1803 Garhwal earthquake

Earthquake in India 1803 Garhwal earthquake 30.656 N 78.784 E inline,title India 1 September 1803 01:30 w yes 7.8 ± 0.2 Main Himalayan Thrust Thrust (Blind) India & Pakistan 9X 200–300 dead yes The 1803 Garhwal earthquake occurred in the early morning of September 1 at 01:30 local time. The estimated 7.8-magnitude-earthquake had an epicenter in the Garhwal Himalaya near Uttarkashi, British India. Major damage occurred in the Himalaya and Indo-Gangetic Plain, with the loss of between 200 and 300 lives.Significant Earthquake Information https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/1563 ngdc.noaa.gov NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information 16 November 2021 It is among the largest Himalaya earthquakes of the 19th-century, caused by thrust faulting. Tectonic setting The Himalaya is located at the convergent boundary where active convergence leads to continental collision. The India and Eurasian plates began colliding approximately 50 million years ago when the Tethys Ocean closed. The Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT), a decollement structure, defines the boundary between the Indian plate and Eurasian plate. The convergent zone also contains three other major faults; the Main Boundary Thrust, Main Central Thrust and South Tibetan Detachment. At the surface, the Main Himalayan Thrust propagates along the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT). These faults runs for approximately 2,300 km in an east–west direction, parallel to the southern foothills of the Lower Himalayan Range from Assam, through Nepal, and into Pakistan. This major thrust fault dips to the north, beneath the Himalaya at a shallow angle. It is the source of most of Himalayan earthquakes.Metcalfe John 14 June 2016 Study: Nepal Could Be Due for Another Major Earthquake Bloomberg News https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-13/nepal-could-be-hit-by-another-major-earthquake-say-scientists 12 Dec 2020Bilham Roger Himalayan earthquakes: a review of historical seismicity and early 21st century slip potential Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2019 483 1 423–482 10.1144/SP483.16 2019GSLSP.483..423B https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/483/1/423 23 April 2021 free Earthquakes on the convergent boundary are megathrust events that repeat every few centuries. Large Himalayan earthquakes including those in 1505, 1934 and 1950 with magnitudes of 8.0+ were the result of rupturing the Main Himalayan Thrust. These events generated surface ruptures by breaching the surface via the MFT. Impact 200px|thumb|right|An artwork of the Qutub Minar in 1805. At Srinagar in the meizoseismal area, an estimated 500–1,000 homes were destroyed, and a landslide occurred. Ground fissures and liquefaction events took place in Mathura, near Aligarh and Agra.Mithila Verma R. J. Singh B. K. Bansal Soft sediments and damage pattern: a few case studies from large Indian earthquakes vis-a-vis seismic risk evaluation Natural Hazards 19 June 2014 74 3 1829–1851 10.1007/s11069-014-1283-4 2014NatHa..74.1829V 129230290 An estimated 200–300 people died due to collapsing roofs. Partial damage occurred in the towns Devprayag, Joshimath, Badrinath and Almora. A landslide buried the small village and fort on the eastern bank of the Yamuna River in Uttar Pradesh. The shaking was strongly felt in Mathura and lasted several minutes. It destroyed many pucca homes in the city. Many residents were driven out of their homes, and into the streets or agricultural fields. A pregnant woman died after being struck by falling tiles. Large fissures occurred in fields, spilling vast quantities of water. One of the fissures partially swallowed the dome of a mosque. The fissures continued to eject water for several weeks, benefitting the residents who were able to obtain water.Sujit Dasgupta Basab Mukhopadhyay 1803 Earthquake in Garhwal Himalaya – Archival Materials With Commentary Indian Journal of History of Science 2014 49 1 21–33 https://www.scribd.com/document/212591301/1803-EARTHQUAKE-IN-GARHWAL-HIMALAYA-ARCHIVAL-MATERIALS-WITH-COMMENTARY Scribd The Hindu Badrinath Temple suffered severe damage from the quake.Vikram Sharma Uttarakhand has a history of earthquakes but nobody cares! https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/feb/23/uttarakhand-has-a-history-of-earthquakes-but-nobody-cares-1573958.html 16 November 2021 The New Indian Express 23 February 2017 Several temples, including the Kashi Vishwanath Temple in Uttarkashi, and Tungnath, were totally destroyed.C. P. Rajendran Kusala Rajendran Jaishri Sanwal Mike Sandiford Archeological and Historical Database on the Medieval Earthquakes of the Central Himalaya: Ambiguities and Inferences Seismological Research Letters 2013 84 6 1098 10.1785/0220130077 2013SeiRL..84.1098R http://www.seismosoc.org/Publications/srl/SRL_84/srl_84-6_hs_II/srl_84-6_hs_II.pdf The earthquake occurred at the beginning of the Siege of Aligarh during Second Anglo-Maratha War. Aligarh Fort was captured by the British East India Company from the Marathi people and French. The siege came to an end because the severely damage fort walls were breached, easing capture for the British.Roger Bilham Historical Studies of Earthquakes in India Annals of Geophysics 2004 10.1.1.554.5602 1803 Garhwal Earthquake: Implications for western UP and NCR https://riskavoider.com/1803-garhwal-earthquake/ Risk Prevention Mitigation and Management Forum 16 November 2021 30 August 2021 At New Delhi, a cupola in the Qutb Minar collapsed and the main column was structurally weakened.J. A. Page Y. D. Sharma World Heritage Series: Qutb Minar & Adjoining Monuments 2002 Archaeological Survey of India New Delhi 81-87780-07-X 54 https://ia801001.us.archive.org/24/items/QutbMinarAndAdjoiningMonuments-English/QutbMinarAndAdjoiningAreas.pdf Reports documented that the spire of the Khanqah-e-Moula in Kashmir Valley's Srinagar also collapsed, although it may have been a conflation with a previous earthquake. Fissuring was also observed in the city. Seiches in a water tank at the Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden in Calcutta caused by the quake was strong enough to throw fishes out of their aquarium.Sujit Dasgupta The 1803 North India earthquake https://sites.google.com/site/indiaquake2/the-1803-north-india-earthquake Indiaquake 17 November 2021 Earthquake The earthquake is believed to have ruptured the MHT but did not propagate to the surface. It shared similar characteristics with the 1905 Kangra and the two 2015 Nepal earthquakes; all three events failed to rupture the MHT, hence did not produce any surface rupture. This blind thrust earthquake is the largest in the Indian Himalaya during the 19th-century. Another similar-sized event occurred in Nepal in August 1833. This earthquake was located immediately east of the great 1505 earthquake rupture zone.C. P. Rajendran Biju John K. Anandasabari Jaishri Sanwal Kusala Rajendran Pankaj Kumar Sundeep Chopra On the paleoseismic evidence of the 1803 earthquake rupture (or lack of it) along the frontal thrust of the Kumaun Himalaya Tectonophysics 2018 772 227–234 10.1016/j.tecto.2017.11.012 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040195117304742 Elsevier 2018Tectp.722..227R subscription Two smaller earthquakes; the 1991 Uttarkashi and 1999 Chamoli earthquakes, also occurred in the epicenter region of the 1803 event. Descriptions of severe damage and ground effects from the event suggest the earthquake rupture initiated beneath the Himalaya range, and propagated south; up-dip along the MHT in a northwest–southeast direction. The rupture ceased just short of the MFT. Accumulated stress to the east caused by the 1505 event was released during the 1803 quake. An estimated maximum coseismic slip of 4.5 meters or less occurred. Since then, roughly 3 meters of slip have accumulated. The two earthquakes in 1991 and 1999 failed to release the seismic strain accumulated since the 1803 event. The moment magnitude was previously assigned 8.0 in past academic journalsJuly 2022 based on damage descriptions and felt reports from the historical documentation, but more recent reassessments indicate a much smaller magnitude of 7.8. The earthquake magnitude has even been downgraded to 7.3 in some journals. A macroseismic intensity survey from 1979 assigned the holy city Badrinath with VII (Very strong)–IX (Violent)-level shaking on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. A 2005 journal by geologist C. P. Rajendran and seismologist Kusala Rajendran published in Tectonophysics assigned the maximum Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale intensity at IX–X in Srinagar and Devprayag.C. P. Rajendran Kusala Rajendran The status of central seismic gap: A perspective based on the spatial and temporal aspects of the large Himalayan earthquakes Tectonophysics 2005 395 1 19–39 10.1016/j.tecto.2004.09.009 2005Tectp.395...19R https://www.academia.edu/1844741 See also List of earthquakes in Nepal List of earthquakes in India List of historical earthquakes References collapsed Category:Earthquakes in India Category:Earthquakes in Tibet 1803 Garhwal earthquake Category:1803 disasters Category:1803 in India Category:1800s disasters in Asia Category:19th-century disasters in India Category:Buried rupture earthquakes Category:History of Garhwal Category:September 1803 Category:1800s earthquakes