1934 Muroto typhoon

Pacific typhoon hitting Japan 21,September,1934 Typhoon weather map.png Surface weather analysis of the typhoon near Japan on September 21 September 13, 1934 September 21, 1934 September 25, 1934 80 126 911.9 (Record lowest for landfalling storm in mainland Japan) 1934 3,066 total 300000000 ≥ Japan, Alaska 1934 Pacific typhoon season In September 1934, a violent typhoon caused tremendous devastation in Japan, leaving more than 3,000 people dead in its wake. Dubbed the Muroto typhoon 室戸台風 Muroto Taifū,Hatsuo Ishizaki Bulletin of the Disaster Prevention Research Institute Kyoto University 15 86 October 15, 1965 January 18, 2016 The Distributions of Damaged Houses and Strong Winds by Typhoons http://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/124696/1/b15p1n086p01.pdf the system was first identified on September 13 over the western Federated States of Micronesia. Moving generally northwest, it eventually brushed the Ryukyu Islands on September 20. Turning northeast, the typhoon accelerated and struck Shikoku and southern Honshu the following morning. It made landfalls in Muroto, Kaifu, Awaji Island, and Kobe. A pressure of 911.9 hPa inHg on was observed in Muroto, making the typhoon the strongest ever recorded to impact Japan at the time. This value was also the lowest land-based pressure reading in the world on record at the time; however, it was surpassed the following year during the 1935 Labor Day hurricane. After clearing Japan, the now extratropical storm traveled east and weakened. Turning north by September 24, the system deepened and impacted the Aleutian Islands; it was last noted the following day over western Alaska. Regarded at the time as the "second-greatest catastrophe of modern Japan" after the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, the storm left parts of Osaka in ruins. Tens of thousands of structures were damaged or destroyed, leaving approximately 200,000 people homeless. Among the 3,066 people killed were 421 children and teachers who perished when their flimsy schools were destroyed. That ranked it, at the time, as the deadliest typhoon in Japanese history. In addition to the fatalities, 13,184 people were injured. Total damage exceeded $300 million (1934 USD). Meteorological history 1934 Muroto typhoon track.png On September 13, 1934, a tropical cyclone developed over the western Caroline Islands. The storm traveled generally northwest, executing a brief cyclonic loop on September 14–15. After a brief stint traveling nearly due north on September 17, the cyclone began recurving to the northeast. It brushed the Ryukyu Islands to the southeast on September 20 as it accelerated northeast. On the morning of September 21, the typhoon struck Shikoku and southern Honshu.Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 1934 Missing (1934256N06142) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society September 25, 2015 http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1934256N06142 https://web.archive.org/web/20160216085123/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1934256N06142 February 16, 2016 dead According to the Central Meteorological Observatory (now called the Japan Meteorological Agency), maximum sustained winds reached 150 km/h (90 mph),Associated Press Warren Times Mirror September 21, 1934 January 18, 2016 Typhoon Kills 867 in Japan Tokyo https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4072037// 1 35 Newspapers.com with gusts exceeding 215 km/h (130 mph). The typhoon first made landfall over Muroto, Kōchi Prefecture, resulting in it later being dubbed the "Muroto typhoon". A then-world record low barometric pressure for a land station of 911.9 hPa inHg on was observed in Muroto.United Press The Kane Republican September 25, 1934 January 18, 2016 Record Barometric Low Set by Typhoon Tokyo 1 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4073391// 41 8 Newspapers.com Though surpassed less than a year later during the 1935 Labor Day hurricane in the Florida Keys, it remains the lowest value ever observed in mainland Japan and the third-lowest throughout the country.http://www.typhoon2000.ph/garyp_mgtcs/sep03sum.txt Kevin Boyle Gary Padgett Typhoon 2000 February 4, 2004 January 18, 2016 September 2003 Tropical Weather Summary .TXT It briefly emerged over the Kii Channel before striking the Kaifu District in Tokushima Prefecture. The system then crossed the Kii Channel again and traversed Awaji Island. After another brief stint over water, the storm made its next landfall directly over Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, just 30 km mi on west of Osaka City. A barometric pressure of 954.3 hPa inHg on was observed in Osaka.Yoshito Tsuchiya Yoshiaki Kawata June 9, 1986 Historical Study of Changes in Storm Surge Disasters in the Osaka Area 0388-4090 National Disaster Science Japan Society for Natural Disaster Science 1–18 8 2 http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/110002682746.pdf?id=ART0002956252&type=pdf&lang=en&host=cinii&order_no=&ppv_type=0&lang_sw=&no=1455614731&cp= PDFAugust 2019 InternetArchiveBot yes Crossing mainland Japan, the storm briefly emerged over the Sea of Japan before traversing northern Honshu. Pronounced frontal features, a characteristic of extratropical cyclones, developed late on September 21, with a cold front extending south toward the Philippines.United States Weather Bureau National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1934 February 16, 2016 September 21, 1934, Surface Weather Analysis http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/swm/1934/19340921.pdf The system continued on an easterly course and was last noted in the International Best Track Archive on September 22 moving away from Hokkaido. Surface weather analyses depict the system continuing east, crossing the International Date Line (180°) by September 23. During this time, its central pressure rose to roughly 985–990 mbar (hPa; 29.09–29.34 inHg).United States Weather Bureau National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1934 February 16, 2016 September 22, 1934, Surface Weather Analysis http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/swm/1934/19340922.pdfUnited States Weather Bureau National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1934 February 16, 2016 September 23, 1934, Surface Weather Analysis http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/swm/1934/19340923.pdf On September 24, the storm turned north toward the Aleutian Islands of the then Territory of Alaska and deepened.United States Weather Bureau National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1934 February 16, 2016 September 24, 1934, Surface Weather Analysis http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/swm/1934/19340924.pdf Winds up to Force 10—89 to 102 km/h mph on—on the Beaufort scale affected parts of the Aleutians and a pressure of 964 mbar (hPa; 28.47 inHg) was observed near 48 -160.5.Willis E. Hurd American Meteorological Society Monthly Weather Review September 1934 February 16, 2016 62 9 North Pacific Ocean, September 1934 352 http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/062/mwr-062-09-0352.pdf 10.1175/1520-0493(1934)62<352:NPOS>2.0.CO;2 1934MWRv...62..352H free Traversing the Bering Sea, the system was last identifiable on September 25 over western Alaska.United States Weather Bureau National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration September 25, 1934 February 16, 2016 Surface Weather Analysis http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/swm/1934/19340925.pdf Impact thumb|right|upright=1.1|The damaged Shitennō-ji temple in Osaka after the storm Contemporaneously called the "second-greatest catastrophe of modern Japan",Glenn Babb Associated Press Corsicana Semi-Weekly Light September 22, 1934 January 18, 2016 Second Greatest Catastrophe for Japan in Typhoon https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4073196// 3 Tokyo and the "worst typhoon in a generation", the storm wrought tremendous damage in Shikoku and southern Honshu, with areas in and around Osaka suffering the brunt of its impact. The effects, at the time, were second only to the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. Throughout Japan, 3,066 people were killed,Pingping Luo Yousuke Yamashiki Kaoru Takara Daniel Nover Bin He Annuals of Disaster Prevention Research Institute Kyoto University 53 B 2010 February 16, 2016 Assessment of Japanese and Chinese Flood Control Policies http://www.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/nenpo/no53/ronbunB/a53b0p07.pdf 61–70 of which at least 1,665 deaths were in Osaka Prefecture, and 13,184 others were injured.Bernard F. Doucette Monthly Weather Review Weather Bureau American Meteorological Society September 1934 January 18, 2016 Typhoons in the Far East During September 1934 http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/062/mwr-062-09-0353.pdf 10.1175/1520-0493(1934)62<353:TITFED>2.0.CO;2 62 9 353–354 1934MWRv...62..353D free This ranked it as the deadliest typhoon in Japanese history, until Typhoon Vera in 1959 which killed approximately 5,000 people.Typhoon Vera Officially Japan's Worst Storm https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19590930&id=fxosAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4MYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=672,3311763 January 18, 2016 The Florence Times September 30, 1959 James Cary Associated Press Tokyo 4 100 1831959 Annual Typhoon Report http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1959atcr.pdf Annual Tropical Cyclone Report Joint Typhoon Warning Center January 18, 2016 Tilden, Charles E. San Francisco, CA 1959 February 21, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130221115302/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1959atcr.pdf dead A total of 34,262 buildings were destroyed, another 40,274 were severely damaged, and 401,157 were flooded or affected. Total damage far exceeded $300 million (1934 USD). Approximately 200,000 people were rendered homeless in Osaka, and at least 250,000 required assistance.Ray G. Marshall United Press September 22, 1934 January 18, 2016 Japan Counts Dead, Injured in Typhoon https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4072917// 2 8 Newspapers.com In Kōchi Prefecture, where the storm first made landfall, powerful wind gusts—measured up to 234 km/h mph on—caused tremendous damage. Torrential rain accompanied the storm. Throughout Kōchi, 1,815 homes were destroyed and 6,064 were damaged or flooded; 81 people died and 399 more sustained injuries.ja 四国災害アーカイブス 2016 March 16, 2016 昭和9年の室戸台風: 高知県 https://www.shikoku-saigai.com/archives/27927 Sixty-three people died in Muroto when the typhoon's storm surge swept away 550 homes.ja 四国災害アーカイブス 2016 March 16, 2016 昭和9年の室戸台風: 室戸市 https://www.shikoku-saigai.com/archives/26412 The greatest damage, however, took place across eastern Osaka Bay. A maximum tide of 3.1 to 4.2 m ft on was observed there, the highest ever for the region.Hiroji Otao Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1 7 2011 January 18, 2016 A Brief Outline of the Ise-Wan Typhoon https://icce-ojs-tamu.tdl.org/icce/index.php/icce/article/view/2213/1907 PDF 10.9753/icce.v7.54 931–941 free Areas up to 8 km mi on inland were inundated by the typhoon's storm surge,ja tanken.com October 4, 2004 March 14, 2016 室戸台風襲来！ http://www.tanken.com/muroto.html total of 49.31 km2 (19.04 mi2) of the city was flooded. The city of Osaka was crippled by the typhoon, electricity was completely lost, the water supply network sustained significant damage, and communications were disrupted. Powerful winds devastated the city's poorly built schools, destroying 128 buildings. Within them, at least 421 children and teachers were killed, while 1,100 others sustained injury. One teacher, Masuji Ashida, was hailed as a hero for sacrificing himself to save his students by propping up the exit of his collapsing classroom with his own body; his students escaped before he was crushed under the weight of the building. An insane asylum along the city's outskirts was swept away with 60 patients missing. A five-story pagoda (built in 1812) at the Shitennō-ji temple collapsed, killing 3 people and trapping 20 others. The Sotojima hospital for leprosy was destroyed; 260 patients are believed to have drowned after the building collapsed amid rising water and gale-force winds. Near Ōtsu, a passenger train derailed, killing 10 people and injuring 165. The city's industrial sector sustained severe losses, exceeding US$90 million. More than 3,000 factories were destroyed and thousands more were damaged. The Japanese Army's munitions program was significantly setback due to destroyed ammunition factories. At least 100 people drowned in the city's harbor where more than 1,600 seagoing craft were grounded, sunk, or otherwise damaged. Thirty of the nation's then forty-six prefectures were impacted by the typhoon. Significant damage took place in Aichi, Gifu, Kyoto, Nagano, Nagasaki, Tokushima, Tottori, Wakayama, and Yamanashi prefectures. In Kyoto, at least 209 people were killed and 858 were injured.Glenn Babb Associated Press The Sedalia Democrat September 21, 1934 January 18, 2016 Typhoon Takes Over 1,346 Lives On Japan Coast https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4072536// 66 255 1 Newspapers.com Aftermath thumb|right|upright=1.2|The storm's aftermath in Nishijin, Kyoto Immediately following the typhoon's tremendous impact, the Japanese military was deployed to Osaka before nightfall on September 21 and water was being trucked in. Officials in Osaka Prefecture released an immediate ¥10 million in relief funds. Baron Kischizaemon Sumitomo donated ¥1 million (US$300,000) to relief funds, the largest such private donation in the nation's history at the time. The Cabinet of Japan held a special meeting to discuss emergency operations. Three destroyers from the Kure Naval District, loaded with medical equipment and other essentials, were deployed to assist in relief work.Associated Press The Salt Lake Tribune September 22, 1934 January 18, 2016 Japan Acts to Aid Area of Typhoon 2 Tokyo https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4073060// Newspapers.com Outbreaks of typhoid fever, dysentery, and scarlet fever plagued survivors in the storm's aftermath.Associated Press Roseburg News-Review September 25, 1934 January 18, 2016 Disease Stalks Typhoon-Hit Area 1 37 37 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4073269// Osaka Newspapers.com During an October 5 cabinet meeting, Minister of Education Genji Matsuda recommended schools to be built with steel in light of the large number of children killed.Oakland Tribune United Press October 5, 1934 February 16, 2016 Storm-Proof School Plan Urged in Japan 121 97 20 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4333723// Tokyo Newspapers.com Reconstruction of the affected areas required an estimated 100,000 tons of steel.The Evening News October 15, 1934 February 16, 2016 Expect Autos to Boost Steel Cleveland, Ohio 8 5,478 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4333728// Newspapers.com The National Diet held a special meeting in November to address issues regarding the typhoon's aftermath.The Age October 2, 1934 February 16, 2016 Veiled Talk of War https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4333720// 9 24,797 Tokyo Newspapers.com Following the disaster, a marked increase in actions and countermeasures to storm surge events and typhoons were enacted. Throughout Osaka, construction of breakwaters and embankments alleviated flood risks in coastal communities, reducing the risk of lifenote The 1986 study of storm surge events in Osaka defined risk of life as "the ratio of the number of dead to the population at that time". from roughly 10−3 to 10−7 by the time of Typhoon Nancy in 1961. Before the onset of World War II, total anti-flood construction in Osaka spanned 36.68 km mi on; this included 16.52 km mi on along rivers and canals, 11.08 km mi on of levees, and 11.08 km mi on of breakwaters. These protected the city from surges of 3.5 m ft on above Osaka Port. Several other projects to expand and rebuild the anti-flood system took place in the decades following World War II. According to a 2010 report by the Central Disaster Prevention Council, if a storm identical to the 1934 Muroto typhoon were to strike in the modern day, it would kill approximately 7,600 people.Kyodo News The Japan Times November 23, 2013 January 18, 2016 Japan's coast menaced by storm surges http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/11/23/national/japans-coast-menaced-by-storm-surges/ See also Tropical cyclones Kyoikuto Typhoon Nancy (1961) – a powerful storm that caused extensive damage, primarily in Osaka; dubbed as the second Muroto typhoon Notes "note" References 30em External links 1934 Muroto typhoon Category:1934 disasters in Japan Category:Pre-1940 Pacific typhoon seasons Category:Typhoons in Japan Category:1934 natural disasters Category:September 1934 in Asia Category:Meteorological events in 1934