bergamo (DC) Massimo Cacciari (PDS) 89,034 42.29 107,497 55.3728 46 Democratic Party of the Left senza cornice|22x22px Friuli-Venezia Giulia Trieste Giulio Staffieri (LpT) Riccardo Illy (Ind) 59,931 39.84 72,939 53.0224 40 Democratic Party of the Left22x22px Liguria Genoa Alfio Lamanna (PRI) Adriano Sansa (PDS) 189,874 42.93 247,547 59.1730 50 Democratic Party of the Left La Spezia Flavio Luigi Bertone (PDS) Roberto Lucio Rosaia (AD) 19,186 28.62 30,145 53.6324 40 Democratic Party of the Left senza cornice|22x22px Marche Macerata Carlo Cingolani (DC) Gian Mario Maulo (PDS) 8,458 29.94 14,838 58.8424 40 Democratic Party of the Left22x22px Lazio Latina Maurizio Mansutti (DC) Ajmone Finestra (MSI) 21,092 30.40 37,870 57.4624 40 Italian Social Movement Rome Franco Carraro (PSI) Francesco Rutelli (FdV) 684,529 39.55 955,859 53.1136 60 Democratic Party of the Left22x22px Abruzzo Chieti Andrea Buracchio (DC) Nicola Cucullo (MSI) 15,851 42.60 20,354 57.6924 40 Italian Social Movement Pescara Giuseppe Ciccantelli (DC) Mario Collevecchio (PDS) 32,790 42.03 40,804 60.6124 40 Democratic Party of the Left22x22px Campania Benevento Raffaele Verdicchio (DC) Pasquale Viespoli (MSI) 13,339 31.42 27,975 71.496 40 Italian Social Movement Caserta Giuseppe Gasparin (DC) Aldo Bulzoni (PDS) 18,096 40.77 28,395 76.0124 40 Democratic Party of the Left Naples Francesco Tagliamonte (DC) Antonio Bassolino (PDS) 229,649 41.62 300,964 55.6536 60 Democratic Party of the Left Salerno Vincenzo De Luca (PDS) Vincenzo De Luca (PDS) 22,620 23.71 48,154 57.9124 40 Democratic Party of the Left 22x22px Apulia Taranto Roberto Della Torre (DC) Giancarlo Cito (LAM) 39,555 30.33 61,281 52.6024 40 Southern Action League senza cornice|22x22px Calabria Cosenza Pietro Minutolo (DC) Giacomo Mancini (PSI) 8,297 18.04 21,601 58.5824 40 Italian Socialist Party22x22px Sicily Palermo Manlio Orobello (PSI) Leoluca Orlando (LR) 291,976 75.18——32 50 Democratic Party of the Left Caltanissetta Aldo Giarratano (DC) Giuseppe Mancuso (MSI) 13,146 34.10 18,850 51.664 30 Italian Social Movement Overall parties results PartyLeader% Christian Democracy (DC) Mino Martinazzoli 18.6% Northern League (LN) Umberto Bossi 15.8% Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) Achille Occhetto 11.6% Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) Sergio Garavini 7.5% Italian Social Movement (MSI) Gianfranco Fini 5.5% The Network (Rete) Leoluca Orlando 3.2% Italian Socialist Party (PSI) Ottaviano Del Turco 2.8% Federation of the Greens (FdV) Carlo Ripa di Meana 1.7% Italian Republican Party (PRI) Giorgio La Malfa 1.5% Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI) Carlo Vizzini 1.4% Source: La rivoluzione nelle urne https://web.archive.org/web/20160705042439/http://www.me-teor.it/difranco_opere/1993_Elecom.pdf 2016-07-05 Provincial elections Presidential election results Democratic Party of the Left Alliance of Progressives (PDS and allies) 1px solid #AAAAAA Lega Nord Northern League (LN) 1px solid #AAAAAA List for Trieste List for Trieste (LpT) 1px solid #AAAAAA Region Province Incumbent president Elected president 1st round 2nd round Seats Votes % Votes % June electionssenza cornice|22x22px Lombardy Mantua Massimo Chiaventi (PDS) Davide Boni (LN) 80,175 32.9 112,200 53.2 18 30 Lega Nord Pavia Tullio Montagna (PDS) Enzo Casali (LN)43.370.318 30 Lega Nordsenza cornice|22x22px Friuli-Venezia Giulia Trieste Dario Crozzoli (PSI) Paolo Sardos Albertini (LpT)18.7 50.714 24 List for Trieste Gorizia Gino Saccavini (PSI) Monica Marcolini (LN)22,13222.2?14 24 Lega Nord 22x22px Emilia-Romagna Ravenna Dante Maioli (PSI) Gabriele Albonetti (PDS)89,36337.33128,46560.6718 30 Democratic Party of the Left 22x22px Lazio Viterbo Rosato Rosati (DC) Ugo Nardini (PDS)48,69028.07?14 24 Democratic Party of the Left November electionssenza cornice|22x22px Lombardy Varese Maria Fiorina Ripamonti (PDS) Massimo Ferrario (LN)49.3?22 36 Lega Nord22x22px Liguria Genoa Franco Rolandi (PSI) Marta Vincenzi (PDS)31.5?22 36 Democratic Party of the Left La Spezia Stefano Sgorbini (PDS) Stefano Sgorbini (PDS)36.555.014 24 Democratic Party of the Left See also 1993 Milan municipal election 1993 Rome municipal election References Category:1993 elections in Italy Category:Municipal elections in Italy Category:June 1993 in Italy