1920 Republican Party presidential primaries

Selection of Republican US presidential candidate June 2025 May 2023 May 2023 1920 Republican Party presidential primaries United States 1912 primary no 1916 Republican Party presidential primaries 1916 1924 Republican Party presidential primaries 1924 March 9 to June 5, 1920 940 delegates to the 1920 Republican National Convention 471 (majority) File:Portrait of General Leonard Wood of New Hampshire.jpeg 150x150px deaa87 287.5 Leonard Wood Massachusetts 8 710,863 22.3% File:Frank Orren Lowden (Illinois Blue Book Portrait 1917-1918) (cropped).png 5d73e5 211.5 Frank Orren Lowden Illinois 1 389,127 12.2% File:Hiram Johnson 2 (cropped closein 3x4).jpg 133.5 668c63 Hiram Johnson California 7 965,651 30.3% 351px First place by first-instance vote 351px First place by convention roll call 1 #deaa87 Wood #5d73e5 Lowden #668c63 Johnson#ffd42a Harding #4400aa Poindexter #916f6f VariousFavorite sons received the support of New York (Nicholas Murray Butler), Pennsylvania (William Cameron Sproul), Massachusetts (Calvin Coolidge), Delaware (T. Coleman du Pont), Wisconsin (Robert M. La Follette), West Virginia (Howard Sutherland), and North Carolina (Jeter Pritchard). In the popular vote, the New York and Massachusetts primaries were won by unpledged delegates, while the non-binding preference primary in Pennsylvania was won by the unknown Edward R. Wood, the only candidate on the ballot. Republican nominee Charles Evans Hughes Warren G. Harding From March 9 to June 5, 1920, voters of the Republican Party elected delegates to the 1920 Republican National Convention for the purpose of choosing the party's nominee for president in the 1920 election. The delegates were largely contested between Governor Hiram Johnson of California, a progressive who had been the running mate of Theodore Roosevelt eight years prior; General Leonard Wood, one of Roosevelt's closest friends; and Frank O. Lowden, the Governor of Illinois. After a series of primary elections and caucuses, no candidate had emerged with a clear majority of the delegates. At the 1920 Republican National Convention, held from June 8 to June 12, in Chicago, Illinois,https://books.google.com/books?id=9CZECwAAQBAJ&pg=PA397 Guide to U.S. Elections - Google Books 2016-02-19 9781483380353 2016-02-19 Kalb Deborah CQ Press the delegations of the leading candidates deadlocked and Warren G. Harding was nominated as a dark horse candidate, although he had only won a few delegates entering the convention. Background 1912 and 1916 elections In 1912, the Republican Party was split. Former President Theodore Roosevelt challenged incumbent William Howard Taft for the nomination and, when it was denied at the 1912 Republican National Convention, bolted to form the Progressive Party. With Republicans (who had won eight of the previous eleven presidential elections) split, Woodrow Wilson won the race with a plurality of the popular vote and a large majority in the electoral college. In 1916, the Republican Party nominated Associate Justice of the United States Charles Evans Hughes, a respected jurist and former Governor of New York, as one who could appeal to both Progressives and Republicans alike. Though Hughes was able to avoid disaster when Roosevelt declined to run on the Progressive ticket, he fell narrowly short of defeating President Wilson, who significantly improved on his vote from 1912. The campaign was dominated by two wars: the Mexican Revolution and World War I. Responding to Republican calls for military preparedness,Merlo J. Pusey, Charles Evans Hughes (1951) vol 1 p 356 Wilson used the slogan "He kept us out of war" to emphasize the maintenance of U.S. neutrality.John Milton Cooper, Jr., Woodrow Wilson (2009) pp 341-2, 352, 360 World War I American entry into World War I United States in World War I In January 1917, the Zimmermann telegram from Germany to Mexico was intercepted by British intelligence. In the telegram, German diplomat Arthur Zimmermann offered to restore much of the territory Mexico had lost in the Mexican–American War in the event the United States entered the war. Zimmermann, hoping to threaten the United States, admitted the telegram's authenticity in a March speech to the Reichstag. Public outcry ensued, and Wilson requested a declaration of a "war to end all wars" against Germany. Congress granted the request on April 6, 1917, shortly after Wilson began his second term and nearly three years after the war had begun. Major General Frederick Funston, Wilson's first choice to command U.S. forces, had died in February.Peck Garrett 2018 The Great War in America: World War I and Its Aftermath https://books.google.com/books?id=n7dTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT109 New York Pegasus Books 109–110 978-1-6817-7944-7 Google Books Several Republican Party leaders called on Wilson to appoint Leonard Wood, a close friend and advisor of Theodore Roosevelt and long-time preparedness advocate. However, Wilson chose John J. Pershing, a Republican who had previously gained fame as commander of the Pancho Villa Expedition, at the behest of Secretary of War Newton D. Baker. After a yearlong mobilization effort, Pershing and U.S. troops began major combat operations during summer 1918, near the war's end. The United States was able to claim victory with relatively few casualties. Pershing's fame was further elevated to that of a war hero. He was widely considered a candidate for the presidency, though some Republicans considered him too close to the Wilson administration.Fleming Thomas 2003 The Illusion Of Victory: America In World War I https://books.google.com/books?id=a6OTYMWr8S4C&pg=RA1-PA51 New York Basic Books 451 978-0-465-02467-4 Wilson's Fourteen Points Fourteen Points 1918 United States elections On January 8, 1918, Wilson delivered a speech to Congress specifying his war aims. Those idealist aims, which came to be known as Wilson's Fourteen Points, sought to expand his progressive domestic program abroad. The Fourteen Points were to serve as the basis for negotiation of the Treaty of Versailles. Among the most controversial points were his proposals to remove economic barriers between nations, guarantee national self-determination, and establish a League of Nations, an international body designed to prevent future wars. 1918 midterm elections and death of Roosevelt thumb|left|Theodore Roosevelt spent his final years as a critic of Wilsonian idealism. Before his unexpected death, he was a leading candidate for the 1920 nomination. Criticism of the Fourteen Points as idealistic or an abrogation of national sovereignty was a major focus of the Republican campaign of 1918. The leading critic was former President Theodore Roosevelt, by now the early favorite for the 1920 presidential nomination. Though Roosevelt himself had privately predicted 1916 was his last campaign,Morris 2010 472 his public profile remained strong and his attacks on Wilson made him a natural contender. In early March 1918, he declared, "By George, if they'll take me, they'll have to take me without a single modification of the things that I have always stood for!"Miller 1992 559 He met with Republican strategists during the summer, though he declined to run for Governor of New York, privately citing the need to preserve his strength for the 1920 campaign.Morris 2010 516Morris 2010 531Morris 2010 542 However, Roosevelt's had physical condition deteriorated rapidly after his son Quentin was killed in action in July, and he died at the age of sixty on January 6, 1919. His final written work, a criticism of the proposed League of Nations and defense of "Americanism," was published in Metropolitan Magazine shortly after his death. With the war in its final weeks, Americans elected the Republican Party to control of both houses of Congress. In the state elections, Republicans performed well in the West, gaining five governors' offices west of the Mississippi River. Their major loss came in Roosevelt's home of New York, where Al Smith gained the governor's office. With Roosevelt dead, the leading candidates for the nomination were his friend, General Wood, and Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio.Hagedorn 1931 326 On February 9, 1919, Wood delivered a memorial address for Roosevelt, in which he echoed the late President's criticisms of the League of Nations and raised his own national profile as a political orator. "Either unconsciously or with a master hand," the Philadelphia Public Ledger reported, Wood had made a "bold and convincing bid for the Republican nomination."Hagedorn 1931 326 Wood soon replaced Roosevelt as a regular contributor to Metropolitan magazine and returned to command as head of the Army Central Department in Chicago.Hagedorn 1931 326 Paris Peace Conference Having lost command of Congress, Wilson left to personally represent the United States at the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919; he was the first President to leave for Europe while still in office.MacMillan, Paris 1919 (2001), p. 3. He brought with him only one Republican and chose, rather than a Senator or Representative, the ex-diplomat Henry White.Morris 2010 546–547 Wilson's decision to double down on idealism and foreign intervention in the face of his rejection at the polls incensed Republican leadership (led by Henry Cabot Lodge), improved the party's political optimism for 1920, and promised to make foreign policy the defining issue of the upcoming campaign. Labor and racial unrest Red Summer of 1919 The success of the Bolshevik Revolution and the threat of revolution in Germany, Austria, and Italy bred hope and fear for revolution in the United States, where the Socialist Party had made modest gains.Hagedorn 1931 325 With Wilson in Europe and Roosevelt dead, the country was leaderless, as were both of its major political parties. Labor strikes in 1919, especially in New York and Seattle, startled conservatives. Further strikes rocked the textile industry, the clothing trade, and street railcars. The 1919 Boston police strike skyrocketed Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge to national prominence when, amid rioting and looting, he sternly declared there was no right "to strike against the public safety."Hagedorn 1931 333 Frank O. Lowden of Illinois also came to prominence for his handling of the Chicago race riot of 1919, facing off with mayor William Hale Thompson in a game of brinksmanship. Leonard Wood made his personal contribution to the counterrevolution by leading his troops to West Virginia in April, where they headed off armed miners without resorting to violence.Hagedorn 1931 333 In September, Wood led troops to suppress a race riot in Omaha, brought on by the lynching of a black civilian. Again, he restored the peace without further bloodshed.Hagedorn 1931 333 His most controversial political act came in October, when he attempted to mediate the general steel strike of 1919. The mediation ultimately failed, but Wood imposed terms on the strikers and capital with pleased neither. "I am now," he declared to Henry Stimson, "practically the Mayor of Omaha and Gary, with prospects of additions to the crop."Hagedorn 1931 336 Pre-primary maneuvering Between his domestic deployments in 1919, Wood traveled the country speaking on behalf of veterans' organizations. Everywhere, he was received as if he were already the Republican nominee.Hagedorn 1931 330 He hired John T. King, a former associate of Roosevelt's from Bridgeport, Connecticut, as a political manager.Hagedorn 1931 332 Others in the party's Old Guard,January 2023 however, saw Wood as too independent and preferred Harding.Hagedorn 1931 331 By November 1919, Wood's political-military campaign had been a rousing success. "Unless the situation changes," wrote William Allen White, "no other candidate will be mentioned in the Republican Convention. But the situation of course in this country will have to be desperate if it does not change."Hagedorn 1931 333 As the popular front-runner, Wood was vulnerable both from fatigue and the attention of other candidates, led first by Harding.Hagedorn 1931 333 Candidates Nominee CandidateExperienceHome stateCampaignPopular voteContests wonRunning mateWarren G. Harding127x127pxU.S. Senator from Ohio(1915–1921) Lieutenant Governor of Ohio(1904–1906)105x105px|OhioOhio(Campaign • Positions)Announced: December 17, 1919Dean 2004 51Secured nomination: June 12, 1920November 2022Calvin Coolidge Withdrew during convention CandidateExperienceHome stateCampaignDelegates on first ballotContests wonHiram Johnson105x105pxU.S. Senator from California(1917–1945) Governor of California(1911–1917)94x94pxCalifornia Defeated at convention: June 12, 1920 November 2022Leonard Wood105x105pxChief of Staff of the United States Army(1910–1914) Governor of Moro Province(1911–1917) Governor of Cuba(1911–1917)84x84px|MassachusettsMassachusetts Defeated at convention: June 12, 1920 November 2022Frank O. Lowden105x105pxGovernor of Illinois(1917–1921) U.S. Representative from IL-13(1906–1911)84x84px|IllinoisIllinois Defeated at convention: June 12, 1920—November 2022Miles Poindexter105x105pxU.S. Senator from Washington(1911–1923) U.S. Representative from WA-3(1909–1911)84x84px|WashingtonWashington Defeated at convention: June 12, 1920—November 2022Herbert Hoover105x105pxDirector of the U.S. Food Administration(1917–1918) Chairman of the Belgian Relief (1914–1917)84x84px|CaliforniaCalifornia Defeated at convention: June 12, 1920—November 2022 Did not run Former Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court Charles Evans Hughes from New York General of the Armies John J. Pershing from Missouri 26th President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt from New York (died January 6, 1919) Favorite sons The following candidates stood for nomination in their home states for the purpose of controlling their delegate slate at the convention. They did not receive the first-ballot support of delegates in more than two other states or territories. President of Columbia University Nicholas Murray Butler from New York Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts Businessman T. Coleman du Pont of Delaware Senator Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin Judge Jeter Pritchard from North Carolina Governor William C. Sproul of Pennsylvania Senator Howard Sutherland of West Virginia Retired businessman Edward R. Wood from PennsylvaniaWood was the sole named candidate on the non-binding Republican preference vote in Pennsylvania, though he was not expected to have the support of any of the state's twelve at-large delegates; all fifteen candidates pledged their support to Governor William Cameron Sproul.FACTIONAL FIGHTS IN TWO PARTIES MARK TODAY'S STATE PRIMARIES The Morning Call https://www.newspapers.com/image/281195217 subscription 10 Dec 2022 Primary campaign Though he was among the stronger potential candidates, Harding intended from the start to run a low-key campaign that would position himself as the alternative to the chaotic open field left by Roosevelt's death. As he told campaign manager Frank Scobey, "It has been my own judgment not to go at it too vigorously in order to reach the high tide of our publicity movement until late in the campaign. Some enterprises make such a booming start that they fizzle out later on."Dean 2004 53 There were at least ten serious contenders at the onset of the campaign: Wood, Harding, Lowden, Coolidge, California governor Hiram Johnson, Howard Sutherland, Pennsylvania governor William Cameron Sproul, Miles Poindexter, Herbert Hoover, and Nicholas Murray Butler. Only Wood, who had the support of major corporations, and Lowden, who acquired a fortune through his marriage to heiress Florence Pullman, were well-funded enough to run a public national campaign; other candidates sought mainly to influence delegate selection behind closed doors or compete in small-state primaries.Dean 2004 53–58 However, the Lowden campaign declined to pursue any binding delegate elections and instead sought to persuade uncommitted and uninstructed delegates after their election.CONTEST CLAIMS OF MOSES FOR WOOD; Lowden Managers Say Many Delegates Counted for General Will Vote for Governor. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/03/01/103199730.html 2026-04-19 The New York Times en 0362-4331 Ohio: April 27 One of the key contests came late in April in Harding's home state of Ohio, which he would absolutely need to carry to stand any chance at the nomination.Dean 2004 53–58 Wood's supporters in the state, led by William C. Procter, surprised Harding by entering the general's name for the primary rather than letting Harding's status as a favorite son go unchallenged.Dean 2004 53–58 Procter offered to withdraw Wood's name on the condition that he be declared the second choice of the Ohio delegates, but Harding flatly refused.Dean 2004 53–58 Wood hit the state with a barnstorming tour, dressed in his military uniform and echoing Roosevelt's progressivism. Harding declined to confront Wood directly, instead delivering speeches on the Republican mantra of "Americanism" as a contrast to internationalist Wilsonian idealism:Dean 2004 53–58 "[We must] make sure our own house is in perfect order before we attempt the miracle of Old World stabilization. Call it selfishness or nationality if you will, I think it an inspiration to patriotic devotion: to safeguard America first, to stabilize America first, to prosper America first, to think of America first, to exalt America first to live for and revere America first."Dean 2004 55 Harding was so confident in winning Ohio that he left the state early to campaign in Indiana. However, the result was a narrow victory over Wood, closer than anyone expected.Dean 2004 53–58 Indiana: May 4 The Indiana primary was among the most sharply contested of the campaign, featuring four serious candidates in Wood, Lowden, Harding, and Hiram Johnson. Harding had been convinced to enter the primary by Senator Harry New, one of his closest allies in the Senate.Dean 2004 53–58 Harding finished fourth with only nine percent of the vote. Having been humiliated in the only two primaries he contested outside his home state, Harding strongly considered withdrawing to focus on his re-election to the Senate.Dean 2004 53–58 Instead, his wife convinced him to remain in the race and leverage his status as the Ohio candidate, as others had done before him, and win the nomination on a later ballot.Dean 2004 53–58 His strategy now focused on becoming the "available man" in the event of a deadlock, securing secondary commitments from delegates who favored Wood, Lowden, or Johnson. Schedule and results DateTotal pledged delegatesContest and total popular voteDelegates won and popular voteThis should not be taken as a finalized list of results. While a significant amount of research was done, there were a number of States which also elected Delegates at the Congressional level who were not always bound by the instructions of the Stateconvention, and these are not yet reflected in the table. Many states also held primaries for the delegate positions, and these on occasion were where slates or candidates pledge to a certain candidate might be elected; however, as these elections allowed for a single person to vote for multiple candidates, as many as the number of positions being filled, it is difficult to determine how many people actually voted in these primaries. For this reason, while the results of some are in the table, except in those rare cases where a total vote is provided, they are not included in the popular vote summaries at the bottom of the table. Leonard Wood 1 Frank Lowden 1 Hiram Johnson 1 Warren Harding 1 Miles Poindexter 1 Herbert Hoover 1 Others 1 Unpledged 1 January 29 8 Florida January 30, 1920 STATE REPUBLICANS NOMINATE A TICKET https://www.newspapers.com/image/616086934 English The Miami Herald Miami, Florida September 15, 2023 convention – – – – – – –8 February 5 11 South Carolina February 6, 1920 FACTIONS DIVIDE REPUBLICAN PARTY https://www.newspapers.com/image/748182868 English The State Columbia, South Carolina September 15, 2023 convention – – – – – – –11 February 11 20 Oklahoma February 12, 1920 HAMON RULED THEconvention OF THE REPUBLICANS https://www.newspapers.com/image/585107769 English The Pawhuska Daily Capital Pawhuska, Oklahoma September 15, 2023 convention – – – – – – –20 February 23 12 Louisiana February 29, 1920 G.O.P. DELEAGTES GO MINUS INSTRUCTIONS https://www.newspapers.com/image/208928987 English The Shreveport Times Shreveport, Louisiana September 15, 2023 convention – – – – – – –12 February 28 6 Arizona February 29, 1920 WELL-OILED G.O.P. MACHINERY RUNS SMOOTHLY ALONG AS STATEconvention ENDS ITS SESSIONS https://www.newspapers.com/image/169924432 English The Arizona Daily Star Tucson, Arizona September 14, 2023 Arizona for General Wood; Unit Vote in Delegation https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/03/01/103199508.html 2026-04-19 The New York Times en 0362-4331Arizona Conference Indorses Wood. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/02/28/96877060.html 2026-04-19 The New York Times en 0362-4331convention 6Although the Arizona delegation was formally uninstructed, five of the six delegations were supportive of Wood and the delegates were expected to adopt the unit rule. The Arizonaconvention also endorsed Wood. – – – – – –– March 3 26 Kentucky March 4, 1920 G.O.P. PREPARES FOR NEW CONQUESTS https://www.newspapers.com/image/682919992 English The Lexington Leader Lexington, Kentucky September 15, 2023 convention – – – – – – –26 22 North Carolina March 4, 1920 HATCHET BURIED BY REPUBLICANS https://www.newspapers.com/image/74728532 English The Daily Advance Elizabeth City, North Carolina September 15, 2023 convention – – – – – – 22All twenty-two delegates were pledged to support Jeter Pritchard on the first ballot.– March 9 8 New Hampshire March 29, 1920 EIGHT NEW HAMPSHIRE MEN PLEDGED TO WOOD https://www.newspapers.com/image/428527594 English The Boston Globe Boston, Massachusetts September 12, 2023 primary 16,027 89,878 (61.63%) – 2,010 (12.54%) – – – 4,434 (27.67%) March 16 10 North Dakota April 17, 1920 MUCH STRENGTH SHOWN IN VOTE OF REPUBLICANS https://www.newspapers.com/image/171935063 English The Bismarck Tribune Bismarck, North Dakota September 12, 2023 primary 31,825 987 (3.10%) 265 (0.83%) 1030,573 (96.07%) – – – –– March 17 15 Virginia March 18, 1920 G.O.P. DELEGATES GIVEN INSTRUCTIONS TO VOTE IN SUPPORT OF LOWDEN https://www.newspapers.com/image/189476320 English The Daily Press Newport, Virginia September 14, 2023 convention – 15 – – – – –– March 20 24 Minnesota March 20, 1920 FIGHT ON WOOD WILL BE FEATURE OF REPUBLICAN STATEconvention https://www.newspapers.com/image/181425315 English The Minneapolis Morning Tribune Minneapolis, Minnesota September 14, 2023 March 21, 1920 MINNESOTA REPUBLICANS REFUSE TO INSTRUCT FOR WOOD https://www.newspapers.com/image/181425410 English The Minneapolis Morning Tribune Minneapolis, Minnesota September 14, 2023 convention12 – – – – – –12 March 23 10 South Dakota April 16, 1920 OFFICIAL PRIMARY ELECTION FIGURES https://www.newspapers.com/image/890006375 English The Bismarck Tribune Bismarck, North Dakota September 12, 2023 primary 85,691 1031,265 (36.49%) 26,981 (31.49%) 26,301 (30.69%) – 1,144 (1.34%) – –– 14 Connecticut March 23, 1920 ASK GOVERNOR HOLCOMB TO ACT https://www.newspapers.com/image/840193338 English The Greenfield Daily Recorder Greenfield, Massachusetts September 14, 2023 convention – – – – – – –14 March 25 12 Maine March 26, 1920 MAINE REPUBLICANS IN FIGHTING TRIM https://www.newspapers.com/image/663153433 English The Bangor Daily News Bangor, Maine September 14, 2023 convention – – – – – – –12 March 26 6 New Mexico March 27, 1920 NEW MEXICO REPUBLICANS INSTRUCT FOR WOOD https://www.newspapers.com/image/583742854/ English The Santa Fe New Mexican Santa Fe, New Mexico September 18, 2023 convention 6 – – – – – –– March 31 20 Kansas April 1, 1920 DELEGATES GO UNINSTRUCTED https://www.newspapers.com/image/92732496 English The Junction City Union Junction City, Kansas September 14, 2023 convention – – – – – – –20 April 5 30 Michigan April 23, 1920 JOHNSON'S LEAD IN STATE 44,371 https://www.newspapers.com/image/119632248 English The Detroit Free Press Detroit, Michigan September 12, 2023 primary 408,918 112,568 (27.53%) 62,418 (15.26%) 30156,939 (38.38%) – 2,662 (0.65%) 52,503 (12.84%) – 10 Rhode Island April 6, 1920 CONDEMN THE "SOCLIALISM OF PRESIDENT WILSON" https://www.newspapers.com/image/320384741 English The Norwich Bulletin Norwich, Connecticut September 14, 2023 convention – – – – – – –10 April 6 17 Georgia April 8, 1920 FINAL DECISION IN REPUBLICAN SPLIT UP TOconvention https://www.newspapers.com/image/825866102 English The Macon Daily Telegraph Macon, Georgia September 14, 2023 June 6, 1920 HOW 137 CONTESTEDconvention SEATS WERE APPORTIONED https://www.newspapers.com/image/355014982 English The Chicago Tribune Chicago, Illinois September 14, 2023 convention 6 11The situation in Georgia was a mess, with a fight between Wood and Lowden men to control the Stateconvention, eventually leading to a split and two competing delegations being sent to Chicago. The Lowden won most of the contested seats when it came to a vote at Chicago, but only (15) of the (17) delegate "seats" are accounted for. – – – – –– 88 New York primary ? – – – – – – –88 26 Wisconsin primary April 30, 1920 WISCONSIN FOR BOB AND JOHNSON https://www.newspapers.com/image/404934868 English The Wisconsin State Journal Madison, Wisconsin September 12, 2023 April 22, 1920 COMPLETE OFFICIAL RETURNS ON RECENT DELEGATE ELECTION https://www.newspapers.com/image/520394622 English The Capital Times Madison, Wisconsin September 13, 2023 30,099 4,505 (14.97%) 921 (3.06%) 2,413 (8.02%) 3,910 (12.99%) 2,474Includes 15,826 votes for Robert M. LaFollette and 373 votes for Irvine Lenroot. (60.9%)– 20,626 (?%) 26All twenty-six delegates were pledged to support Robert LaFollette.117,647All 117,647 votes were for delegates pledged to support Robert LaFollette. (?%) 70,747All 70,747 votes were for an unpledged delegate slate headed by Emanuel Philipp. (?%) April 13 50 (of 58) Illinois April 14, 1920 LOWDEN WINS STATE BY 80,000; WOOD GETS COOK BY 27,533 https://www.newspapers.com/image/349282240 English The Chicago Tribune Chicago, Illinois September 13, 2023 primary 463,797 156,719 (33.79%) 236,082 (50.90%) 64,201 (13.84%) 3,401 (0.73%) 2,674 Includes 1,026 Write-In votes for Mayor William Thompson at (2.21%). (0.58%) –35? (?%)1? (?%) – – – 14Represents an Uninstructed Delegates led by Chicago Mayor William Thompson? (?%)– April 14 20 Tennessee April 15, 1920 EIGHT DELEGATES NAMED BY G.O.P. https://www.newspapers.com/image/605501501 English The Chattanooga Daily Times Chattanooga, Tennessee September 14, 2023 convention 17 – – – – – –3Uninstructed Delegates won out in the Sixth (partially) and Eighth Congressional Districtconventions. April 20 6 Delaware April 21, 1920 STATE REPUBLICANS LAUD GOV. TOWNSEND'S RECORD; FIRM STAND FOR SUFFRAGE https://www.newspapers.com/image/773947985 English The Evening Journal Wilmington, Delaware September 15, 2023 convention – – – – – – –6 16 Nebraska April 23, 1920 WOOD TO HAVE TWO VOTES FROM STATE https://www.newspapers.com/image/36977973 English The Lincoln State Journal Lincoln, Nebraska September 12, 2023 April 24, 1920 WOOD TO HAVE TWO VOTES FROM STATE https://www.newspapers.com/image/147081696 English The Reno Gazette-Journal Reno, Nevada September 14, 2023 primary 136,647 442,385 (31.02%) – 1263,161 (46.22%) – – – 31,101Includes 27,669 votes for John Pershing and 1,698 votes for William Simpson. (22.76%)– April 21 26 Iowa April 23, 1920 INSTRUCTED FOR LOWDEN https://www.newspapers.com/image/129050966 English The Des Moines Register Des Moines, Iowa September 15, 2023 convention – 26 – – – – – – April 23 8 Montanahttp://ia802601.us.archive.org/12/items/presidentofficial1920montrich/presidentofficial1920montrich.pdf State of Montana archive.org 11 February 2024primary 40,140 6,804 (16.95%) 6,503 (16.20%) 821,034 (52.40%) 723 (1.80%) – 5,076 (12.65%) – – April 24 6 Nevada April 25, 1920 G.O.P DELEGATES ELECTED WINGFIELD OVER PLATT https://www.newspapers.com/image/78720256 English The Nevada State Journal Reno, Nevada September 14, 2023 April 25, 1920 NEVADA DELEAGTES ARE UNINSTRUCTED https://www.newspapers.com/image/288177688 English The Salt Lake Herald-Republican Salt Lake City, Utah September 14, 2023 convention – – – – – – –6 April 27 35 Massachusetts April 28, 1920 REPUBLICAN DELEGATES https://www.newspapers.com/image/428552224/ English The Boston Globe Boston, Massachusetts September 13, 2023 primary ? 232,745 (?%) – – – – 31,540 (?%) 3375,616 (?%) – 28 New Jersey April 28, 1920 WOOD WINS OUT BY 612 VOTE MARGIN IN LATE COUNT https://www.newspapers.com/image/917125829 English The Atlantic City Daily Press Atlantic City, New Jersey September 13, 2023 April 29, 1920 WOOD'S LEAD NOW 1,092 https://www.newspapers.com/image/920869375 English The Atlantic City Daily Press Atlantic City, New Jersey September 13, 2023 primary 105,701 52,909 (50.06%) – 51,685 (48.90%) 40 (0.04%) – 900 (0.85%) 167Includes 80 votes for Philander Knox, 17 votes for Calvin Coolidge, and 41 Walter Edge. – 1660,262 (?%) – 942,833 (?%) – – – 352,611Represents Delegates who ran as Uninstructed. – 48 Ohio May 7, 1920 HARDING DENIES PLAN TO ABANDON CONTEST; COX ITINERARY BARED https://www.newspapers.com/image/34255504 The Cincinnati Enquirer Cincinnati, Ohio September 13, 2023 May 2, 1920 SATISFACTION https://www.newspapers.com/image/34255185 English The Cincinnati Enquirer Cincinnati, Ohio September 13, 2023 primary 259,072 108,565 (41.91%) – 16,783 (6.48%) 123,257 (47.58%) – 10,467 (4.04%) – – 9107,449 (?%) – – 39131,190 (?%) – – – – 14 Washington April 28, 1920 THE SPOKANE PRESS https://www.newspapers.com/image/932435475/ English Spokane, Washington September 14, 2023 convention – – – – 14 – – – April 28 13 Arkansas April 29, 1920 WOOD FORCES APPEAR IN MINORITY https://www.newspapers.com/image/881593782 English The Prescott Daily News Prescott, Arkansas September 14, 2023 convention – – – – – – –13 8 Idaho April 29, 1920 THE SPOKANE PRESS https://www.newspapers.com/image/722601601 English The Idaho Daily Statesman Boise, Idaho September 14, 2023 convention – – – – – – –8 May 3 16 Maryland primary 28,783 1618,666 (64.85%) – 10,117 (35.15%) – – – – – 8 Utah May 4, 1920 UTAH REPUBLICANS NAME DELEGATES TO ATTENDconvention https://www.newspapers.com/image/594293261 English The Deseret News Salt Lake City, Utah September 14, 2023 convention – – – – – – –8 May 4 26 California primary 580,431 – – 26370,819 (63.89%) – – 209,612 (36.11%) – – 0While the Indiana Delegates would be normally instructed by the results of the Presidential Primary, a majority of the vote was required to do so. (of 30) Indiana May 5, 1920 WOOD AND McCRAY LEAD IN INDIANA PRIMARY; JOHNSON AHEAD IN CAL https://www.newspapers.com/image/767374478 English The Evansville Courier Evansville, Indiana September 15, 2023 primary 225,957 85,708 (37.93%) 39,627 (17.54%) 79,840 (35.33%) 20,782 (9.20%) – – – – May 5 12 Mississippi May 6, 1920 MULVIHILL WILL HEAD MISSISSIPPI G.O.P. https://www.newspapers.com/image/252840412 English The Natchez Democrat Natchez, Mississippi September 18, 2023 convention – – – – – – –12 36 Missouri May 7, 1920 STATE G.O.P. PUTS OVER PLANS WITH ONLY FEW CHANGES https://www.newspapers.com/image/138996059 English The St. Louis Post-Dispatch St. Louis, Missouri September 14, 2023 convention – – – – – – –36 May 6 12 Colorado May 7, 1920 REPUBLICANS ELECT DELEGATES https://www.newspapers.com/image/588397814 English The Fort Collins Courier Fort Collins, Colorado September 14, 2023 convention – – – – – – –12 May 10 8 Illinois May 11, 1920 MAYOR LOSES TO LOWDEN https://www.newspapers.com/image/369920874 English The Chicago Tribune Chicago, Illinois September 18, 2023 convention – 6.4While only ascribed 8 Delegate Votes to their At-Large group, ten were named so as to include Mayor William Thompson and one of his allies; the result was that each delegate had 4/5ths of a vote rather than a full vote. – – – – –1.6 6 Wyoming May 11, 1920 WYOMING WILL NOT BIND DELEGATES https://www.newspapers.com/image/288188711 English The Salt Lake Herald-Republican Salt Lake City, Utah September 14, 2023 convention – – – – – – –6 May 12 30 Indiana May 4, 1920 16 DELEGATES UNINSTRUCTED https://www.newspapers.com/image/6535671 English The Deseret News Salt Lake City, Utah September 14, 2023 convention 10 – 4 – – – –16 May 18 76 Pennsylvania primary 279,472 3,878 (1.39%) – 10,869 (3.89%) – – 2,825 (1.01%) 260,644Includes 257,841 votes for Edward R. Wood, 1,256 write-in votes for William Cameron Sproul, and 1,989 write-In votes for Philander Knox. (93.26%) - – – – – – – –76 8 Vermont primary 5,229 83,457 (66.11%) 29 (0.56%) 402 (7.69%) – – 564 (10.79%) 442Includes 354 votes for William Grant Webster, 335 votes for Calvin Coolidge, 37 write-In votes for Charles Evan Hughes, 12 write-in votes for Henry Cabot Lodge, and 6 write-in votes for Philander Knox. (14.9%) - May 20 14 Alabama May 20, 1920 NAME DELEGATES TO THE NAT'Lconvention https://www.newspapers.com/image/570411487 English The Selma Times-Journal Selma, Alabama September 14, 2023 convention – – – – – – –14 May 21 10 Oregon primary 120,101 43,770 (36.44%) 15,581 (12.97%) 1046,163 (38.44%) – 36 (0.03%) 14,557 (12.12%) – – May 25 23 Texas May 26, 1920 TEXAS REPUBLICANS SPLITconvention IN TWO FACTIONS https://www.newspapers.com/image/384237836 English The Austin American Austin, Texas September 14, 2023 convention – – – – – – –23 16 West Virginia primary 119,747 53,490 (44.67%) – – – – – 16All sixteen delegates were pledged to support Howard Sutherland.66,257Includes 61,371 votes for Howard Sutherland and 4,129 votes for William Grant Webster. (55.3%) – June 5 0 (of 22) North Carolina primary 20,978 5,603 (26.71%) – 15,375 (73.29%) – – – – –Total 9842,838,868 115761,783 (26.83%) 93.4388,407 (13.68%) 110968,685 (34.12%) 39144,802 (5.10%) 143,842 (0.14%) 303,815 (10.70%) 0 (0.00%)517.6 328,633 (11.58%)First Ballot 287.5 211.5 133.5 65.5 20 5.5 7 4 Post-primary maneuvering Kenyon Committee report On the eve of the convention, no man had secured enough support for the nomination. However, Wood and Lowden suffered a major blow when the Senate investigation into campaign expenditures was published. The subcommittee chaired by William S. Kenyon revealed massive spending by both Wood and Lowden's campaigns, including two canceled checks from Lowden to Missouri delegates that could not be explained.Dean 2004 58–59 Johnson was indirectly damaged by the investigation as well, since Wood and Lowden supporters blamed him for instigating it; the enmity between the front-runners appeared to ensure none could secure the others' support.Dean 2004 58–59 See also 1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries Notes References Further reading Adams Samuel Hopkins The Incredible Era: The Life and Times of Warren Gamaliel Harding Houghton Mifflin Boston 1939 0-374-90051-5 Samuel Hopkins Adams Bagby Wesley M. The 'Smoke Filled Room' and the Nomination of Warren G. Harding The Mississippi Valley Historical Review March 1955 41 4 657–674 1889182 Bagby 10.2307/1889182 Dean John W. John Dean Warren Harding https://archive.org/details/warrengharding00dean/mode/2up Henry Holt and Co New York 2004 978-0-8050-6956-3 Eisenhower John S.D. John S.D. Eisenhower Teddy Roosevelt and Leonard Wood: Partners in Command University of Missouri Press 2014 Hagedorn Hermann 1931 Leonard Wood: A Biography https://archive.org/details/leonardwoodbiogr0002herm/ New York Harper & Brothers Hermann Hagedorn Hutchinson William T. Lowden of Illinois: The Life of Frank O. Lowden University of Chicago Press 1957 57006274 Johnson Hiram Hiram Johnson The diary letters of Hiram Johnson, 1917–1945 Garland Publishing 1983 Lane Jack C. 2009 Armed Progressive: General Leonard Wood https://books.google.com/books?id=JgpyXvk62YEC&pg=PA19 Lincoln, NE University of Nebraska Press 45–46 978-0-8032-2658-6 Lower Richard Coke A Bloc of One: The Political Career of Hiram W. Johnson Stanford University Press 1993 McCallum Jack 2006 Leonard Wood: Rough Rider, Surgeon, Architect of American Imperialism https://books.google.com/books?id=UxkVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 New York New York University Press 978-0-8147-5699-7 Google Books Miller Nathan 1992 Theodore Roosevelt: A Life https://archive.org/details/theodoreroosevel00mill/ New York Morrow 9780688067847 Morello John A. 2001 Selling the President, 1920: Albert D. Lasker, Advertising, and the Election of Warren G. Harding https://books.google.com/books?id=nYmVbjBvTaYC&pg=PA38 Westport, CT Praeger 978-0-2759-7030-7 Google Books Colonel Roosevelt Morris Edmund Edmund Morris (writer) 2010 https://archive.org/details/colonelroosevelt0000morr/ Random House New York The Illustrious Life and Work of Warren G. Harding, Twenty-ninth President of the United States Russell Thomas 51 1923 the University of Wisconsin–Madison Schlesinger Arthur M. Jr. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. The Age of Roosevelt: The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919–1933 Heinemann London 1957 978-0-618-34085-9 Schlesinger Coolidge Amity Shlaes Amity Shlaes 978-0-06-196755-9 2012032098 2013 HarperCollins New York Sinclair Andrew The Available Man: The Life behind the Masks of Warren Gamaliel Harding https://archive.org/details/availableman0000unse Quadrangle Books Chicago 422550801 1st Quadrangle Paperback Sinclair 1969 1965 Weatherson Michael A. Bochin Hal Hiram Johnson: Political Revivalist University Press of America 1995 Wood Eric Fisher Eric Fisher Wood 1920 Leonard Wood, Conservator of Americanism https://archive.org/details/conservator00woodrich New York George H. Doran Company Internet Archive, a campaign biography of Wood Wynn Neil From Progressivism to Prosperity: World War I and American Society Holmes & Meier New York 1986 Wynn 978-0-8419-1107-9