1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab conflict

Armed border clash between Iran and Iraq 1974–1975 Arvand River conflict the Shatt al-Arab dispute and the Second Iraqi–Kurdish War Shatt al-Arab April 1974 – March 1975(11 months) Iranian victorySimons Geoff https://books.google.com/ Iraq: From Summer To Saddam DeLoache Judy S. 1993-11-29 Springer 978-1-349-23147-8 273 en 1975 Algiers AgreementC. R. Jonathan 11 April 1980 Iraq Expelling 20,000 Iranians Following Border Clashes https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/04/11/iraq-expelling-20000-iranians-following-border-clashes/f96e02ec-f991-4920-bce9-d6e6c2725ba3/ 9 September 2023 The Washington Post Iraq cedes half of the Shatt al-Arab to IranSimons Geoff https://books.google.com/books?id=jiOxCwAAQBAJ&q=%22Shatt+al-Arab%22+%22Iranian+victory%22+1975&pg=PA273 Iraq: From Summer To Saddam DeLoache Judy S. 1993-11-29 Springer 978-1-349-23147-8 273 en Iraqi government reinstates full control over Kurdish-majority territoriesJ. Schofield, Militarization and War, p. 122 Tensions between Iran and Iraq escalate into a full-scale war in 1980 State flag of Iran 1964-1980.svg IranFormer Flag of KDP.svg KDP Flag of Iraq (1963–1991).svg Iraq State flag of Iran 1964-1980.svg Mohammad Reza Pahlavi(Shah of Iran) Former Flag of KDP.svg Mustafa Barzani Flag of Iraq (1963–1991).svg Saddam Hussein(Vice President of Iraq) 50,000 irregularsSalama Sammy Al-Marashi Ibrahim 2008 https://books.google.com/books?id=xUKNV6gFKucC&pg=PA121 An Analytical History: Iraq's Armed Forces Routledge 121–122 978-0-415-40078-7 ~100 aircraft (min.) 90,000 troops 1,200 tanks and AFVs 200 aircraft Iran consolidates control over the Shatt al-Arab along the Iran–Iraq borderKutchera Chris Le Mouvement national Kurde 1979 Paris 322–323 center 1,000+ killed or wounded (total)2019-07-17 CSP - Major Episodes of Political Violence, 1946-2013 http://www.systemicpeace.org:80/warlist/warlist.htm 2020-11-01 https://web.archive.org/web/20190717065430/http://www.systemicpeace.org/warlist/warlist.htm 17 July 2019 live November 2020 November 2020 The 1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab conflict consisted of armed cross-border clashes between Iran and Iraq. It was a major escalation of the Shatt al-Arab dispute, which had begun in 1936 due to opposing territorial claims by both countries over the Shatt al-Arab, a transboundary river that runs partly along the Iran–Iraq border. The conflict took place between April 1974 and March 1975, and resulted in over 1,000 total casualties for both sides combined, though the Iranians eventually came to hold a strategic advantage over the Iraqis. Open hostilities formally came to an end with the 1975 Algiers Agreement, in which Iraq ceded around half of the border area containing the waterway in exchange for Iran's cessation of support for Iraqi Kurdish rebels. Background Joint Operation Arvand Qajar Iran had repudiated the demarcation line established in the Persian Gulf by the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913, and argued that the Iran–Iraq border in the Shatt al-Arab should be demarcated according to the thalweg principle. In 1934, the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, encouraged by the United Kingdom, took Pahlavi Iran to the League of Nations, but the dispute was not resolved. In 1937, Iran and Iraq signed their first official boundary treaty, which established the waterway border on the eastern bank of the river and excluded a four-mile anchorage zone near Abadan—which was allotted to Iran—where the border ran along the thalweg. In 1958, Iraq's Hashemite monarchy was overthrown in a coup d'état known as the 14 July Revolution, which established the First Iraqi Republic. In 1968, another coup d'état—staged by the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party and known as the 17 July Revolution—deposed the First Iraqi Republic and firmly established a Ba'athist regime in Iraq. Shortly afterwards, Iran sent a delegation of diplomats to Iraq in 1969, and when the erstwhile Iraqi government refused to proceed with negotiations over a new treaty, Iran withdrew the treaty of 1937. The Iranian abrogation of the 1937 treaty marked the beginning of a period of acute tension in Iran–Iraq relations. In 1973, a raid on the Iraqi embassy in Pakistan uncovered large-scale covert Iraqi involvement in the supply of weapons and funds to militants waging an insurgency against Iran and Pakistan in Balochistan, further heightening the tensions between Iran and Iraq. This period of tensions lasted until the 1975 Algiers Agreement.Karsh, Efraim The Iran-Iraq War 1980–1988, London: Osprey, 2002 page 8 Events From March 1974 to March 1975, Iran and Iraq fought border skirmishes sparked over Iran's support of Iraqi Kurds, who were engaged in an insurgency against the Arab-majority Iraqi state for secession and the establishment of an independent Kurdish state. The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988 https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars limited 1–8, 12–16, 19–82 Karsh, Efraim Osprey Publishing 25 April 2002 978-1-84176-371-2http://www.cal.org/co/iraqi/ihist.html History Iraqis and Their Culture Ranard Donald A. dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110110003638/http://www.cal.org/co/iraqi/ihist.html 10 January 2011 In 1975, the Iraqis launched a small military incursion into Iran, spearheaded with tank columns; this incursion was defeated by the Iranians,Farrokh Kaveh Iran at War: 1500–1988 20 December 2011 Osprey Publishing 978-1-78096-221-4 Oxford ? after which several other attacks took place. However, Iran had the world's fifth-largest military at the time and promptly defeated the Iraqi military with its air power, while continuing to frustrate the Iraqis domestically with its arming of Kurdish separatists alongside its erstwhile close allies: the United States and Israel. Some 1,000 people died as a result of the 1974–75 conflict around the Shatt al-Arab, and Iraq was ultimately unable to gain any advantage against Iran.http://www.systemicpeace.org/warlist/warlist.htm CSP - Major Episodes of Political Violence, 1946-2013 Systemicpeace.org 2018-09-24 Consequently, Iraq decided against continuing the conflict, and chose instead to make concessions to Iran to end the Kurdish rebellion. In the 1975 Algiers Agreement, Iraq made territorial concessions—including the Shatt al-Arab waterway—in exchange for normalized bilateral relations. In return for Iraq recognizing that the frontier on the waterway ran along the entire thalweg as per Iran's argument, the latter ended its support for Iraqi Kurdish guerrillas.Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXVII, Iran; Iraq, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v27/d267 2020-11-23 history.state.govAbadan https://web.archive.org/web/20090808213517/http://www.sajed.ir/en/content/view/31/201/ 2009-08-08 , Sajed https://web.archive.org/web/20141007084621/http://www.sajed.ir/ 7 October 2014 , Retrieved on March 16, 2009. Aftermath 1975 Algiers Agreement Iran–Iraq War thumb|left|From left to right: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Houari Boumédiène and Saddam Hussein in Algiers, 1975 On 17 September 1980, Iraq abrogated the 1975 Algiers Agreement after Iranian forces shelled a number of Iraqi border posts on 4 September following the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which overthrew the Shah and established an Islamic theocracy.Iran-Iraq War Causes, Summary, Casualties, & Facts https://www.britannica.com/event/Iran-Iraq-War 2021-02-23 Encyclopedia Britannica en Iraqi President Saddam Hussein claimed that the newly-established Islamic Republic of Iran had refused to abide by the stipulations of the Algiers Accords and Iraq therefore considered them null and void. Tensions began to run high between the two states as Iraq's ruling Ba'ath Party feared that Ruhollah Khomeini was attempting to export the Iranian Revolution to Iraq by inciting the latter's Shia-majority population into revolting against the secular and Arab nationalist government. Five days later, the Iraqi military launched a major offensive and invaded Iran, sparking the Iran–Iraq War.http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iraq-vii-iran-iraq-war IRAQ vii. IRAN-IRAQ WAR Encyclopædia Iranica 2006-12-15 https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183529/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iraq-vii-iran-iraq-war 13 September 2017 live See also Iran Iraq Joint Operation Arvand Shatt al-Arab dispute Second Iraqi–Kurdish War Iran–Iraq War Iran–Iraq relations Arab League–Iran relations Iranian Revolution Notes 30em "Note" References 30 24 26 N 48 09 06 E title region:IQ_type:river_source:dewiki Category:1974 in Iran Category:1974 in Iraq Category:20th century in Basra Governorate Category:Disputed territories in the Persian Gulf Category:Iran–Iraq border Category:20th century in Khuzestan province Category:Shatt al-Arab basin Category:Territorial disputes of Iran Category:Territorial disputes of Iraq Category:Wars involving Iran Category:Wars involving Iraq Category:Iran–Iraq military relations Category:History of the Tigris–Euphrates river system