1952 Republican Party presidential primaries

Selection of Republican US presidential candidate June 2025 April 2025 1952 Republican Party presidential primaries United States 1912 primary no 1948 Republican Party presidential primaries 1948 1956 Republican Party presidential primaries 1956 March 11 to June 3, 1952 1,206 delegates to the Republican National Convention 604 (majority) File:Dwight David Eisenhower 1952 crop.jpg 150x150px FF8080 595 Dwight D. Eisenhower New York 5 2,050,708 26.3% File:RobertATaft83rdCongress (1).png 8080FF 500 Robert A. Taft Ohio 5 2,794,736 35.8% File: Earl Warren (cropped).jpg A05A2C 81 Earl Warren California 1 1,349,036 17.3% File:Harold Stassen.jpg 37C871 20 Harold Stassen Pennsylvania 1 881,702 11.3% 350px First place by first-instance vote 351px First place by convention roll call 1 #FF8080 Eisenhower #8080FF Taft#37C871 Stassen #A05A2C Warren Republican nominee Thomas E. Dewey Dwight D. Eisenhower From March 11 to June 3, 1952, delegates were elected to the 1952 Republican National Convention. The fight for the 1952 Republican nomination was largely between popular General Dwight D. Eisenhower (who succeeded Thomas E. Dewey as the candidate of the party's liberal eastern establishment) and Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio, the longtime leader of the conservative wing. Foreign policy during the Cold War was a major point of contention, with Eisenhower taking an interventionist stance and Taft favoring greater caution and avoidance of foreign alliances. Eisenhower tended to accept many of the social welfare aspects of the New Deal, to which Taft was adamantly opposed. Two other major candidates for the nomination, though never reaching the point of seriously challenging Eisenhower or Taft, were Governor of California and Dewey's 1948 running mate Earl Warren, and former Governor of Minnesota Harold Stassen, who had contended for the nomination in 1948 as well. Taft, who was 62 when the campaign began and running his third presidential campaign, freely admitted that this would be his last chance to win the nomination. Taft's weakness, which he was never able to overcome, was the fear of many party bosses that he was too conservative and controversial to win a presidential election.March 2024 The primaries were ultimately inconclusive, and the nomination was decided by a contest over delegates from Texas and Georgia; led by Dewey and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., the Eisenhower campaign won a vote of the whole convention to award the contested delegates to Eisenhower, who carried the first ballot. The episode was reminiscent of the 1912 Republican National Convention forty years prior, in which Taft's father won the nomination over Theodore Roosevelt by similar means. In the general election on November 4, Eisenhower and his running mate, Senator Richard Nixon of California, defeated the Democratic party's ticket of Governor Adlai Stevenson II of Illinois, and Senator John Sparkman of Alabama. Background Beginning in 1932, during a period which political historians would later call the "Fifth Party System", United States politics were dominated by the Democratic Party and its New Deal coalition of laborers and labor organizations, racial and religious minorities (especially Jews, Catholics, and African Americans), liberal white Southerners, and intellectuals, delivered consistent victories for the Democratic Party at the presidential and congressional level. Entering the 1952 election campaign, no Republican had been elected president since Herbert Hoover in 1928. Republicans had only won a single national election during the period, in the 1946 elections to the 80th United States Congress. 1948 presidential election left|thumb|270x270px|Governor of New York Thomas E. Dewey, who was a leading contender in 1940 and the Republican nominee in 1944 and 1948, declined to run again, instead recruiting and endorsing General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Following their victory in 1946, Republicans were hopeful to win back the White House in 1948. With the progressive and Southern wings of the Democratic Party bolting from the presidential ticket and popular Governor of New York Thomas E. Dewey leading their ticket for the second consecutive campaign, most expected a Republican victory but were surprised by the re-election of President Harry S. Truman in one of the biggest upsets in the history of presidential elections. Having lost the presidency three times, Dewey declined to make a fourth run. Instead, the leading candidates were Dewey's main rivals for the 1948 nomination, Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio and former Governor Harold Stassen of Minnesota; and his 1948 running mate, Governor of California Earl Warren. Draft Eisenhower movement Draft Eisenhower movement During the 1948 campaign, James Roosevelt and Americans for Democratic Action attempted to draft popular World War II general Dwight D. Eisenhower, then Chief of Staff of the Army, to replace President Truman on the Democratic Party ticket. Eisenhower, who commanded the Allied Expeditionary Force in the invasions of Normandy and Germany, remained broadly popular and admired across the country without regard for political position or region.Ambrose 1983 275–276 However, Eisenhower repeatedly declined to seek the Democratic nomination ahead of the 1948 convention and issued a Shermanesque statement on July 5, 1948, removing himself from consideration.6 July 1948 Eisenhower Says He Couldn't Accept Nomination for Any Public Office https://www.nytimes.com/1948/07/06/archives/eisenhower-says-he-couldnt-accept-nomination-for-any-public-office.html subscription live https://web.archive.org/web/20181230030600/https://www.nytimes.com/1948/07/06/archives/eisenhower-says-he-couldnt-accept-nomination-for-any-public-office.html December 30, 2018 29 December 2018 The New York Times Repeated efforts to ignore his statement failed when Roosevelt admitted that a draft would not succeed to convince Eisenhower, and the party nominated Truman instead. By 1951, with Truman's popularity polling at record lows, both parties attempted to draft Eisenhower once again. However, since the 1948 election, he had been increasingly drawn toward the Republican Party.Pickett 2000 76 Dewey and Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. of Massachusetts led efforts to convince Eisenhower to run as a Republican and, through a series of organizations financed and led by Charles F. Willis, Stanley M. Rumbough Jr., and Harold E. Talbott, established a draft effort with over 250,000 members nationwide.Smith 1990 584Mason 2013 519Smith 1990 587Mason 2013 520 Personal friends and former military colleagues were also involved in the Republican draft effort.Mason 2013 520 They were motivated at least partly by Eisenhower's broad appeal, which they felt Stassen and Taft lacked, and his support for post-war international organizations like the United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which Taft opposed or supported to a more limited extent than Eisenhower. With Taft leading the field in late 1951, Eisenhower's reluctance to run declined, and on January 6, 1952, he permitted Lodge to publicly reveal that he considered himself a Republican.Immerman 1999 38–46 Candidates The following leaders were candidates for the 1952 Republican presidential nomination: Major candidates These candidates participated in multiple state primaries or were included in multiple major national polls. CandidateMost recent positionHome stateCampaignframeless|214x214px Dwight D. EisenhowerSupreme Allied Commander of NATO(1951–1952)President of Columbia University(1948–1953)alt=|84x84px|New York (state) New Yorkx100pxAccepted draft: June 4, 1952Patterson 1972 536Nominated at convention: July 11, 1952(Campaign)183x183px Robert A. TaftUnited States Senator from Ohio(1939–1953)Ohio State Senator(1931–1933)Speaker of the Ohio House of Representatives(1926–1927)alt=|85x85px OhioAnnounced campaign: October 16, 1951Patterson 1972 506Defeated at convention: July 11, 1952(Campaign)187x187px Earl WarrenGovernor of California(1943–1953)California Attorney General(1939–1943)District Attorney of Alameda County(1925–1939)alt=|98x98px California Announced: November 1951(Campaign)189x189px Harold StassenPresident of the University of Pennsylvania(1948–1953)Governor of Minnesota(1939–1943)alt=|84x84px|New York (state) Pennsylvania(Campaign)200x200px Douglas MacArthurGeneral of the Army(1944–1964)Commander of the United Nations Commandand Governor of the Ryukyu Islands(1950–1951)Commander of the Far East Command(1947–1951)alt=|84x84px|New York (state) New York Favorite sons The following candidates ran only in their home state's primary or caucus for the purpose of controlling its delegate slate at the convention and did not appear to be considered national candidates by the media. Businessman Riley A. Bender of Illinois Governor George Theodore Mickelson of South Dakota (Eisenhower surrogate) Senator Wayne Morse of Oregon Representative Thomas H. Werdel of California (Taft surrogate) Declined to run The following persons were listed in two or more major national polls or were the subject of media speculation surrounding their potential candidacy, but declined to actively seek the nomination. Senator John W. Bricker of Ohio (ran for re-election) Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York (endorsed Eisenhower) Governor Alfred E. Driscoll of New Jersey (endorsed Eisenhower)Conklin William DRISCOLL ENTERS EISENHOWER CAMP; JERSEY SWING SEEN: Governor Leads Most of the State's Organized G. O. P. Into Fight for General COUNTY CHIEFS HAIL MOVE Head of Party Feels Results of 'Popularity Race' April 15 Should Have Moral Hold DRISCOLL ENTERS EISENHOWER CAMP The New York Times 18 Mar 1952 1 Senator James H. Duff of Pennsylvania (endorsed Eisenhower) Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. of Massachusetts (endorsed Eisenhower) House Minority Leader Joseph W. Martin Jr. of Massachusetts Senator Arthur Vandenberg of Michigan (died April 18, 1951) Senator Kenneth S. Wherry of Nebraska (died November 29, 1951) Endorsements Dwight Eisenhower Dwight Eisenhower U.S. Senators James H. Duff, U.S. Senator from PennsylvaniaOctober 2024 Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., U.S. Senator from MassachusettsRichardson Elliot Henry Cabot Lodge Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 1985 97 149–152 Governors Sherman Adams, Governor of New HampshireTIME 1952-06-30 National Affairs: Taft, Ike& Arithmetic https://time.com/archive/6618835/national-affairs-taft-ike-arithmetic/ 2024-10-16 TIME en Of the 25 Republican governors, only three, Jordan of Idaho, Lee of Utah and Brunsdale of North Dakota, have announced their support of Taft. Their states have a total of twelve electoral votes. The Republican governors of 13 states have announced their support of Ike. The 13 (Colorado, Connecticut, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Washington and Wisconsin) have 146 electoral votes in November. C. Elmer Anderson, Governor of Minnesota Edward F. Arn, Governor of Kansas William S. Beardsley, Governor of Iowa Thomas E. Dewey, Governor of New YorkSmith, Richard Norton. Thomas E. Dewey and His Times. Simon & Schuster, New York (1982), pp. 578–608 Alfred E. Driscoll, Governor of New Jersey Walter J. Kohler Jr., Governor of Wisconsin Arthur B. Langlie, Governor of Washington John Davis Lodge, Governor of Connecticut Douglas McKay, Governor of Oregon Frederick G. Payne, Governor of Maine Val Peterson, Governor of Nebraska Daniel I. J. Thornton, Governor of Colorado State representatives Mark Hatfield, Oregon State RepresentativeKauffman Bill My Old (And Peaceful) Kentucky Home https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/my-old-and-peaceful-kentucky-home/ September 1, 2020 5 February 2023 Robert Taft Robert Taft Former executive branch officials Herbert Hoover, 31st President of the United States (1929–33)Whyte Kenneth Hoover: An Extraordinary Life in Extraordinary Times 2017 Knopf 978-0-307-59796-0 Whyte 2017} 595https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55194 US President - R Primaries - Feb 01, 1952 5 February 2023 U.S. Senators Everett Dirksen, U.S. Senator from IllinoisPacker George The Republicans' 1972 https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-republicans-1972 The New Yorker January 30, 2012 March 26, 2016 Governors Norman Brunsdale, Governor of North Dakota Len Jordan, Governor of Idaho J. Bracken Lee, Governor of Utah Individuals Gary Cooper, actorUpstream: The Ascendance of American Conservatism; Alfred S. Regnery, 2008Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft; James T. Patterson, 1972 Glenn Ford, actor Zora Neale Hurston, authorOctober 2024 Adolphe Menjou, actor Murray Rothbard, economist and economic historianKauffman Bill Bill Kauffman May 19, 2008 When the Left Was Right http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/when-the-left-was-right/ live The American Conservative https://web.archive.org/web/20131104203634/http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/when-the-left-was-right/ November 4, 2013 August 13, 2013 John Wayne, actor Opinion polling Opinion polling for the 1952 Republican Party presidential primaries.chart Opinion polling for the 1952 Republican Party presidential primaries.tab 450px yes Graph of opinion polls conducted National polling Poll sourcePublication 1 Thomas Dewey 1 Dwight Eisenhower 1 Douglas MacArthur 1 Harold Stassen 1 Robert Taft 1 Earl Warren 1 Other 1 Undecided/noneGallupGallup George General Ike, Stassen Hold GOP Voters 17 July 1949 The Washington Post B5Respondents were permitted to name more than one candidate.July 17, 194920%21%13%21%12%9%16%Arthur Vandenberg with 11%, John Bricker with 3%, Joseph Martin 1%, and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. with 1%5%GallupGallup George EISENHOWER LEADS IN GOP POPULARITY: Republicans and Independents in Poll Place Harold Stassen Second for 1952 Nomination 6 Nov 1949 Los Angeles Times 16Nov. 6, 194912%25%–19%15%10%13%Arthur Vandenberg with 6%, Leverett Saltonstall with 3%, John Bricker with 3%, Others with 1%6%GallupGallup George GOP Voters Give Eisenhower First Choice for Presidency 5 Apr 1950 The Washington Post 15Apr. 5, 195015%37%–12%17%5%9%Arthur Vandenberg with 5%, John Bricker with 3%, and Others with 1%8%GallupGallup George Eisenhower Popularity Booms Among GOP Voters in Survey 27 Sep 1950 The Washington Post 14Sep. 26, 195014%42%–14%15%6%3%Alfred Driscoll with 1%, Others with 2%6%GallupGallup George Sen. Taft Found Choice Now Of 24% of Republican Voters: GOP Shift To Taft Noted 17 Dec 1950 The Washington Post M1Dec. 16, 195016%35%–8%24%10%2%5%GallupGallup George Gen. Eisenhower Voted First Choice Of GOP for Presidency in 1952 13 Apr 1951 The Washington Post 18Apr. 13, 195114%38%–9%22%10%3%Combined voted for Wayne Morse, James Duff, Alfred Driscoll, Joseph W. Martin, and Kenneth Wherry4%GallupMay 195130%–10%22%13%GallupGallup George Taft's Popularity Rising, Gallup Finds: Senator Still Trails Eisenhower in Poll of GOP and Independents 23 Dec 1951 Los Angeles Times 4Dec. 23, 19519%30%14%3%28%11%3%2%9%–21%6%34%19%7%4%11%35%–3%32%13%4%2%GallupGallup George Taft, Eisenhower Tied for GOP Vote 13 Feb 1952 The Washington Post 1Feb. 12, 19525%33%14%5%33%8%–2%GallupGallup George GOP Poll Puts Taft Over Eisenhower: But General Holds Lead With Independents, Gallup Discovers 2 Mar 1952 Los Angeles Times 15Mar. 2, 19525%33%14%6%34%6%–2%GallupGallup George GOP Race is Tossup, Gallup Poll Discloses: Eisenhower Running Slightly Ahead of Taft; Interviewers Find Gov. Warren Is Gaining 9 Apr 1952 Los Angeles Times B12Apr. 8, 19523%37%12%4%34%9%–1%GallupGallup George GOP, Independent Voters Favor Eisenhower Over Taft 2 May 1952 The Washington Post 1May 1, 19523%44%10%3%33%6%–1%GallupGallup George EISENHOWER LEAD REDUCED IN POLL: Taft Registers Gains Since Last Month in Gallup Republican, Independent Count 4 June 1952 Los Angeles Times C5June 4, 19522%43%9%3%36%6%–1%GallupGallup George Ike Gains New Popularity As Campaign Hits Stride 22 June 1952 The Atlanta Journal 1FJune 21, 1952–44%10%3%35%7%–1%GallupGallup George TAFT, EISENHOWER CLOSE IN SURVEY: Gallup Finds Party Chairmen Favor Senator While Republican Voters Lean to General 2 July 1952 Los Angeles Times 11July 1, 1952–46%10%3%35%5%–1% Primary campaign March 11: New Hampshire primary In late 1951, Eisenhower supporters increased their efforts to draft the general by establishing a campaign organization in New Hampshire, the first state to hold a popular election for delegates. Governor Sherman Adams endorsed the effort and became the New Hampshire campaign manager for the Draft Eisenhower campaign.Birkner 2003 8 On January 6, at the same press conference revealing Eisenhower was a Republican, Senator Lodge formally submitted the general's name in the New Hampshire primary. The draft movement soon gained the endorsement of twenty-four newspapers, led by The New York Times.Pusey 1956 11 A Draft Eisenhower rally at Madison Square Garden on February 8 drew a crowd far larger than the arena's capacity; shortly after, Eisenhower privately affirmed that he would contest the presidency, if nominated by the Republicans.Ambrose 1983 523Smith 1990 590 On March 11, Eisenhower won the New Hampshire primary over Taft by a margin of 12 percent, sweeping all fourteen delegates. However, from there until the Republican Convention the primaries were divided fairly evenly between the two men, and by the time the convention opened the race for the nomination was still too close to call. Statewide contests by winner Statewide contest won by candidates Primaries, caucuses and conventions: Classic races for the presidential nomination +Date Pledged delegatesContest Robert A. Taft Dwight Eisenhower Harold Stassen Earl Warren Douglas MacArthur Other/uncommitted March 11 14 New Hampshire primarySAGE Publications 2010 399Pickett 2000 178 38.59% 1450.25% 7.08% - 3.48% 0.6% March 18 28 Minnesota 8.22% 437.07% 2444.23% 1.83% 0.47% 8.18%April 1 Nebraska 36.33% 30.15% 24.29% 0.85% 3.41% 4.97% 30 Wisconsin 2440.63% - 21.85% 633.77% - 3.75% April 80 Illinois 73.56% 11.59% 12.19% 0.22% 0.59% 1.85% April 150 New Jersey 35.54% 60.64% 3.66% 0.07% 0.10% - April 22 Pennsylvania 15.23% 73.62% 10.25% 0.27% 0.51% 0.12% April 29 Massachusetts 29.69% 68.68% 0.29% 0.41% 0.61% 0.32% May 656 Ohio 5678.79% - 21.21% - - - May 13 West Virginia 78.52% - 21.48% - - - May 16 Oregon 6.74% 64.55% 2.47% 16.48% 6.96% 3.80%Senator Wayne Morse received 2.66%.June 3 California 33.61%Taft supporter Thomas H. Werdel ran as a surrogate in California. - - 66.39% - - South Dakota 50.32% 49.68%Eisenhower supporter George T. Mickelson ran as a surrogate in South Dakota. - - - - Italics indicate a write-in candidacy. Total popular vote results Primaries total popular vote results: Robert A. Taft - 2,794,736 (35.84%) Dwight D. Eisenhower - 2,050,708 (26.30%) Earl Warren - 1,349,036 (17.30%) Harold Stassen - 881,702 (11.31%) Thomas H. Werdel - 521,110 (6.68%) George T. Mickelson - 63,879 (0.82%) Douglas MacArthur - 44,209 (0.57%) Grant A. Ritter - 26,208 (0.34%) Edward C. Slettedahl - 22,712 (0.29%) Riley A. Bender - 22,321 (0.29%) Mary E. Kenny - 10,411 (0.13%) Wayne L. Morse - 7,105 (0.09%) Perry J. Stearns - 2,925 (0.04%) William R. Schneider - 580 (0.01%) Republican National Convention thumb|right|250px|Eisenhower presidential campaign in Baltimore, Maryland, September 1952 When the 1952 Republican National Convention opened in Chicago, most political experts rated Taft and Eisenhower as neck-and-neck in the delegate vote totals. Eisenhower's managers, led by Governor Dewey and Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., accused Taft of "stealing" delegate votes in Southern states such as Texas and Georgia. They claimed that Taft's leaders in these states had illegally refused to give delegate spots to Eisenhower supporters and put Taft delegates in their place. Lodge and Dewey proposed to evict the pro-Taft delegates in these states and replace them with pro-Eisenhower delegates; they called this proposal "Fair Play". Although Taft and his supporters angrily denied this charge, the convention voted to support Fair Play 658–548, and Taft lost many Southern delegates; this decided the nomination in Eisenhower's favor. However, the mood at the convention was one of the most bitter and emotional in American history; in one speech Senator Everett Dirksen of Illinois, a Taft supporter, pointed at Governor Dewey on the convention floor and accused him of leading the Republicans "down the road to defeat", and mixed boos and cheers rang out from the delegates. In the end Eisenhower took the nomination on the first ballot; to heal the wounds caused by the battle he went to Taft's hotel suite and met with him. The Convention then chose young Senator Richard Nixon of California as Eisenhower's running mate; it was felt that Nixon's credentials as a slashing campaigner and anti-Communist would be valuable. Most historians now believe that Eisenhower's nomination was primarily due to the feeling that he was a "sure winner" against the Democrats; most of the delegates were conservatives who would probably have supported Taft if they felt he could have won the general election. The balloting at the Republican Convention went as follows:Richard C. Bain and Judith H. Parris, Convention Decisions and Voting Records, pp. 280–286 Presidential balloting, RNC 1952Contender: Ballot 1st before shifts 1st after shiftsGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower 595 845Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft 500 280 Governor Earl Warren of California81 77Former Minnesota Governor Harold Stassen 20 0General Douglas MacArthur 10 4 Freshman California Senator Richard Nixon was nominated for vice president, also with Dewey's support. Republican politicians thought that his political experience, aggressive style (he was known as strongly anti-communist), and political base on the West would help political newcomer Eisenhower.Longin Pastusiak, Prezydenci, volume 3 See also 1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries Notes 30em References Bibliography Ambrose Stephen E. Stephen E. Ambrose December 10, 2021 registration Open Library https://archive.org/details/eisenhower00ambr?view=theater Eisenhower One Simon & Schuster 1983 978-0-671-44069-5 83009892 3167850M Baime A. J. A. J. Baime Dewey Defeats Truman – The 1948 Election and the Battle for America's Soul Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2020 978-1-328-58506-6 29821320M Beschloss Michael R. Michael Beschloss Eisenhower – A Centennial Life Virga Vincent HarperCollins 1990 978-0-06-016418-8 89046225 2219098M https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060164188/mode/2up?view=theater registration Open Library December 10, 2021 Birkner Michael J. 2003 'He's My Man' – Sherman Adams and New Hampshire's Role in the 'Draft Eisenhower' Movement Historical New Hampshire 58 5–25 0018-2508 https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=histfac https://web.archive.org/web/20190111144027/https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=histfac January 11, 2019 December 10, 2021 Gettysburg College Busch Andrew Truman's Triumphs – The 1948 Election and the Making of Postwar America University Press of Kansas 2012 978-0-7006-1866-8 2012020593 26379614M https://archive.org/details/trumanstriumphs100busc?view=theater December 10, 2021 registration Open Library Daniel Douglass K 2000 They Liked Ike: Pro-Eisenhower Publishers and His Decision to Run for President Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication 77 2 393–404 10.1177/107769900007700211 144712540 1077-6990 Dishman Robert B. How It All Began – The Eisenhower Pre-Convention Campaign in New Hampshire, 1952 The New England Quarterly 1953 26 1 3–26 362333 10.2307/362333 Eisenhower Dwight D. Ferrell Robert H. Robert Hugh Ferrell The Eisenhower Diaries W. W. Norton & Company 1981 978-0-393-33180-6 https://archive.org/details/eisenhowerdiarie00dwig/mode/2up?view=theater registration Open Library December 10, 2021 Frank Jeffrey Jeffrey Frank Ike and Dick – Portrait of a Strange Political Marriage Simon & Schuster 2013 978-1-4165-8701-9 2012015138 25290770M https://archive.org/details/ikedickportraito0000fran/mode/2up?view=theater registration Open Library December 10, 2021 Gilbert Robert E. 2008 Eisenhower's 1955 Heart Attack: Medical Treatment, Political Effects, and the 'Behind the Scene' Leadership Style Politics and the Life Sciences Cambridge University Press 27 1 2–21 10.2990/27_1_2 40072943 19213302 19518699 Greenstein Fred I. Fred Greenstein The Hidden-Hand Presidency – Eisenhower as Leader Basic Books 1982 978-0-465-02948-8 82070847 3511120M https://archive.org/details/hiddenhandpresid0000gree?view=theater registration Open Library December 10, 2021 Griffith Robert 1970 The General and the Senator – Republican Politics and the 1952 Campaign in Wisconsin Wisconsin Magazine of History Wisconsin Historical Society 54 1 23–29 4634580 Immerman Richard H. Richard H. Immerman John Foster Dulles – Piety, Pragmatism, and Power in U.S. Foreign Policy Scholarly Resources 1999 978-0-8420-2601-7 Karabell Zachary Zachary Karabell The Last Campaign – How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election Doubleday 2001 978-0-307-42886-8 7426117M https://archive.org/details/lastcampaignhowh0000kara?view=theater registration Open Library December 10, 2021 Keefer Edward C. 1986 President Dwight D. Eisenhower and the End of the Korean War Diplomatic History Oxford University Press 10 3 267–289 10.1111/j.1467-7709.1986.tb00461.x 24911673 Lemelin Bernard 2001 The U.S. Presidential Election of 1948 – The Causes of Truman's 'Astonishing' Victory Revue française d'études américaines 87 38–61 10.3917/rfea.087.0038 0397-7870 https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_RFEA_087_0038--the-u-s-presidential-election-of-1948.htm December 10, 2021 Cairn.info live December 10, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211210171303/https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_RFEA_087_0038--the-u-s-presidential-election-of-1948.htm free Mason Robert 2013 Citizens For Eisenhower and the Republican Party, 1951–1965 The Historical Journal Cambridge University Press 56 2 513–536 10.1017/S0018246X12000593 54894636 https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/11872127/Citizens_for_Eisenhower_and_the_Republican_Party_1951_1965.pdf McCullough David David McCullough Truman Simon & Schuster 1992 978-0-671-86920-5 92005245 1704072M https://archive.org/details/truman00mccu?view=theater registration Open Library December 10, 2021 Morris Kenneth E. Schwartz Barry 1993 Why They Liked Ike – Tradition, Crisis, and Heroic Leadership. The Sociological Quarterly Midwest Sociological Society 34 1 131–151 10.1111/j.1533-8525.1993.tb00134.x 4121562 Pach Chester J. Richardson Elmo The Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower University Press of Kansas 1991 Revised 978-0-7006-0436-4 90045952 1884970M https://archive.org/details/presidencyofdwig0000pach_e4x9?view=theater registration Open Library December 10, 2021 Parmet Herbert S. Herbert Parmet The Democrats – The Years After FDR Oxford University Press 1977 978-0-19-519971-0 https://archive.org/details/democratsyearsaf00parm?view=theater registration Open Library December 10, 2021 Patterson James T. James T. Patterson (historian) 1972 Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. 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Clay – An American life Henry Holt and Company 1990 978-0-8050-0999-6 89024720 2202950M https://archive.org/details/luciusdclayameri0000smit?view=theater registration Open Library December 10, 2021 Smith Jean Edward Jean Edward Smith Eisenhower in War and Peace Penguin Random House LLC 2012 978-0-679-64429-3 Category:Douglas MacArthur Category:Dwight D. Eisenhower