17 October Revolution

2019–2021 protests in Lebanon October Revolution January 2024 October 2025 January 2024 January 2024 y 17 October Protests the 2018–2024 Arab protests Beirut Protests 2019.jpg Protesters outside of Riad Al Solh Square in Beirut on 19 October 2019 yes 2019 10 17 – 2021 (mass protests), ongoing civic activism Lebanon * Austerity Political corruption Interventionism Liquidity crisis Recession Sectarianism Unemployment * Resignation of Prime Minister Saad Hariri Resignation of Prime Minister Hassan Diab Resignation of 10 Members of the 2018–2022 Lebanese Parliament Election of 13 reformist candidates in the 2022 Lebanese parliamentary elections * Demonstrations Strike action Sit-ins Civil resistance Barricades Internet activism Protesters:(no centralized authority) Lebanon Individual protesters Lebanon Civil society organizations Lebanon Forces of Change Lebanon Citizens in a State Flag of the Lebanese Communist Party.svg Lebanese Communist Party Flag of the Muslim Brotherhood.svg Islamic Grouphttps://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1355877/hezbollah-and-al-jamaa-al-islamiya-from-brothers-in-arms-to-political-allies.html Hezbollah and al-Jamaa al-Islamiya: From brothers in arms to political allies? - l'Orient Today 2 November 2023 2025-02-05 2024-10-06 https://web.archive.org/web/20241006014301/https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1355877/hezbollah-and-al-jamaa-al-islamiya-from-brothers-in-arms-to-political-allies.html live Political establishment: Lebanon Lebanese Government Hezbollahhttps://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/live_feed/978013/nasrallah_lebanon_is_facing_two_major_menaces;_the_first_is_the_financial_and_economic_collapse_and_the_second_is_the_lebanese_peoples_rage_at_the_political_elite Nasrallah: Lebanon is facing two major menaces; the first is the financial and economic collapse and the second is the Lebanese people's rage at the political elite MTV Lebanon en 19 October 2019 19 October 2019 2019-10-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20191019101704/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Live_Feed/978013/Nasrallah_Lebanon_is_facing_two_major_menaces;_the_first_is_the_financial_and_economic_collapse_and_the_second_is_the_Lebanese_peoples_rage_at_the_political_elite live Flag of the Amal Movement.svg Amal Flag of the Free Patriotic Movement.svg FPM Flag of the Future Movement.svg Future Flag of the Progressive Socialist Party.svg PSP Flag of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.svg SSNP-L LF Flag of the Lebanese Democratic Party.svg LDP Marada-flag.png Marada 600px solid HEX-990066.svg Azm All establishment political partiesTripoli Will Remove All Political Posters From its City! https://www.the961.com/news/lebanese-protesters-in-tripoli-to-clean-up-their-city-from-all-political-posters The961 28 November 2019 7 November 2019 Christie K 2019-11-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20191128082149/https://www.the961.com/news/lebanese-protesters-in-tripoli-to-clean-up-their-city-from-all-political-posters Non-centralized leadership Lebanon Joseph Aoun (Since 9 January 2025) Lebanon Michel Aoun (17 October 2019 - 31 October 2022) Lebanon Nabih Berri Lebanon Nawaf Salam (Since 8 February 2025) Lebanon Najib Mikati (10 September 2021 - 8 February 2025) Lebanon Hassan Diab (21 January 2020 – 10 September 2021) Lebanon Saad Hariri (17 October 2019 – 21 January 2020) Hezbollah Naim Qassem (Since 29 October 2024) Hezbollah Hassan Nasrallah (17 October 2019 - 27 September 2024) Gebran Bassil Flag of the Future Movement.svg Fouad Siniora Flag of the Progressive Socialist Party.svg Walid Jumblatt Forces Libanaises Flag.svg Samir Geagea Flag of the Progressive Socialist Party.svg Taymur Jumblatt Riad Salameh Suleiman Frangieh Jr. 70 (released the next day due to lack of reason for arrest)https://www.indopremier.com/ipotnews/newsDetail.php?jdl=Tens_of_thousands_protest_in_Lebanon_for_third_day&news_id=1452420&group_news=ALLNEWS&news_date=&taging_subtype=LEBANON&name=&search=y_general&q=LEBANON,%20&halaman=1 Tens of thousands protest in Lebanon for third day SECURITIES PT INDO PREMIER 20 October 2019 IPOTNEWS id 23 October 2019 2021-11-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20211129122312/https://www.indopremier.com/ipotnews/newsDetail.php?jdl=Tens_of_thousands_protest_in_Lebanon_for_third_day&news_id=1452420&group_news=ALLNEWS&news_date=&taging_subtype=LEBANON&name=&search=y_general&q=LEBANON,%20&halaman=1 live 11 killed and 1,488+ injuredhttps://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-idUSKCN2540EX Lebanese protesters storm ministry buildings as anger over Beirut blast grows Michael Georgy Reuters 9 August 2020 www.reuters.com 2021-08-10 2021-08-10 https://web.archive.org/web/20210810083944/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-idUSKCN2540EX livehttps://ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25209&LangID=E OHCHR Press briefing note on Lebanon 2019-10-30 2019-12-16 https://web.archive.org/web/20191216204126/https://ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25209&LangID=E live عضو بلدية الشويفات علاء أبو فخر يسقط بالرصاص تحت جسر خلدة https://www.annahar.com/article/1067073-عضو-في-بلدية-الشويفات-يصاب-بطلقات-نارية-نارية-تحت-جسر-خادة-وينقل-الى-مستشفى-كمال 12 November 2019 An-Nahar 2019-11-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20191113001606/https://www.annahar.com/article/1067073-%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%88-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA-%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-25/496220-two-die-in-car-crash-after-hitting-roadblock-in-jiyyeh.ashx Anger breaks out after two die in roadblock crash 25 November 2019 26 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-11-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20191127181300/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-25/496220-two-die-in-car-crash-after-hitting-roadblock-in-jiyyeh.ashx 1 policeman killed and 168 police injuredhttps://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-crisis-protest-death-idUSKCN2540TK Lebanese policeman killed in clashes with demonstrators in Beirut: police Suleiman Al-Khalidi Angus MacSwan Reporting by Laila Bassam Reuters 8 August 2020 www.reuters.com 2021-08-10 2021-08-10 https://web.archive.org/web/20210810083949/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-crisis-protest-death-idUSKCN2540TK live 3 civilians killed in related violencehttps://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/8/9/lebanons-worsening-fuel-crisis-sparks-violence-leaving-3-dead Lebanon's worsening fuel crisis spurs violence, leaves three dead Al Jazeera 9 August 2021 2021-08-22 2021-08-09 https://web.archive.org/web/20210822221147/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/8/9/lebanons-worsening-fuel-crisis-sparks-violence-leaving-3-dead live7 killed and 32 wounded in related clasheshttps://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-58901611 Beirut port blast: Gunfire erupts at protest against judge leading probe BBC 14 October 2021 2023-11-01 2021-10-14 https://web.archive.org/web/20231101184842/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-58901611 live The 17 October Protests, commonly referred to as the 17 October Revolution or Hirak or ThawrahThe Islamic Group and Lebanon's Popular Uprising* Al Jazeera Centre for Studies http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/islamic-group-and-lebanon%E2%80%99s-popular-uprising 2024-03-10 studies.aljazeera.net en 2024-02-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20240228154444/https://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/islamic-group-and-lebanon%E2%80%99s-popular-uprising live (ar ثورة 17 تشرين الأول 17 October revolution thawrat 17 tishrīn al-ʾawwal),عام على 17 تشرين.. ثورة الاستثمار السياسي! https://www.lebanon24.com/news/lebanon/756926/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-17-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A 2020-11-10 Lebanon24 ar 2020-11-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20201111003427/https://www.lebanon24.com/news/lebanon/756926/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-17-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A live were a series of civil protests in Lebanon that began after the Lebanese cabinet announced financial measures on 17 October 2019.https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/11/lebanon-protests-explained/#:~:text=On%2017%20October%202019%2C%20the%20Lebanese%20cabinet%20announced,corruption%2C%20and%20the%20resignation%20of%20all%20political%20representatives The unprecedented mass protests in Lebanon explained 11 November 2019 2023-02-22 2022-08-01 https://web.archive.org/web/20220801161149/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/11/lebanon-protests-explained/#:~:text=On%2017%20October%202019%2C%20the%20Lebanese%20cabinet%20announced,corruption%2C%20and%20the%20resignation%20of%20all%20political%20representatives live These nationwide protests were triggered by planned taxes on gasoline, tobacco, and VoIP calls on applications such as WhatsApp,http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-17/493723-lebanon-to-charge-6-on-whatsapp-call-report.ashx Lebanese govt to charge USD 0.20 a day for WhatsApp calls The Daily Star 18 October 2019 17 October 2019 2020-06-09 https://web.archive.org/web/20200609153749/https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-17/493723-lebanon-to-charge-6-on-whatsapp-call-report.ashxhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/protests-erupt-lebanon-plans-impose-taxes-191017194856354.html Protests erupt in Lebanon over plans to impose new taxes aljazeera.com 18 October 2019 18 October 2019 2019-12-25 https://web.archive.org/web/20191225124935/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/protests-erupt-lebanon-plans-impose-taxes-191017194856354.html livehttps://www.dw.com/en/lebanon-whatsapp-tax-sparks-mass-protests/a-50880357 Lebanon: WhatsApp tax sparks mass protests 10 October 2019 Deutsche Welle DW en-GB 18 October 2019 2020-09-17 https://web.archive.org/web/20200917170317/https://web.archive.org/web/20200803054009/https://www.dw.com/en/lebanon-whatsapp-tax-sparks-mass-protests/a-50880357 live but quickly expanded into a country-wide condemnation of sectarian rule,https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/27/lebanon-protesters-find-strength-in-unity-ditched-sectarianism/ Lebanon Protesters Found Strength in Unity, Ditched Sectarianism 27 October 2019 Report Syndication 2019-12-16 2020-08-03 https://web.archive.org/web/20200803125404/https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/27/lebanon-protesters-find-strength-in-unity-ditched-sectarianism/ live the stagnation of the economy, unemployment (which reached 46% in 2018http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Local/2018/Mar-30/443613-jobless-rate-at-46-pct-president-warns.ashx Jobless rate at 46 pct, president warns Business, Local THE DAILY STAR The Daily Star 30 March 2018 2020-05-26 2019-09-15 https://web.archive.org/web/20190915010610/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Local/2018/Mar-30/443613-jobless-rate-at-46-pct-president-warns.ashx), endemic corruption in the public sector, legislation that was perceived to shield the ruling class from accountability (such as banking secrecy)Protesters march from Al Nour Square to Central Bank in Tripoli https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/979920/Protesters_march_from_Al_Nour_Square_to_Central_Bank_in_Tripoli 26 October 2019 MTV Lebanon 22 October 2019 en 2019-10-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20191026131114/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/local/979920/protesters_march_from_al_nour_square_to_central_bank_in_tripoli live Protesters block Karakoul Druze-Mar Elias road https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/979923/Protesters_block_Karakoul_Druze-Mar_Elias_road 26 October 2019 MTV Lebanon 22 October 2019 en 2019-10-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20191026131115/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/local/979923/protesters_block_karakoul_druze-mar_elias_road live and failures of the government to provide basic services, such as electricity, water, and sanitation.https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-17/whatsapp-protests-erupt-in-lebanon-as-economic-crisis-deepens Nationwide Protests Erupt in Lebanon as Economic Crisis Deepens Khraiche Dana Bloomberg.com Bloomberg News 18 October 2019 17 October 2019 2020-06-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20200627164750/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-17/whatsapp-protests-erupt-in-lebanon-as-economic-crisis-deepens live The protests created a political crisis in Lebanon, with Prime Minister Saad Hariri tendering his resignation, not demanding any new governmental needs of being the prime minister and echoing protesters' demands for a government of independent specialists.Kabboul Tamarah 1 November 2019 Lebanese Protesters Addressed President Aoun with an Urgent Demand/ https://www.the961.com/news/lebanese-protesters-addressed-president-aoun-with-an-urgent-demand/ https://web.archive.org/web/20191231143854/https://www.the961.com/news/lebanese-protesters-addressed-president-aoun-with-an-urgent-demand 2019-12-31 24 November 2019 THE961 en-EN A cabinet headed by Hassan Diab was formed in 2020 but also resigned in the wake of the 2020 Beirut explosion. Calling for a complete regime change, it was known by its most famous slogan; Kellon Yaani Kellon (ar كلن يعني كلن all of them [the elites] means all of them). In January 2026 public schools teachers and retired military personnel took to the streets closings roads all over Lebanon and protesting in front of the Lebanese parliament building. Background Cedar Revolution 2006–2008 Lebanese protests 2015–2016 Lebanese protests Political background According to The Economist, Lebanon's dysfunction and mismanagement which followed the protests originated in the country's sectarian political system codified by the Taif agreement, which took place in 1989. The Taif Agreement enshrines a sect-based political system in which many political offices and parliamentary seats are allocated according to religious affiliation. This system is perceived as exploited by the current Lebanese politicians, many of whom are Lebanese Civil War-era sectarian warlords who still occupy positions of power and enjoy amnesty against accountability.A surge of public anger sends Lebanon's politicians reeling https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/10/26/a-surge-of-public-anger-sends-lebanons-politicians-reeling The Economist 26 October 2019 2019-10-25 2019-10-25 https://web.archive.org/web/20191025062717/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/10/26/a-surge-of-public-anger-sends-lebanons-politicians-reeling live Lebanon consists of various religious factions with 18 different sects. The 18 officially recognized religious groups include four Muslim sects, 12 Christian sects, the Druze sect, and Judaism.Lebanon – Religious Sects https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/lebanon/religious-sects.htm Global Security 2020-09-11 2019-12-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20200911174530/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/lebanon/religious-sects.htm live The outbreak of the protests was attributed to the accumulated crises within the preceding weeks in Lebanon. First, in Chouf and Saadiyat, among other places, fires propagated, scorching nearby homes and placing many people in danger. A large portion of greenery was burnt down as a result. The Lebanese government failed to employ its planes to extinguish the fires and had to rely on Cypriot aid.https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/10/05/a-long-feared-currency-crisis-has-begun-to-bite-in-lebanon A long-feared currency crisis has begun to bite in Lebanon 5 October 2019 The Economist 18 October 2019 0013-0613 2020-08-03 https://web.archive.org/web/20200803021019/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/10/05/a-long-feared-currency-crisis-has-begun-to-bite-in-lebanon livehttps://www.france24.com/en/20190926-lebanon-gas-stations-to-go-on-strike-over-dollar-shortage Lebanon gas stations to go on strike over dollar 'shortage' 26 September 2019 France 24 en 18 October 2019 2019-10-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191018103329/https://www.france24.com/en/20190926-lebanon-gas-stations-to-go-on-strike-over-dollar-shortage livehttps://www.france24.com/en/20191018-protests-spread-across-lebanon-over-proposed-new-taxes-1 Protests spread across Lebanon over proposed new taxes 18 October 2019 France 24 en 18 October 2019 2020-01-21 https://web.archive.org/web/20200121045729/https://www.france24.com/en/20191018-protests-spread-across-lebanon-over-proposed-new-taxes-1 livehttps://www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Local/2019/Sep-25/492238-lebanese-millers-say-wheat-reserves-fall-due-to-ongoing-dollar-problem.ashx Lebanese millers say wheat reserves fall due to ongoing 'dollar problem' The Daily Star 18 October 2019 25 September 2019 2019-11-07 https://web.archive.org/web/20191107032715/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//Business/Local/2019/Sep-25/492238-lebanese-millers-say-wheat-reserves-fall-due-to-ongoing-dollar-problem.ashxhttps://7news.com.au/politics/lebanon-protests-over-whatsapp-tax-plan-c-510336 Protests sweep Lebanon for a second day 18 October 2019 7NEWS.com.au en 18 October 2019 2019-12-31 https://web.archive.org/web/20191231143525/https://7news.com.au/politics/lebanon-protests-over-whatsapp-tax-plan-c-510336 live Moreover, the prices of both oil and bread had been increasing as well as the rates of unemployment and poverty nationwide.https://en.annahar.com/article/1004952-unemployment-the-paralysis-of-lebanese-youth Unemployment: The paralysis of Lebanese youth 2 August 2019 An-Nahar en 12 November 2019 2020-07-21 https://web.archive.org/web/20200721215655/https://en.annahar.com/article/1004952-unemployment-the-paralysis-of-lebanese-youth Since all of these issues were due to a lack of proper governance, the Lebanese people voiced out their opinions over the negative situation. Furthermore, Lebanese citizens were facing many problems in the preceding years, electricity cuts since 1975, and so obtaining 24-hour electricity in Lebanon has since been dependent on obtaining a deal with the country's "generator mafia", which operates a ring of contraband gasoline power generators that contribute to the high level of air pollution in Lebanese cities.https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/energy-problems-fuel-protests-lebanon-eyes-gas-revolution-191025220314003.html As energy problems fuel protests, Lebanon eyes gas revolution Al Jazeera en-US 11 November 2019 2020-04-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20200429022701/https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/energy-problems-fuel-protests-lebanon-eyes-gas-revolution-191025220314003.html live Lebanon has also not had access to drinking water except through purchased bottled water from private companies since the 1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War. Finally, the country suffers from deficient sanitation and sewage infrastructure, which led to the 2015 "garbage crisis" that sparked the 2015–2016 Lebanese protests.http://theconversation.com/lebanon-what-protests-against-the-sectarian-elite-mean-for-hezbollah-126224 Lebanon: what protests against the sectarian elite mean for Hezbollah The Conversation en-US 11 November 2019 5 November 2019 2019-12-10 https://web.archive.org/web/20191210181711/http://theconversation.com/lebanon-what-protests-against-the-sectarian-elite-mean-for-hezbollah-126224 live Days before the protests began, a series of about 100 major wildfires in Chouf, Khroub and other Lebanese areas displaced hundreds of people and caused enormous damage to Lebanese wildlife. The Lebanese government failed to deploy its firefighting equipment due to lack of maintenance and had to rely on aid from neighboring Cyprus, Jordan, Turkey and Greece.Lebanon wildfires: Hellish scenes in mountains south of Beirut https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/hellish-scenes-wildfires-engulf-lebanon-191015191252866.html Al Jazeera 16 October 2019 2020-08-07 2019-10-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20200807142241/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/hellish-scenes-wildfires-engulf-lebanon-191015191252866.html livehttps://en.annahar.com/article/1049862-lebanons-wildfires-call-for-an-appropriate-disaster-risk-management-plan Lebanon's wildfires call for an appropriate disaster risk management plan Khamis Reem 16 October 2019 An-Nahar 18 October 2019 2019-10-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191018103327/https://en.annahar.com/article/1049862-lebanons-wildfires-call-for-an-appropriate-disaster-risk-management-plan Protests started taking place in small numbers around Beirut towards the end of September.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/lebanon-protests-worsening-economic-crisis-190929181517574.html Lebanon: Protests over worsening economic crisis aljazeera.com 18 October 2019 2019-12-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20191227054913/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/lebanon-protests-worsening-economic-crisis-190929181517574.html livehttps://gulfnews.com/world/mena/watch-protests-in-lebanons-capital-over-worsening-economic-crisis-1.66769380 Watch: Protests in Lebanon's capital over worsening economic crisis gulfnews.com 29 September 2019 en 18 October 2019 2019-12-07 https://web.archive.org/web/20191207220103/https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/watch-protests-in-lebanons-capital-over-worsening-economic-crisis-1.66769380 live Impetus for the revolutionary movement was apparent years before the protests began and was visible in Lebanon's arts and culture scene, as evidenced by pop artist Ragheb Alama's song "Tar Al Balad"https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/lebanese-mp-hikmat-dib-calls-for-the-beheading-of-lebanese-pop-star-ragheb-alameh-1.1544619494498 Lebanese MP Hikmat Dib calls for the beheading of Lebanese pop star Ragheb Alameh gulfnews.com 12 December 2018 en 10 November 2019 2019-11-10 https://web.archive.org/web/20191110092756/https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/lebanese-mp-hikmat-dib-calls-for-the-beheading-of-lebanese-pop-star-ragheb-alameh-1.1544619494498 live in December 2018 and rock singer-songwriter IJK's song "Chedd Halak"Imad Jack Karam (IJK) on La Bonne HUmeur https://soundcloud.com/lightfmlebanon/imad-jack-karam-ijk-on-la-bonne-humeur en 10 November 2019 2020-08-17 https://web.archive.org/web/20200817220343/https://soundcloud.com/lightfmlebanon/imad-jack-karam-ijk-on-la-bonne-humeur live in June 2019. Economic background Lebanese liquidity crisis Since 1997, successive governments maintained a pegged exchange rate between the Lebanese pound and United States dollar.Brennan, Sam (24 September 2019). A closer look into Lebanon's fixed currency https://web.archive.org/web/20191220203437/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/09/lebanon-fixed-currency-exchange-rate-economic-stability.html 2019-12-20 . Al Monitor. Retrieved 21 October 2019. Forecasts for the Lebanese economy worsened over the 2010s and by 2019 GDP per capita reached its lowest since 2008 and the debt-to-GDP ratio reached its highest since 2008 at 151%.Lebanon https://web.archive.org/web/20200630144212/https://data.worldbank.org/country/lebanon 2020-06-30 . World Bank. Retrieved 21 October 2019.The tragic disintegration of Lebanon https://web.archive.org/web/20200415092552/https://www.arabtimesonline.com/news/the-tragic-disintegration-of-lebanon/ 2020-04-15 . Arab Times (11 October 2019). Retrieved 21 October 2019. As a result, international credit rating agencies downgraded the rating of government bonds. UPDATE 1-Moody's puts Lebanon's Caa1 rating under review for downgrade https://web.archive.org/web/20191231132730/https://www.reuters.com/article/lebanon-economy-moodys/update-1-moodys-puts-lebanons-caa1-rating-under-review-for-downgrade-idUSL5N26M54E 2019-12-31 . Reuters (1 October 2019). Retrieved 21 October 2019. The combination of an economic downturn in the import-dependent country with the continuation of its dollar peg saw an increase in the government's budget deficit and reliance on using foreign exchange reserves from the nation's central bank to keep the currency peg.A long-feared currency crisis has begun to bite in Lebanon https://web.archive.org/web/20200803021019/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/10/05/a-long-feared-currency-crisis-has-begun-to-bite-in-lebanon 2020-08-03 . The Economist (5 October 2019). Retrieved 21 October 2019. A subsequent dollar shortage in late 2019 further affected the economy, as import businesses and citizens became unable to acquire dollars at the official rate and a black market emerged.Holtmeier, Lauren (7 October 2019). How Lebanon's dollar shortage sparked an economic crisis https://web.archive.org/web/20200521145723/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/economy/2019/10/07/How-the-Lebanese-pound-peg-began-to-crack-under-pressure-.html 2020-05-21 . Al Arabiya. Retrieved 21 October 2019. Lebanon gas stations to go on strike over dollar 'shortage' https://web.archive.org/web/20191018103329/https://www.france24.com/en/20190926-lebanon-gas-stations-to-go-on-strike-over-dollar-shortage 2019-10-18 . France 24 (26 September 2019). Retrieved 21 October 2019. The coalition government led by Saad Hariri responded with an austerity program of general tax increases and spending reductions, with the aim to reduce the government deficit while maintaining the peg against the U.S. dollar.Lebanon approves 2020 budget with 0.6% deficit – Hariri https://web.archive.org/web/20200811174251/https://www.reuters.com/article/lebanon-protests-hariri/lebanon-approves-2020-budget-with-06-deficit-hariri-idUSL5N2765G8 2020-08-11 . Reuters. Retrieved 21 October 2019.Lebanon banks suck in dollars to maintain peg, but economy stagnates https://web.archive.org/web/20200807031849/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-economy/lebanon-banks-suck-in-dollars-to-maintain-peg-but-economy-stagnates-idUSKBN1L11IR 2020-08-07 . Reuters (16 August 2018). Retrieved 21 October 2019.Lebanon's parliament passes 2019 austerity budget https://web.archive.org/web/20191215081906/https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/lebanon-parliament-passes-2019-austerity-budget-190719202325329.html 2019-12-15 . Al Jazeera (19 July 2019). Retrieved 21 October 2019. The reduction of the national deficit as a condition of a package of US$10.2 billion of loans and US$860 million of grants agreed in 2018 with the World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and Saudi Arabia.Irish, John & Pennetier, Marine (6 April 2018). Lebanon wins pledges exceeding $11 billion in Paris https://web.archive.org/web/20200812144605/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-economy-france/lebanon-wins-pledges-exceeding-11-billion-in-paris-idUSKCN1HD0UU 2020-08-12 . Reuters. Retrieved 21 October 2019. On 1 October, the Central Bank of Lebanon announced an economic strategy that promised to provide dollars to all those companies in the business of importing wheat, gasoline, and pharmaceuticals, so that they could continue their imports. This was considered a short-term solution by economic analysts.https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/10/lebanon-protests-economic-conditions-central-bank-government.html Protesters rise up as Lebanon's leaders grapple with multiple economic crises Kranz Michal 4 October 2019 Al-Monitor en 18 October 2019 2020-05-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20200522195327/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/10/lebanon-protests-economic-conditions-central-bank-government.html live In a cabinet session held on 17 October, the government proposed strategies to increase state revenue for 2020. There were 36 items to be discussed, including the increase of Value Added Tax (VAT) by 2pp by 2021 and an additional 2pp by 2022, making it reach a total of 15%. Additionally, the media reported there were plans of a US$0.20 charge on Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) calls, such as ones made on FaceTime, Facebook and WhatsApp.http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-17/493731-cabinet-meets-as-backlash-grows-over-tax-proposals.ashx Cabinet meets as backlash grows over tax proposals The Daily Star 17 October 2019 18 October 2019 2019-12-25 https://web.archive.org/web/20191225060735/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-17/493731-cabinet-meets-as-backlash-grows-over-tax-proposals.ashx The final session of the budget draft was to be held on 19 October, but was canceled upon the agreement of Prime Minister Saad Hariri and President Michel Aoun.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-economy-idUSKBN1WW20B Lebanon cabinet sets 'final session' on Friday for 2020 draft budget: minister 17 October 2019 Reuters 18 October 2019 en 2019-12-31 https://web.archive.org/web/20191231120424/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-economy-idUSKBN1WW20B live 2019 protests Beginning alt=|thumb|Protests in Antelias on 17 October 2019 On 17 October 2019, approximately 150 civil activists were protesting against the new proposed taxes in and around downtown Beirut, blocking important streets after the first call to protest that was made by Lihaqqi (لِحقّي) .https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/lebanese-protesters-set-barricades-block-main-roads-191028090151931.html Lebanese protesters set up barricades, block main roads 28 October 2019 13 November 2019 live https://web.archive.org/web/20191219202434/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/lebanese-protesters-set-barricades-block-main-roads-191028090151931.html 19 December 2019 As the Minister of Higher Education Akram Chehayeb and his convoy passed by the area, protesters assembled around his car. One of his bodyguards shot stray bullets into the air, which further enraged the protesters, but no injuries were reported.https://en.annahar.com/article/1051479-whatsapp-tax-the-final-straw-as-protests-erupts WhatsApp tax the final straw as massive protests erupt Georgi Azar 17 October 2019 An-Nahar 18 October 2019 2019-10-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20191019002848/https://en.annahar.com/article/1051479-whatsapp-tax-the-final-straw-as-protests-erupts Walid Joumblatt, the leader of the Progressive Socialist Party, stated that he had spoken to minister Chehayeb- in fact, this minister represents the party in the Lebanese government- and so requested the bodyguards be handed over to the police, as all people are "under the law".1184900158817034240 walidjoumblatt انني طلبت من الرفيق اكرم شهيب تسليم الذين اطلقوا النار في الهواء ونحن تحت القانون لكن نطلب تحقيق شفاف ونرفض الاعتداء على ايا كان .pic.twitter.com/LUo2mCghCI 17 October 2019https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/17/middleeast/lebanon-protests-economy-intl/index.html WhatsApp tax sparks night of austerity protests across Lebanon Tamara Qiblawi CNN 18 October 2019 18 October 2019 2019-10-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191018152846/https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/17/middleeast/lebanon-protests-economy-intl/index.html live A large number of protesters began appearing in Martyrs Square, Nejmeh Square, and Hamra Street, as well as many other regions around Lebanon. As the protests grew bigger, Prime Minister Saad Hariri called a snap cabinet meeting at the request of President Michel Aoun for midday on 18 October.https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/live_feed/976877/president_aoun_called_pm_hariri_and_agreed_to_hold_a_cabinet_meeting_tomorrow_at_baabda_palace President Aoun called PM Hariri and agreed to hold a Cabinet meeting tomorrow at Baabda Palace MTV Lebanon en 18 October 2019 2019-10-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191018110826/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/live_feed/976877/president_aoun_called_pm_hariri_and_agreed_to_hold_a_cabinet_meeting_tomorrow_at_baabda_palace live An announcement was also made by Minister of Higher Education Akram Chehayeb that all schools and universities, public or private, would remain closed the next day.https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/live_feed/976960/education_minister_akram_chehayeb_issues_statement_to_close_public_and_private_schools_and_universities_tomorrow_(friday)_because_of_the_current_situation_in_the_country Education Minister Akram Chehayeb issues statement to close public and private schools and universities tomorrow (Friday) because of the current situation in the country MTV Lebanon en 18 October 2019 2019-10-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191018110826/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/live_feed/976960/education_minister_akram_chehayeb_issues_statement_to_close_public_and_private_schools_and_universities_tomorrow_(friday)_because_of_the_current_situation_in_the_country live The Minister of Telecommunications Mohamad Choucair announced that the "WhatsApp tax" idea had been scrapped at around 11:00PM.Lebanon scraps WhatsApp fee amid violent protests https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-economy-calls/lebanon-scraps-whatsapp-fee-amid-violent-protests-idUKKBN1WW1ZA https://web.archive.org/web/20191018024746/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-economy-calls/lebanon-scraps-whatsapp-fee-amid-violent-protests-idUKKBN1WW1ZA dead 18 October 2019 21 October 2019 Reuters 18 October 2019 en Protesters saw the "WhatsApp tax" as the last straw socially, politically and economically, against the entire political class, which was deemed corrupt and in need of immediate ousting. alt=|thumb|Protests in Martyrs' Square, Beirut on 18 October 2019 Protesters in Nabatiyeh and Tripoli, on 18 October, vandalized the offices of the Hezbollah, Amal Movement, and Free Patriotic Movement political parties in an expression of disillusionment and in protest against perceived government corruption.https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1191546/des-manifestants-sen-prennent-aux-domiciles-et-bureaux-de-responsables-amal-et-hezbollah-a-nabatiye.html Des manifestants s'en prennent aux domiciles et bureaux de responsables Amal et Hezbollah à Nabatiyé 18 October 2019 L'Orient-Le Jour fr 18 October 2019 2019-10-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191018135904/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1191546/des-manifestants-sen-prennent-aux-domiciles-et-bureaux-de-responsables-amal-et-hezbollah-a-nabatiye.html livehttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-18/493786-some-protesters-riot-in-central-beirut-hurl-stones-at-riot-police-shatter-shops-windows.ashx Some protesters riot in central Beirut, hurl stones at riot police, shatter shops' windows The Daily Star 18 October 2019 18 October 2019 2019-10-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20191024000844/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-18/493786-some-protesters-riot-in-central-beirut-hurl-stones-at-riot-police-shatter-shops-windows.ashxhttps://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1191553/liban-tentative-de-penetrer-dans-les-bureaux-du-cpl-a-tripoli-la-route-au-akkar-coupee.html Liban: le bureau du CPL à Tripoli saccagé 18 October 2019 L'Orient-Le Jour fr 18 October 2019 2019-10-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191018135903/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1191553/liban-tentative-de-penetrer-dans-les-bureaux-du-cpl-a-tripoli-la-route-au-akkar-coupee.html live Other protesters aimed to enter the Serail, which includes the Lebanese Parliament building, but were stopped by the use of tear gas from the Internal Security Forces.https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-18/493787-police-fire-tear-gas-at-rioting-protesters-near-govt-seat-in-central-beirut.ashx Police fire tear gas at rioting protesters near govt seat in central Beirut The Daily Star 18 October 2019 2019-10-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20191024000827/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-18/493787-police-fire-tear-gas-at-rioting-protesters-near-govt-seat-in-central-beirut.ashx protesters created roadblocks on the major roads of the country, using burning tires and trash cans to stop access.https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1191569/protestations-de-nombreuses-routes-coupees-a-travers-le-liban.html Protestations: de nombreuses routes coupées à travers le Liban 18 October 2019 L'Orient-Le Jour fr 18 October 2019 2019-10-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191018135858/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1191569/protestations-de-nombreuses-routes-coupees-a-travers-le-liban.html livehttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-18/493791-roads-across-lebanon-blocked-following-overnight-protests.ashx Lebanon paralyzed after second day of protests The Daily Star 18 October 2019 18 October 2019 2019-12-20 https://web.archive.org/web/20191220082442/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-18/493791-roads-across-lebanon-blocked-following-overnight-protests.ashx Civil servants announced a strike with immediate effect through League of Public Sector Employees, arguing that the proposed reforms would "undermine the rights of employees and pensioners in particular".https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1191550/liban-greve-generale-vendredi-de-toutes-les-administrations-publiques.html Liban: "grève générale" vendredi de "toutes les administrations publiques" 18 October 2019 L'Orient-Le Jour fr 18 October 2019 2019-10-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191018135902/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1191550/liban-greve-generale-vendredi-de-toutes-les-administrations-publiques.html live A cabinet meeting was due to be held in the afternoon, but ministers of the Lebanese Forces announced that they would not attend.https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-18/493798-lebanese-forces-will-not-participate-in-todays-cabinet-session-minister.ashx Lebanese Forces will not participate in today's Cabinet session: minister The Daily Star 18 October 2019 18 October 2019 2019-10-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20191024000724/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-18/493798-lebanese-forces-will-not-participate-in-todays-cabinet-session-minister.ashx The leader of the Forces, Samir Geagea, called for the resignation of the Prime Minister, due to the "resounding failure to halt the deterioration of the [country's] economic situation".https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1191589/geagea-appelle-hariri-a-demissionner.html Geagea appelle Hariri à démissionner 18 October 2019 L'Orient-Le Jour fr 18 October 2019 2019-10-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191018140428/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1191589/geagea-appelle-hariri-a-demissionner.html live After this announcement, the cabinet meeting was canceled by the Prime Minister.https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-18/493801-lf-ministers-will-not-participate-in-cabinet-session-chidiac.ashx Hariri to address the nation at 6 p.m. The Daily Star 18 October 2019 18 October 2019 2019-10-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20191024000705/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-18/493801-lf-ministers-will-not-participate-in-cabinet-session-chidiac.ashx Leader of the Progressive Socialist Party, Walid Jumblatt, called for a "calm and peaceful" move against President Michel Aoun's mandate, and organized rallies in Aley, Bhamdoun, and Baakline to voice their opinions.https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1191608/joumblatt-appelle-a-un-mouvement-pacifique-contre-le-mandat-aoun.html Joumblatt appelle à un "mouvement pacifique contre le mandat" Aoun 18 October 2019 L'Orient-Le Jour fr 18 October 2019 2019-10-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191018140954/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1191608/joumblatt-appelle-a-un-mouvement-pacifique-contre-le-mandat-aoun.html live Pierre Issa of the National Bloc voiced a similar opinion, calling for a "government of specialists, a government reduced from public safety". However, he criticized the involvement of political parties within the protests and argued it should remain something for the citizens to do.https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1191610/pierre-issa-si-le-cabinet-demissionne-il-faudra-former-un-gouvernement-reduit-de-salut-public.html Pierre Issa à L'OLJ: Si le cabinet démissionne, il faudra former un gouvernement réduit de salut public – Zeina ANTONIOS ANTONIOS Zeina 18 October 2019 L'Orient-Le Jour fr 18 October 2019 2019-10-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191018140953/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1191610/pierre-issa-si-le-cabinet-demissionne-il-faudra-former-un-gouvernement-reduit-de-salut-public.html live In the evening, Prime Minister Saad Hariri addressed the nation, giving his "partners in government" 72 hours to support the reforms. If they did not come to an agreement, he suggested he would take a "different approach".https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/live_feed/977617/hariri_we_can_no_longer_wait_for_our_partners_in_the_government_to_start_working_on_the_solution,_so_either_they_show_in_the_coming_72_hours_that_they_are_serious_about_reforms_or_i_will_take_a_different_approach Hariri: We can no longer wait for our 'partners in the government' to start working on the solution, so either they show in the coming 72 hours that they are serious about reforms or I will take a different approach MTV Lebanon en 18 October 2019 2019-10-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191018162307/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Live_Feed/977617/Hariri_We_can_no_longer_wait_for_our_partners_in_the_government_to_start_working_on_the_solution,_so_either_they_show_in_the_coming_72_hours_that_they_are_serious_about_reforms_or_I_will_take_a_different_approachhttps://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/live_feed/977618/hariri_partners_in_the_government_have_72_hours_to_give_me_their_answer Hariri: 'Partners in the government' have 72 hours to give me their answer MTV Lebanon en 18 October 2019 2019-10-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191018162243/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/live_feed/977618/hariri_partners_in_the_government_have_72_hours_to_give_me_their_answer live He tweeted "72 hours..." right after the delivered speech.1185224921254973441 saadhariri #٧٢ساعة ... 18 October 2019 First week: 19–24 October right|thumb|Protesters in Beirut. Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque, 20 October 2019 Lebanese national Hussein Al-Attar was shot and killed during a protest on 19 October 2019.Yassine Hussein 21 October 2019 The First Lebanese to Tragically Lose His Life Protesting for a Better Lebanon/ https://www.the961.com/people/the-first-lebanese-to-tragically-lose-his-life-protesting-for-a-better-lebanon/ 24 November 2019 THE961 en-EN 2019-12-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20191229102033/https://www.the961.com/people/the-first-lebanese-to-tragically-lose-his-life-protesting-for-a-better-lebanon live Former MP Mosbah al-Ahdab's bodyguards fired on protesters, no one was killed, but four were injured.https://libnanews.com/liban-flash-7-blesses-a-tripoli-suite-a-une-fusillade/ Liban/Flash: 2 morts et 4 blessés à Tripoli suite à une fusillade Libnanews Newsdesk 18 October 2019 Libnanews, Le Média Citoyen du Liban fr-FR 19 October 2019 2019-11-21 https://web.archive.org/web/20191121083810/https://libnanews.com/liban-flash-7-blesses-a-tripoli-suite-a-une-fusillade/ live The General Secretary of Hezbollah, Hassan Nasrallah, addressed the nation in the morning, speaking against the imposed taxes. However, he indicated that Hezbollah was against the government resigning and instead asked citizens to divert blame from Hariri's cabinet to the previous government, which was also to blame for the state of the economy.https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/live_feed/978002/nasrallah_there_are_political_leaders_and_forces_in_lebanon_that_act_above_everyone_else_and_avoid_all_responsibilities_for_the_past_and_the_present_mistakes_and_blame_others Nasrallah: There are political leaders and forces in Lebanon that act above everyone else and avoid all responsibilities for the past and the present mistakes and blame others MTV Lebanon en 19 October 2019 2019-10-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20191019101711/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Live_Feed/978002/Nasrallah_There_are_political_leaders_and_forces_in_Lebanon_that_act_above_everyone_else_and_avoid_all_responsibilities_for_the_past_and_the_present_mistakes_and_blame_others live As the protests carried on throughout the day, there were reports of Amal Movement militants harassing and opening fire on protesters in Tyre.yumnafawaz 1185498183184588800 "غنم، خواريف تابعين ورا احزابكن"صرخة من متظاهرة في صور الى نبيه بري بعد الاعتداءات والتنكيل من قبل شباب حركة امل.#لبنان_ينتفض #الزعران_فلتانةpic.twitter.com/FPZoc8DbOS 19 October 2019 Protests were held around major European cities, as well as in North America and Australia, showing solidarity with the protesters in Lebanon.http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-19/493886-hundreds-across-the-world-protest-in-solidarity-with-lebanon.ashx Hundreds across the world protest in solidarity with Lebanon The Daily Star 19 October 2019 19 October 2019 2019-10-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20191029131027/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-19/493886-hundreds-across-the-world-protest-in-solidarity-with-lebanon.ashx Due to the mounting pressure from protesters, the Lebanese Forces announced their resignation from the cabinet. Samir Geagea, their leader, had previously blamed his opponents for "obstructing the necessary reforms," but since declared his "lack of confidence in the current cabinet." His party held four seats within the government: Minister of Labor Camille Abou Sleiman, Minister of Administrative Development May Chidiac, Deputy Prime Minister Ghassan Hasbani, and Minister of Social Affairs Richard Kouyumjian.https://en.annahar.com/article/1052943-lebanese-forces-resign-from-cabinet Lebanese Forces resign from Cabinet Georgi Azar 20 October 2019 An-Nahar 19 October 2019 2019-11-30 https://web.archive.org/web/20191130155815/https://en.annahar.com/article/1052943-lebanese-forces-resign-from-cabinet thumb|Protesters in Riad el Solh square, Beirut. 22 October 2019. On 20 October, hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in locations throughout the country, making it the largest demonstrations since 2005.Lebanon's leaders move to quell huge protests https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-50118300 21 October 2019 BBC News 21 October 2019 2019-10-21 https://web.archive.org/web/20191021052231/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-50118300 live Gunfire was heard outside the Tripoli office of Firas Al-Ali, an associate of Hariri. None were injured with the clash, and security forces were quick to act.Clash and gunfire in Tripoli, but no casualties https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/978942/Clash_and_gunfire_in_Tripoli,_but_no_casualties 26 October 2019 MTV Lebanon 20 October 2019 en 2019-10-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20191026131825/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/978942/Clash_and_gunfire_in_Tripoli,_but_no_casualties live At 6:00 pm, protesters across the country united to sing the national anthem together.Lebanese national anthem unites demonstrations at 6:00PM https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/978814/Lebanese_national_anthem_unites_demonstrations_at_6_pm 26 October 2019 MTV Lebanon 20 October 2019 en 2019-10-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20191026131822/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/978814/Lebanese_national_anthem_unites_demonstrations_at_6_pm live left|thumb|310x310px|Video of protesters in Tyre cheering a female activist singer on 22 October 2019 On 21 October, a general strike was called across the country demanding an end to the country's economic problems. Some protesters began clearing away demonstration debris in Beirut after a social media call to keep the streets tidy and clear.Lebanon protests: All the latest updates https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/lebanon-protests-latest-updates-191021080734203.html 21 October 2019 aljazeera.com 21 October 2019 2019-10-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20191022100413/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/lebanon-protests-latest-updates-191021080734203.html live In the afternoon, an emergency cabinet meeting was held. After the meeting, Prime Minister Hariri held a press conference in which he announced various economic reforms including halving the salaries of legislators and members of parliament, reducing the deficit by about US$3.4 billion in 2020 with the help of the Lebanese central bank and the banking sector, distributing financial aid to families living in poverty and giving US$160 million in housing loans. These proposals were unsuccessful at quelling protests. At night, several motorcyclists hoisting Hezbollah and Amal Movement were recorded heading towards the protests in central Beirut but were intercepted by the Lebanese Army. Soon thereafter, Hezbollah and the Amal Movement denied any involvement with the motorcyclists.https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-21/494023-army-foiled-attempted-infiltration-of-beirut-protest-source.ashx Army foiled attempted infiltration of Beirut protest: source The Daily Star 21 October 2019 2019-10-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20191022211020/https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-21/494023-army-foiled-attempted-infiltration-of-beirut-protest-source.ashx Hariri met on 22 October with ambassadors from the United States, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, and the European Union, along with representatives from China, the United Nations, and the Arab League. Hariri discussed planned reforms and stressed the importance of peaceful expression from the protesters. The representatives, who form the International Support Group for Lebanon, expressed support for economic reforms and protection of protesters, but urged the leaders of Lebanon to engage in open dialogue with the country's citizens.ISG visits Hariri: Support for the reform objectives endorsed by the Cabinet https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/979989/ISG_visits_Hariri_Support_for_the_reform_objectives_endorsed_by_the_Cabinet 26 October 2019 MTV Lebanon 22 October 2019 en 2019-10-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20191026130921/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/local/979989/isg_visits_hariri_support_for_the_reform_objectives_endorsed_by_the_cabinet live right GrandSerial 23Oct2019.jpg 320 Protesters in front of the Grand Serial, Beirut, carrying a sign that reads "No to Sectarian Rule". 23 October 2019. Beirut protests october 2019 2.jpg Protesters in Zouk Mosbeh, 23 October 2019 On 23 October, Hariri held a meeting with the ministerial committee in charge of financial and economic reforms, discussing a draft law on the recovery of public money and requesting suggestions on it from the Supreme Judicial Council within ten days.Hariri chairs meeting on looted public money recovery law https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/980557/Hariri_chairs_meeting_on_looted_public_money_recovery_law 26 October 2019 MTV Lebanon 23 October 2019 en 2019-10-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20191026125950/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/local/980557/hariri_chairs_meeting_on_looted_public_money_recovery_law live In the evening, Hariri also held a meeting with members of the Progressive Socialist Party to discuss the latest developments in the country.Hariri receives PSP delegation https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/980579/Hariri_receives_PSP_delegation 26 October 2019 MTV Lebanon 23 October 2019 en 2019-10-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20191026125945/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/980579/Hariri_receives_PSP_delegation live Sheikh Akl of the Lebanese Druze community called for government dialogue to safeguard the rights of liberty, security and stability.Sheikh Akl calls for preserving people's rights https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/980576/Sheikh_Akl_calls_for_preserving_peoples_rights 26 October 2019 MTV Lebanon 23 October 2019 en 2019-10-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20191026125944/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/local/980576/sheikh_akl_calls_for_preserving_peoples_rights live President Michel Aoun addressed the population on 24 October, stating his willingness to hold a dialogue with the protesters and find the best solution forward. He supported Hariri's reforms but did confirm a need to "review the current government" within the "state institutions", and not through protesting.'I am waiting for you': Lebanon's Aoun invites protesters to talk https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/waiting-lebanon-aoun-invites-protesters-talk-191024112324367.html 25 October 2019 aljazeera.com 24 October 2019 2019-10-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20191024115835/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/waiting-lebanon-aoun-invites-protesters-talk-191024112324367.html live Hariri supported this review through Lebanon's "constitutional mechanisms", but the protesters rejected any calls for dialogue until the government has resigned.Lebanese protesters reject president's appeal for talks https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/lebanese-protesters-reject-president-appeal-talks-191024193706720.html aljazeera.com 25 October 2019 2019-10-26 2019-10-25 https://web.archive.org/web/20191026070834/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/lebanese-protesters-reject-president-appeal-talks-191024193706720.html live Second week: 25–31 October thumb|Lebanese director Nadine Labaki during her participation in the protests, 28 April 2019. Despite calls for dialogue from President Aoun, protests and road blocks continued on 25 October 2019. Small scuffles broke out in central Beirut between protesters and Hezbollah supporters. One protester was injured.Lebanon protesters reject concessions, block key roads https://www.france24.com/en/20191025-lebanon-protesters-reject-concessions-block-key-roads 25 October 2019 France 24 25 October 2019 en 2019-10-25 https://web.archive.org/web/20191025115002/https://www.france24.com/en/20191025-lebanon-protesters-reject-concessions-block-key-roads live A report by Standard & Poor's downgraded its credit assessment of Lebanon to "CreditWatch negative" due to the government's low creditworthiness and economic pressures relating to the reforms. The country's banks remained closed.Hezbollah to speak on Lebanon crisis as economic warning issued https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/hezbollah-speak-lebanon-crisis-economic-warning-issued-191025091338462.html 25 October 2019 aljazeera.com 25 October 2019 2019-10-25 https://web.archive.org/web/20191025185343/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/hezbollah-speak-lebanon-crisis-economic-warning-issued-191025091338462.html live Roads closed as pressure builds on govt in 9th day of uprising https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-25/494299-roads-closed-as-pressure-builds-on-govt-in-9th-day-of-uprising.ashx The Daily Star 25 October 2019 25 October 2019 2019-10-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20191026094106/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-25/494299-roads-closed-as-pressure-builds-on-govt-in-9th-day-of-uprising.ashx Hezbollah supporters again clashed with protesters in downtown Beirut, chanting in support of Hezbollah's General Secretary, Hassan Nasrallah.https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-25/494317-riot-police-scuffle-with-hezbollah-supporters.ashx Hezbollah supporters clash with riot police, protesters The Daily Star 25 October 2019 25 October 2019 2019-10-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20191026091456/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-25/494317-riot-police-scuffle-with-hezbollah-supporters.ashx Nasrallah held a speech in the evening, calling his supporters to leave the streets.Nasrallah to talk domestic developments https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-25/494307-nasrallah-to-talk-domestic-developments.ashx The Daily Star 25 October 2019 25 October 2019 2019-10-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20191026091419/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-25/494307-nasrallah-to-talk-domestic-developments.ashxhttps://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-25/494319-hezbollah-calls-on-supporters-to-withdraw-from-protests-listen-to-nasrallahs-speech.ashx Hezbollah calls on supporters to withdraw from protests, listen to Nasrallah's speech The Daily Star 25 October 2019 25 October 2019 2019-10-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20191026091511/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-25/494319-hezbollah-calls-on-supporters-to-withdraw-from-protests-listen-to-nasrallahs-speech.ashx Within this speech, he praised the protesters for achieving economic reforms, but suggested that they were being exploited by local and foreign agents to start a civil war within the country.Cheeseman Abbie Hizbollah leader warns of civil war after days of Lebanon protests https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/25/hezbollah-leader-warns-civil-war-weeks-lebanon-protests/ 25 October 2019 The Telegraph 25 October 2019 2019-10-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20191026044812/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/25/hezbollah-leader-warns-civil-war-weeks-lebanon-protests/ live Nasrallah also strongly suggested that the protests are part of an Israeli and American plot. Saad Hariri, the prime minister of Lebanon, steps down https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/10/29/saad-hariri-the-prime-minister-of-lebanon-steps-down The Economist 29 October 2019 2019-10-29 2019-10-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20191029223648/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/10/29/saad-hariri-the-prime-minister-of-lebanon-steps-down live A security meeting was held on 26 October in Yarzeh to discuss how the safety and free movement of protesters could be ensured.Meeting at Army Command to discuss current situation https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/981850/Meeting_at_Army_Command_to_discuss_current_situation 26 October 2019 MTV Lebanon 26 October 2019 en 2019-10-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20191026130129/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/local/981850/meeting_at_army_command_to_discuss_current_situation live Lebanese Forces leader Samir Geagea once more criticized the lack of response from the government towards the protesters' concerns.Geagea criticizes neglect of people's demands https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/981854/Geagea_criticizes_neglect_of_peoples_demands 26 October 2019 MTV Lebanon 26 October 2019 en 2019-10-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20191026124614/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/local/981854/geagea_criticizes_neglect_of_peoples_demands live Meanwhile, thousands of Lebanese gathered in over thirty cities around the world on 26 and 27 October including Sydney, Paris, Houston and London in a show of supportNovember 2019. thumb|220x220px|Human Chain in Martyrs' Square, Beirut on 27 October 2019 thumb|220x220px|Tents in Martyrs' Square, Beirut on 27 October 2019 Tens of thousands of individuals took part in a "human chain" which was held on 27 October at the coastlines from the Northern city of Tripoli to the southern city of Tyre – encompassing 171 km mi 0 on – organized with the intention to show the unity of the Lebanese people.Protesters Just Formed a Human Chain Across Lebanon https://www.the961.com/news/united-human-chain-forms-across-lebanon-on-11th-day-of-protest 27 October 2019 The961 27 October 2019 en 2019-10-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20191028052538/https://www.the961.com/news/united-human-chain-forms-across-lebanon-on-11th-day-of-protest https://www.mtv.com.lb/news/%D9%85%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%80%D9%80%D9%8A%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7%D8%AA/982210/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B5 سلسلة من المحتجين امتدت من صور باتجاه البص MTV Lebanon ar 29 October 2019 2019-12-16 https://web.archive.org/web/20191216212451/https://www.mtv.com.lb/News/%D9%85%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%80%D9%80%D9%8A%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7%D8%AA/982210/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B5 livehttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/lebanon-protesters-form-human-chain-country-191027113442407.html Lebanon protesters form human chain across the country aljazeera.com 29 October 2019 2019-10-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20191028090155/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/lebanon-protesters-form-human-chain-country-191027113442407.html live The Maronite Patriarch Bechara Boutros al-Rahi during a Sunday sermon in Bkerké considered that the people are living their positive and reformist revolution.https://www.mtv.com.lb/news/%D9%85%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%80%D9%80%D9%8A%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7%D8%AA/982093/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8F%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1 الراعي: لا تنظروا الى المُتظاهرين بفوقيّة واستكبار MTV Lebanon ar 29 October 2019 2019-12-16 https://web.archive.org/web/20191216212446/https://www.mtv.com.lb/News/%D9%85%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%80%D9%80%D9%8A%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7%D8%AA/982093/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8F%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1 live Pope Francis addressed the Lebanese people expressing their struggle in the face of challenges and social, moral and economic problems of the country, expressing that he is praying that Lebanon can continue to be a place of peaceful coexistence, and urging the Lebanese government to listen to the concerns of the people.Pope Francis Addressed the Lebanese Revolutionaries in a Message of Support https://www.the961.com/news/pope-francis-addressed-the-lebanese-revolutionaries-in-a-message-of-support 27 October 2019 The961 27 October 2019 en 2019-10-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20191028052532/https://www.the961.com/news/pope-francis-addressed-the-lebanese-revolutionaries-in-a-message-of-support Black-clad Hezbollah and Amal Movement supporters attacked protesters in Beirut on 29 October, tearing down and setting fire to the tents set up by the protesters, throwing plastic chairs, and beating anti-government protesters.https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/amal-and-hezbollah-supporters-overrun-beirut-protesters-1.930249 Amal and Hezbollah supporters overrun Beirut protesters The National en 29 October 2019 2019-10-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20191029140307/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/amal-and-hezbollah-supporters-overrun-beirut-protesters-1.930249 live Many among the angry mob chanted: "God, Nasrallah, and the whole Dahyeh," in reference to the southern suburb that is a stronghold of the Iranian-backed militant group. They also chanted, "Shia, Shia", as a reverential reference to the country's Shiite Muslim sect. The Hezbollah and Amal Movement supporters also attacked TV crew members and destroyed live broadcasting equipment for the MTV (Lebanon) and Al Jadeed television channels, claiming that they were upset at the roadblocks and insults to their leader.https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_hezbollah-supporters-break-lebanon-protest-camp/6178449.html Hezbollah Supporters Break Up Lebanon Protest Camp Voice of America 29 October 2019 en 29 October 2019 2019-10-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20191029190419/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/hezbollah-supporters-break-lebanon-protest-camp live Public squares across Beirut filled with protesters shortly after.https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/lebanese-prime-minister-saad-hariri-announces-he-will-resign-after-nearly-two-weeks-of-protests/2019/10/29/bd9e7cf2-fa49-11e9-8906-ab6b60de9124_story.html Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri announces he will resign after nearly two weeks of protests Dadouch Sarah Khattab Asser 29 October 2019 Washington Post en 29 October 2019 2019-10-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20191029210150/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/lebanese-prime-minister-saad-hariri-announces-he-will-resign-after-nearly-two-weeks-of-protests/2019/10/29/bd9e7cf2-fa49-11e9-8906-ab6b60de9124_story.html live Prime Minister Saad Hariri announced his resignation in a televised address on the afternoon of 29 October. Several hours after the resignation of the Prime Minister, celebrations swept the nation with demonstrators cautiously welcoming the resignation celebrated through fireworks, songs, and releasing flagged colored balloons.Vivian Yee 29 October 2019 Lebanon's Prime Minister, Saad Hariri, Steps Down in Face of Protests https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/29/world/middleeast/saad-hariri-stepping-down-lebanon.html?smid=tw-nytimes&smtyp=cur The New York Times 29 October 2019 2019-12-17 https://web.archive.org/web/20191217203149/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/29/world/middleeast/saad-hariri-stepping-down-lebanon.html?smid=tw-nytimes&smtyp=cur live On 30 October, tear gas was fired at protesters in the northern district of Akkar by the Lebanese Army trying to reopen the roads. Protesters also blocked roads in the southern city of Sidon and Bekaa Valley. In Central Beirut, dozens of protesters blocked the "Ring Bridge" while a big crowd returned to Tripoli's al-Nour Square to protest. The Lebanese Army intervened in many regions to prevent escalation.Number of roads across Lebanon blocked again https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-30/494651-number-of-roads-across-lebanon-blocked-again-teargas-fired-at-protesters-in-some-areas.ashx The Daily Star 30 October 2019 2019-10-30 https://web.archive.org/web/20191030214733/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-30/494651-number-of-roads-across-lebanon-blocked-again-teargas-fired-at-protesters-in-some-areas.ashx Lebanese Army Intervenes to Reopen Roads http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-30/494599-uprising-day-14-lebanese-army-opens-roads.ashx The Daily Star 30 October 2019 2019-10-30 https://web.archive.org/web/20191030214805/https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-30/494599-uprising-day-14-lebanese-army-opens-roads.ashx Later that evening a statement released from the Presidential Office said that Lebanese President Michel Aoun will address the nation the next day.President Aoun to address the nation on Thursday https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-30/494625-aoun-to-address-the-nation-on-thursday.ashx The Daily Star 30 October 2019 2019-10-31 https://web.archive.org/web/20191031195421/https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-30/494625-aoun-to-address-the-nation-on-thursday.ashx President Aoun delivered a speech on 31 OctoberPresident Michel Aoun addressed the nation Thursday evening https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-01/494760-presidents-speech-marks-third-anniversary-in-office.ashx The Daily Star 31 October 2019 2019-11-01 https://web.archive.org/web/20191101075856/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-01/494760-presidents-speech-marks-third-anniversary-in-office.ashx in which he spoke about Lebanon's economic and financial crisis. He also spoke about his commitment to fighting corruption, ensuring political stability, eliminating terrorists, and the return of Syrian refugees within the country. He also promised the new government will be made up of specialists instead of political loyalists.Everything You Need to Know About President Aoun's Speech https://www.the961.com/news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-president-aouns-speech 31 October 2019 The961 2019-11-01 https://web.archive.org/web/20191101124359/https://www.the961.com/news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-president-aouns-speech Protesters took to the streets and blocked roads across the country almost immediately after President Aoun's address to the nation, demanding early parliamentary elections and the formation of a technocratic government. Demonstrators shut off roads in cities nationwide – including Sidon, Bekaa, and Khaldeh – with burning tires or by the sheer volume of protesters. In Tripoli, thousands of protesters started to gather at Al-Nour Square while in Beirut, protesters blocked the George Haddad highway which connects the waterfront road to the "Ring Bridge". The Lebanese Army and riot police were deployed across the country in an effort to reopen the roads.Protesters take to streets after the President speech https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-31/494685-security-forces-open-highway-north-of-beirut-other-roads-remain-blocked.ashx The Daily Star 31 October 2019 2019-10-31 https://web.archive.org/web/20191031211814/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-31/494685-security-forces-open-highway-north-of-beirut-other-roads-remain-blocked.ashx Security forces struggle to keep roads open https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-31/494673-security-forces-struggle-to-keep-roads-open.ashx The Daily Star 31 October 2019 2019-10-31 https://web.archive.org/web/20191031191116/https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-31/494673-security-forces-struggle-to-keep-roads-open.ashx Third week: 1–7 November Lebanon's banks reopened on 1 November 2019, after two weeks of closure, the longest bank closure in the nation's history.Lebanon's banks reopen after two-week closure amid protests https://www.france24.com/en/20191101-lebanon-s-banks-reopen-after-two-weeks-of-protests 11 November 2019 France 24 2019-11-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021449/https://www.france24.com/en/20191101-lebanon-s-banks-reopen-after-two-weeks-of-protests live "Unofficial" capital controls were imposed by individual banks to prevent a bank run, with personal withdrawals being limited to US$3,000 per week or per month depending on individual banks. Corporate banking activity was similarly heavily restricted, and international bank transfers from Lebanon were halted almost completely, subject to manual per-transfer approval.December 2021 Hezbollah's Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah offered a public speech in which he stated that Hezbollah feared a government overthrow, due to the consequent "vacuum" Lebanon would experience.Nasrallah Urges Fast Formation of 'Sovereign Govt.', Says 'Strife, Political Coup' Foiled http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/266053-nasrallah-urges-fast-formation-of-sovereign-govt-says-strife-political-coup-foiled 1 November 2019 22 November 2019 Naharnet 2019-12-03 https://web.archive.org/web/20191203194651/http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/266053-nasrallah-urges-fast-formation-of-sovereign-govt-says-strife-political-coup-foiled live Nasrallah's then-latest speech was perceived to be unclear on whether Hezbollah supported or opposed the nationwide revolutionary movement. Nasrallah again shed doubt on the motivations of the protesters during his speech, implying that they were being manipulated by foreign influences.https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/04/lebanon-shiite-hezbollah-resistance-establishment-protest/ Hezbollah's Old Tricks Won't Work in Lebanon Kranz Michal Foreign Policy en-US 4 November 2019 2019-11-05 https://web.archive.org/web/20191105140939/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/04/lebanon-shiite-hezbollah-resistance-establishment-protest/ live As Lebanese schools universities remained closed during the protests, public teach-ins and debates, organized by secular political groups and advocacy organizations (Beirut Madinati, Libaladi, Lihaqqi and others) were offered in Beirut.1190312466019807233 habib_b Teach-ins and public debates happening now across the protest space in downtown 1 November 2019 thumb|Protest in Tripoli, Lebanon, a city that was recognized as being a central source of energy for the protest movement.In Lebanon's sweeping protests, hard-hit Tripoli sets the tempo https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-protests-tripoli/in-lebanons-sweeping-protests-hard-hit-tripoli-sets-the-tempo-idUSKBN1XE13J 11 November 2019 Reuters 2019-11-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20191111191434/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-protests-tripoli/in-lebanons-sweeping-protests-hard-hit-tripoli-sets-the-tempo-idUSKBN1XE13J live 2 November 2019. On 3 November, thousands of Lebanese Free Patriotic Movement supporters attended a protest in support of President Michel Aoun, the founder of the party. During the protest, FPM leader Gebran Bassil made a personal statement for the first time in over 13 days.FPM supporters gather in support of President https://en.annahar.com/article/1061298-fpm-supporters-gather-in-support-of-president 3 November 2019 22 November 2019 An-Nahar 2020-03-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20200319155336/https://en.annahar.com/article/1061298-fpm-supporters-gather-in-support-of-president Bassil claimed "We should block roads for MPs who refuse corruption-combating laws, politicians who escape accountability and judges who do not implement the law." He also demanded lifting banking secrecy on political officials' accounts and insisting accountability, as well as a return of misused or stolen public funds.https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/economy/story/Aoun_strategy_risks_delaying_government_formation-SNG_158532276 Aoun strategy risks delaying government formation zawya.com en 4 November 2019 2019-11-04 https://web.archive.org/web/20191104231056/https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/economy/story/Aoun_strategy_risks_delaying_government_formation-SNG_158532276/ live In the afternoon, tens of thousands of anti-government protesters flooded the streets across Lebanon in a "Sunday of unity".'Sunday of Unity' rejuvenates protests https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-04/494939-sunday-of-unity-rejuvenates-protests.ashx 3 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-11-05 https://web.archive.org/web/20191105162504/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-04/494939-sunday-of-unity-rejuvenates-protests.ashx Protesters gathered for the third consecutive Sunday since mass anti-government demonstrations began on 17 October, filling the streets and central squares of major cities including Beirut, Tripoli and Tyre. Dozens of main roads were closed by burning tires, mounts of sand, and by the sheer amount of protesters, despite an ongoing threat of violence from political-party opposition. Acts of violence from party rivals consisted around Lebanon, such as the attacks on protesters in Beirut blocking public roads.Tens of thousands march in Lebanon's Sunday of Unity http://yalibnan.com/2019/11/04/tens-of-thousands-march-in-lebanons-sunday-of-unity/ 3 November 2019 Ya Libnan 2019-11-05 https://web.archive.org/web/20191105154709/http://yalibnan.com/2019/11/04/tens-of-thousands-march-in-lebanons-sunday-of-unity/ live Lebanese Keep Protest Alive http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/266071-lebanese-keep-protest-alive-in-northern-city-of-tripoli 3 November 2019 Naharnet 2019-11-05 https://web.archive.org/web/20191105020704/http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/266071-lebanese-keep-protest-alive-in-northern-city-of-tripoli live These attacks were presumed to be affiliated with Hezbollah.https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/hezbollah-supporters-attack-beirut-protest-site-1.8054380 Hezbollah Supporters Attack Beirut Protest Site 29 October 2019 Haaretz 4 November 2019 en 2019-11-06 https://web.archive.org/web/20191106112117/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/hezbollah-supporters-attack-beirut-protest-site-1.8054380 dead A candlelight vigil was held on 4 November in Baalbek in memorial of those who have perished in the Lebanese protest,1191408219270332416 akhbaralsaha مسيرة شموع طالت سوق #بعلبك عن روح الشهداء في الثورة اللبنانية #كلن_يعني_كلن #اخبار_الساحة #لبنان_ينتفض #لبنانpic.twitter.com/lrSaPuuztH 4 November 2019 while physical tensions from road blocking persisted in Beirut.Lebanon's Anti-Government Protesters Call for General Strike https://clicklancashire.com/2019/11/04/lebanon-s-anti-government-protesters-call-for-general-strike.html 4 November 2019 22 November 2019 Click Lancashire 2019-12-31 usurped https://web.archive.org/web/20191231155056/https://clicklancashire.com/2019/11/04/lebanon-s-anti-government-protesters-call-for-general-strike.html On 5 November, some students of American University of Science and Technology in Beirut showed attendance in protest and were met with harsh engagement from soldiers of the Lebanese Armed Forces. General Directorate of General Security officers were recorded verbally threatening students that were recording the protests.Beirutiyat 1191666721175851008 الجيش اللبناني والامن العام يحاول فتح جامعة AUST بالقوة ويواجه الطلاب السلميين #لبنان_ينتفضpic.twitter.com/4WFxE35VZB 5 November 2019 Protesters in Nabatieh, shut down companies such as OGERO, Liban Post, Banque du Liban and several banksMarch 2020 despite state-exerted political pressure towards the protesters in this region.https://www.the961.com/news/nabatieh-under-constant-duress-and-the-protection-of-the-lebanese-army Nabatieh Under Constant Duress and the Protection of the Lebanese Army the961.com 26 October 2019 en-us 5 November 2019 2019-11-05 https://web.archive.org/web/20191105183729/https://www.the961.com/news/nabatieh-under-constant-duress-and-the-protection-of-the-lebanese-army Protesters were present outside electrical company buildings, frustrated with decades of inconsistent power and common outages.https://www.france24.com/en/20191105-electricity-water-cuts-power-lebanon-s-protest-movement Electricity, water cuts power Lebanon's protest movement France 24 en-us 11 November 2019 5 November 2019 2019-11-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20191111185841/https://www.france24.com/en/20191105-electricity-water-cuts-power-lebanon-s-protest-movement live Thousands of students across Lebanon protested on 6 November in front of universities and schools refusing to attend classes until their demands are met.Thousands of students protest on 21st day of uprising https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-06/495088-thousands-of-sidon-students-protest-on-21st-day-of-uprising.ashx 6 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-11-06 https://web.archive.org/web/20191106210931/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-06/495088-thousands-of-sidon-students-protest-on-21st-day-of-uprising.ashx Several student-led movements have been organized since the start of the protests, in demand of a financial student contract, the reversal of the decision to charge tuition fees to the dollar currency in some universities, independent student councils in each university, and a well-funded Lebanese University. On the national scale, they have been asking for social, political, and economic reform, in hopes of finding respectable job prospects after graduation without nepotism or sect bias. Pension and retirement plans are also being demanded, as well as proper health care coverage.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/lebanon-students-skip-school-protesters-eye-state-institutions-191106131406319.html Lebanon students skip school as protesters eye state institutions Al Jazeera en-us 11 November 2019 2019-11-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20191111024308/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/lebanon-students-skip-school-protesters-eye-state-institutions-191106131406319.html live In the afternoon, protesters began to gradually grow across Lebanon and started protesting by the thousands in front of key governmental and private institutions and forced some of them to close their doors.Lebanon protesters seek to shut down key state institutions https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/lebanon-protesters-seek-shut-state-institutions-191106071921890.html 6 November 2019 Al Jazeera 2019-11-06 https://web.archive.org/web/20191106151602/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/lebanon-protesters-seek-shut-state-institutions-191106071921890.html live Fourth week: 8–14 November It was reported on 9 November 2019 that the dollar-rationing policies implemented by Lebanese banks were at risk of causing major shortages and price hikes in gasoline, petrol, food, and other vital supplies. Suleiman Haroun, the head of the Lebanese Syndicate of Hospitals, said that medical stocks in the country "will not last more than a month" unless a solution is found.Fuel shortage, price hikes squeeze protest-hit Lebanon https://www.france24.com/en/20191109-fuel-shortage-price-hikes-squeeze-protest-hit-lebanon 11 November 2019 France 24 2019-11-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20191111082955/https://www.france24.com/en/20191109-fuel-shortage-price-hikes-squeeze-protest-hit-lebanon live During the weekend, news spread of a planned parliamentary legislative session on 12 November that would include a proposed general amnesty law, which could grant current and past members protection against prosecution for crimes such as corruption and misuse of public funds. In response, protesters called for a general strike to be held on the same day, and published a list of demands which included bolstering guarantees for a speedy trial, working towards a solution for the economic crisis, guaranteeing the independence of the judiciary, and investigating the misuse of public funds.Protesters to Oppose Tuesday's Parliamentary Session with a Widespread Strike https://www.the961.com/news/protesters-to-oppose-tuesdays-parliamentary-session-with-a-widespread-strike 11 November 2019 The961 2019-11-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20191111055530/https://www.the961.com/news/protesters-to-oppose-tuesdays-parliamentary-session-with-a-widespread-strikePoliticians eye amnesty to quell street pressure http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-07/495135-politicians-eye-amnesty-to-quell-street-pressure.ashx 11 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-11-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20191112102244/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-07/495135-politicians-eye-amnesty-to-quell-street-pressure.ashx thumb|left|Flare shines light in group of protesters. Beirut, 10 November 2019 On 11 November, the Lebanese Federation of Syndicates of Bank Employees called for a general strike for its 11,000 members over "concerns for safety". This strike is unprecedented in the country's history and its impact is unclear. No end date was specified for the strike, and a general closure of all Lebanese banks may very well be the result.Lebanese bank employee union calls strike over safety concerns https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-protests-banks/lebanese-bank-employee-union-calls-strike-over-safety-concerns-idUSKBN1XL19U 11 November 2019 Reuters 2019-11-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20191111141229/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-protests-banks/lebanese-bank-employee-union-calls-strike-over-safety-concerns-idUSKBN1XL19U live Riad Salameh, the governor of Lebanon's central bank (Banque du Liban) gave a press conference in which he denied the possibility of capital control on the Lebanese economy, assured that a "haircut" on large accounts is not a possibility, and repeated that the central bank's priority remains on economic stability and confidence in the Lebanese pound. When asked about the strike by the bank staff union announced earlier in the day, Salameh claimed to have not yet heard of it.Lebanon central bank says bank deposits are safe, banks to review curbs https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-protests-salameh/lebanons-central-bank-says-deposits-secure-will-preserve-stable-pound-idUSKBN1XL1DN 11 November 2019 Reuters 2019-11-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20191111141231/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-protests-salameh/lebanons-central-bank-says-deposits-secure-will-preserve-stable-pound-idUSKBN1XL1DN live A few minutes after Salameh's press conference, Speaker of Parliament Nabih Berri appeared on live television to announce that the following day's parliamentary session had been delayed until 19 November 2019, possibly as a response to protests called for during the weekend against the proposed general amnesty bill that was due to be discussed. Berri claimed the postponement was for "security reasons".Tuesday's legislative session postponed for security reasons https://en.annahar.com/article/1066188-tuesdays-legislative-session-postponed-for-security-reasons 11 November 2019 An-Nahar 2019-11-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20191111141230/https://en.annahar.com/article/1066188-tuesdays-legislative-session-postponed-for-security-reasons In the afternoon, Hezbollah Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah gave a speech in which he made strong overtures towards a corruption investigation to be led by Lebanon's judiciary, offering for Hezbollah to collaborate fully with any such investigation and calling for a "strong, independent judiciary" to equally investigate all Lebanese parties without reservation.Nasrallah says Hezbollah is ready to cooperate with the judiciary on any corruption case involving its members http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-11/495351-nasrallah-says-hezbollah-is-ready-to-cooperate-with-the-judiciary-on-any-corruption-case-involving.ashx 11 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-11-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20191112153207/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-11/495351-nasrallah-says-hezbollah-is-ready-to-cooperate-with-the-judiciary-on-any-corruption-case-involving.ashx Nasrallah also called for banking secrecy and any prior amnesty for public representatives to be lifted, "dating back to 1992". On 12 November, speaker of Parliament Nabih Berri was reported to have sent resigned Prime Minister Saad Hariri a pot of Leben, a traditional Lebanese dairy product, along with a note that promised "eternal enmity" if Hariri refused to form a new government. Hariri thanked Berri for the Leben but excused himself as having ceased eating all kinds of milks and cheeses due to lactose intolerance, concluding that "indeed, the state of the country itself requires a new political diet or "regime", so to speak". The unusual exchange was covered in Lebanese media.الحريري يعلّق على كلام برّي في "النهار": "متوقّف عن تناول الألبان والأجبان" https://www.annahar.com/article/1066728-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86 12 November 2019 An-Nahar 2019-11-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20191112105018/https://www.annahar.com/article/1066728-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86 President Michel Aoun gave a live interview at 8:30 pm, during which he rejected calls for a fully technocratic government, warned against a run on the bank further damaging the economic sector, and called for an immediate end to the protests to prevent a "catastrophe". Aoun accused protesters of "stabbing the nation with a dagger" and accused protesters that blocked roads of "violating international law". Aoun also stated that "anyone who cannot find faith in the current Lebanese government can leave Lebanon and live somewhere else".12 November 2019 Lebanese President Aoun gives live interview amid crisis Lebanon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wE3Hpukid2U News Alert 2019-11-22 2020-03-05 https://web.archive.org/web/20200305201027/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wE3Hpukid2U live Aoun's interview proved exceedingly unpopular with the protest movement, which began blocking an unprecedented number of arterial roads in Beirut and across Lebanon before the interview was even concluded including Qob Elias,tmclebanon 1194336163365937155 12 November 2019 قطع الطريق محلة مفرق #قب_الياس بالاطارات المشتعلة "Ring Bridge",tmclebanon 1194338303945904128 12 November 2019 قطع الطريق على تقاطع #برج_الغزال باتجاه #جسر_الرينغ Dahr el Baidar,tmclebanon 1194339035717808128 12 November 2019 قطع الطريق #ضهر_البيدر محلة #جديتا العالي Jiyyeh,tmclebanon 1194344105809268737 12 November 2019 قطع اوتوستراد #الجية بالاتجاهين محلة مفرق #برجا Nahr el Kalb,tmclebanon 1194347573710077955 12 November 2019 قطع الطريق على اوتوستراد #نهر_الكلب باتجاه #جونية Neemeh,tmclebanon 1194349561755656193 12 November 2019 قطع السير على اوتوستراد #الناعمة بالاتجاهين Beddawi,tmclebanon 1194352199255678976 12 November 2019 قطع اوتوستراد #البداوي و #الملولة بالاتجاهين Abdeh, Mahmara, Braqil,tmclebanon 1194352651959521281 12 November 2019 قطع الطريق محلة ساحة #العبدة ، #المحمرة ، مفرق #البيادر وطريق عام #برقايل #العبده محلة برج العرب Madina Riyadiyya,tmclebanon 1194352940674367489 12 November 2019 قطع الطريق على تقاطع #المدينة_الرياضية Verdun,tmclebanon 1194353267297390592 12 November 2019 قطع الطريق محلة شارع #فردان Jal el Dib,tmclebanon 1194354020359528449 12 November 2019 قطع اوتوستراد #جل_الديب بالاتجاهين Hasbaya,tmclebanon 1194355028598890496 12 November 2019 قطع طريق عام #حاصبيا محلة #سوق_الخان the Palma highway,tmclebanon 1194355584033787905 12 November 2019 قطع الطريق على اوتوستراد #البالما بالاتجاهين Aley,tmclebanon 1194356436031008768 12 November 2019 قطع الطريق على مستديرة #عاليه Cola,tmclebanon 1194375588435365888 12 November 2019 قطع الطريق على جسر #الكولا بالاتجاهين Dawra,tmclebanon 1194387018756894720 12 November 2019 قطع الطريق على جسر #الدورة بالاتجاهين Sayyfi,tmclebanon 1194399541132451840 12 November 2019 قطع الطريق على تقاطع #الصيفي #بيروت Corniche al Mazraa,tmclebanon 1194366629687283712 12 November 2019 قطع الطريق على #كورنيش_المزرعة بالاتجاهين and Sassine.tmclebanon 1194363547679166466 12 November 2019 قطع الطريق محلة ساحة #ساسين Alaa Abou Fakhr, a Lebanese national, was shot and killed in Khalde at the ensuing protests. Protesters began appearing in the early morning of 13 November near the heavily fortified Baabda Presidential Palace to express dissatisfaction with President Aoun's speech a few hours earlier and picked up in pace as the day progressed.lbci_news 1194404313008873475 12 November 2019 وصول عدد من المتظاهرين للاعتصام على مقربة من طريق القصر الجمهوري في بعبدا Activist and protester Khaldoun Jaber was released on 14 November after being detained by the Lebanese army in Baabda the previous day in mysterious circumstances. Jaber was shown to have marks of physical abuse upon his release, which he claimed were due to torture by the army during his detention. Jaber also claimed to have been exposed to psychological abuse.MTVEnglishNews 1194972536548790272 14 November 2019 Activist Khaldoun Jaber after his release: They tried to expose me by using psychological intimidation techniques and through investigation #LebanonProtests During his detention, Jaber was not given access to a lawyer with even the location of his detention being kept secret. The reason for his arrest was unclear, with some sources claiming it was due to attempting to cross a security perimeter during the previous day's protest near Baabda Palace.Khaldoun Jaber, arrêté à Baabda et détenu dans des circonstances obscures, a été relâché https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1195004/manifestation-a-baabda-mobilisation-pour-la-liberation-dun-libanais-arrete-dans-des-circonstances-floues.html 14 November 2019 L'Orient Le Jour 2019-12-16 https://web.archive.org/web/20191216212446/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1195004/manifestation-a-baabda-mobilisation-pour-la-liberation-dun-libanais-arrete-dans-des-circonstances-floues.html live Fifth week: 15–21 November As the protests continue nationwide, Sleiman Haroun, the president of the Syndicate of Private Hospitals, threatened to have 15 November 2019 as a day of closure to all patients except the ones who have dialysis, chemotherapy treatment, and emergency care, unless some immediate action is taken by the authorities in the government.https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-08/495219-hospitals-to-strike-next-friday-over-states-nonpayment.ashx Hospitals to strike next Friday over state's nonpayment The Daily Star 8 November 2019 6 December 2019 2019-12-06 https://web.archive.org/web/20191206052332/https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-08/495219-hospitals-to-strike-next-friday-over-states-nonpayment.ashx Haroun said the strike has nothing to do with the current protest and his purpose was to "raise awareness" and highlight the fact that the government has not been paying its full dues to the hospitals since 2011 and owes them a total of $1.3 billion as of today.http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-16/495700-private-hospitals-stage-warning-strike-over-late-payments.ashx Private hospitals stage 'warning strike' over late payments The Daily Star 6 December 2019 2019-12-06 https://web.archive.org/web/20191206043716/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-16/495700-private-hospitals-stage-warning-strike-over-late-payments.ashx Since no direct response was received, all hospitals in Metn, Akkar and Nabatieh areas went on strike that day; doctors along with the hospital's medical teams and staff were on the streets "breathing their last breath".http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-15/495644-private-hospitals-close-doors-for-one-day-strike.ashx Private hospitals close doors for one-day strike over govt nonpayment The Daily Star 15 November 2019 6 December 2019 2019-11-15 https://web.archive.org/web/20191115101039/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-15/495644-private-hospitals-close-doors-for-one-day-strike.ashx Currency and payment issues are causing additional burdens on hospitals. Hospitals are running out of medical supplies and equipment because they are 100% reliant on imported supplies and equipment. Due to the shortage of US currency in Lebanon, banks have not been able to transfer funds in US dollars to the companies who import these supplies. Suppliers now have to turn to exchange houses in order to get their US dollars, which end up charging significantly higher rates than the official rate of $1 to £L1,507.5, only if they had any dollars to sell.https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-09/495271-hit-by-slew-of-problems-hospitals-threaten-strike.ashx Hit by slew of problems, hospitals threaten strike The Daily Star 9 November 2019 6 December 2019 2019-12-06 https://web.archive.org/web/20191206052440/https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-09/495271-hit-by-slew-of-problems-hospitals-threaten-strike.ashx Suppliers have also not been paid by the hospitals as a result of the situation. If this continues, hospitals will only have one month before they run out of their current shelf stock. Hospitals have received no payment since the beginning of 2019 and salary reductions are being considered in many hospitals if the situation does not improve. Beirut Bar Association elections were held on 17 November. The independent candidate, Melhem Khalaf, won the majority vote (2,341 votes) to become the BBA's Council president and the first independent candidate to win against politically affiliated candidates in decades. Khalaf's contenders were Nader Gaspard, Saadeddine Al Khatib, and Ibrahim Moussallem. Pierre Hanna, who was backed by the Lebanese Forces, Progressive Socialist Party and the Future Movement, as well as twelve other candidates who either dropped out or were not voted in, competed for council positions.http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-17/495743-beirut-bar-association-elects-new-head-councilmembers.ashx Independent Melhem Khalaf voted head of Beirut Bar Association 17 November 2019 22 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-11-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191118190409/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-17/495743-beirut-bar-association-elects-new-head-councilmembers.ashxthumb|Women protesters forming a line between riot police and protesters in Riad el Solh, Beirut; 19 November 2019Parliament was set to hold two sessions in the morning of 19 November, including a legislative session that was opposed by protesters, due to it timetabling a controversial amnesty law that was perceived as potentially granting amnesty to crimes committed by the political class, such as misappropriation of public funds or corruption. The sessions were originally planned for 12 November but were already once postponed due to protests. 58 out of 128 Members of Parliament were boycotting the session, but that number was not sufficient to prevent a quorum. A human chain was planned around the Lebanese Parliament to prevent Members of Parliament from entering the premises and to thereby force the session to be postponed.Protesters plan human chain to block Parliament sessions https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-19/495885-protesters-plan-human-chain-to-block-parliament-sessions.ashx 19 November 2019 19 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-11-20 https://web.archive.org/web/20191120134818/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-19/495885-protesters-plan-human-chain-to-block-parliament-sessions.ashx Protesters began gathering early in the morning. Convoys for some Members of Parliament were recorded shooting live bullets or speeding into crowds in an attempt to disperse protesters.chehayebk 1196692730983931905 19 November 2019 An MP's convoy of 3 cars tries to drive past protestors blocking the road, who then try to stop the car & throw bottles and other small objects. One bodyguard opens the window & shoots warning shots into the air -- then appears to detour. (Video via an eyewitness) Many protesters were gravely injured. At around 11:20am, the Secretary-General of the Lebanese Parliament Adnane Daher confirmed to local media that both parliament sessions were postponed indefinitely. This was perceived as a victory by protesters.Lebanon parliament postpones session as protesters block roads https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/lebanon-parliament-postpones-session-protesters-block-roads-191119084939933.html 19 November 2019 19 November 2019 Al Jazeera 2019-11-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20191119151743/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/lebanon-parliament-postpones-session-protesters-block-roads-191119084939933.html live Lebanese banks reopened for the first time since 11 November after the Lebanese Federation of Syndicates of Bank Employees ended its strike.Lebanese line up as banks reopen https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-19/495903-lebanese-line-up-as-banks-reopen.ashx 19 November 2019 19 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-11-21 https://web.archive.org/web/20191121134743/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-19/495903-lebanese-line-up-as-banks-reopen.ashx President Michel Aoun gave a speech on 21 November, on the eve of Lebanese Independence Day, in which he called for an end to protests and "hateful language on the streets" and promised an "anti-corruption cabinet". Protesters expressed dissatisfaction with the speech by resuming the closing of roads.http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-22/496094-aoun-promises-anti-corruption-cabinet.ashx Aoun promises anti-corruption Cabinet 22 November 2019 22 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-11-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20191123014719/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-22/496094-aoun-promises-anti-corruption-cabinet.ashx Sixth week: 22–28 November thumb|Protests in the evening of Lebanon's 76th Independence Day celebration in Martyr's Square, Beirut. Lebanon's 76th Independence Day was celebrated on 22 November 2019 with the nation's first-ever civil parade, which was organized by civil society groups in Beirut's Martyr's Square. An invite-only private military parade had been held in the early morning by the Lebanese government, and the civil parade was intended as a rebuke against the government organized by the "true Lebanese": the parade had "battalions" representing different groups from Lebanese society, including cooks, schoolteachers, retired military personnel, pharmacists, engineers, women's rights activists, bankers, athletes, performance artists and more. The civil parade coincided with a program of festival activities organized by independent groups, which included dancing and heat lantern lighting. Marches were held across the Beirut region in the morning, all arriving to the civil parade in central Beirut.Defiant protesters hold rival parade on Lebanon independence day https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/defiant-protesters-hold-rival-parade-lebanon-independence-day-191122202937296.html 23 November 2019 23 November 2019 Timour Azhari Al Jazeera 2019-11-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20191123071716/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/defiant-protesters-hold-rival-parade-lebanon-independence-day-191122202937296.html liveDiverse Lebanon protesters unite to celebrate 'real' independence day https://www.timesofisrael.com/diverse-lebanon-protesters-unite-to-celebrate-real-independence-day/ 23 November 2019 23 November 2019 Layal Abou Rahal Guillaume Klein The Times of Israel 2019-11-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20191127232007/https://www.timesofisrael.com/diverse-lebanon-protesters-unite-to-celebrate-real-independence-day/ liveLebanese citizens take to the streets to celebrate Independence Day https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/lebanese-citizens-take-to-the-streets-to-celebrate-independence-day-1.941282 23 November 2019 23 November 2019 The National 2019-11-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20191127225141/https://www.thenational.ae/world/lebanese-citizens-take-to-the-streets-to-celebrate-independence-day-1.941282 live On 23 November, five youths, including children aged 12 and 15, were detained by Lebanese military intelligence after taking down a banner that supported the Free Patriotic Movement, which is the party of President Aoun. Their detention was reported to the media by their families, and the children were released past midnight after the intervention of volunteer lawyers.Five released after arrest for tearing down FPM banner http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-24/496149-five-released-after-arrest-for-tearing-down-fpm-banner.ashx 24 November 2019 23 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-11-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20191127222227/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-24/496149-five-released-after-arrest-for-tearing-down-fpm-banner.ashx A protest was held on 24 November outside the United States embassy in Lebanon to express opposition to U.S. interference in Lebanon. The protest came after Hezbollah accused the United States in meddling with and delaying the formation of a new cabinet, and after comments made by U.S. ambassador Jeffrey Feltman in which he said that "reactions to [Hezbollah] by Lebanese leaders and institutions fortunately coincide with U.S. interests".Hezbollah accuses US of meddling in Lebanon's crisis https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-22/496122-hezbollah-accuses-us-of-meddling-in-lebanons-crisis.ashx 23 November 2019 24 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-11-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20191123155642/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-22/496122-hezbollah-accuses-us-of-meddling-in-lebanons-crisis.ashxScores protest foreign interference outside U.S. Embassy http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-24/496151-scores-protest-foreign-interference-outside-us-embassy.ashx 24 November 2019 24 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-11-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20191127222050/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-24/496151-scores-protest-foreign-interference-outside-us-embassy.ashx Around noon, another protest was held across the Lebanese coastline to draw attention to the high level of environmental pollution in Lebanon.Uprising day 39: Protesters reclaim the coast http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-24/496150-day-39-protesters-take-to-sea-to-highlight-environment.ashx 24 November 2019 24 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-11-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20191127222237/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-24/496150-day-39-protesters-take-to-sea-to-highlight-environment.ashx Right before midnight, pro-government Hezbollah and Amal Movement supporters violently clashed with protesters in the "Ring" bridge and Jal el Dib areas, demanding an end to road blocks imposed by protesters. This came after protesters apparently physically assaulted two people after suspecting them of being Hezbollah supporters.timourazhari 1198693907804164096 25 November 2019 It seems a couple people were beaten because they were suspected of being Hezbollah supporters. Here, 2 or 3 men chant in support of Nasrallah, protesters respond with "all of them means all of them". Then they sing the national anthem. The Hezbollah/Amal supporters burned civil society tents, trashed cars, and caused damage to public and private property. The Lebanese army intervened with tear gas and flash grenades hours later, dispersing one of the most violent evenings since the beginning of the protests.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/lebanon-protesters-hezbollah-amal-supporters-clash-beirut-191125024849508.html Lebanon protesters and Hezbollah, Amal supporters clash in Beirut 25 November 2019 25 November 2019 Al Jazeera 2019-11-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20191128123424/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/lebanon-protesters-hezbollah-amal-supporters-clash-beirut-191125024849508.html livetimourazhari 1198789793934651397 More of the aftermath from downtown #Beirut. Several cars destroyed and torched, but damage to tents is limited. People here saying they stood their ground and fought back. 25 November 2019 thumb|left|Hezbollah and Amal Movement supporters arrive to Martyr's Square on motorbikes. 25 November 2019. At around noon on 25 November, Hussein Chalhoub and his sister-in-law Sanaa al-Jundi died after their car hit a makeshift roadblock used by protesters to cut off access to the Jiyyeh highway. This inflamed tensions between protesters and pro-government Hezbollah/Amal Movement supporters. Ján Kubiš, the United Nations Special Coordinator for Lebanon, issued multiple statements on Twitter warning against escalating confrontation between protesters and Hezbollah/Amal Movement supporters.1198941030487384065 unjankubis 1/2The attack of last night of groups under Hizbullah & Amal flags on demonstrators again exposed how dangerous are such actions of political activists, how easily they can trigger confrontation, even sectarian ones, how challenging it is for security forces to protect law and.. 25 November 2019unjankubis 1198941031833702400 2/2 ...order. I urge all Lebanese political forces to control their supporters, to avoid using the national protests for pursuing their political agenda #Lebanon 25 November 2019unjankubis 1199026037444796416 25 November 2019 The tragedy this morning that took the life of 2 civilians & injured their child is a warning. Road blockages that take lives of innocent people, paralyze economy & could trigger confrontation could only compromise peaceful protests & their legitimate demand 4 reforms & changeunjankubis 1199046486895603712 25 November 2019 Provoking each-other by violent acts and foul words of hatred is a dangerous path that could lead to confrontation and conflict #Lebanon Later in the afternoon, pro-government Hezbollah and Amal Movement supporters began roving around Beirut, Tyre and other cities on mopeds and motorbikes, shouting taunts and provocations at protesters. Some physical clashes ensued, and the confrontations continued to occur sporadically until later in the evening.https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2007781/lebanon-protesters-defiant-despite-hezbollah-amal-attack Lebanon Protesters Defiant Despite Hezbollah, Amal Attack 26 November 2019 25 November 2019 Asharq Al-Awsat 2019-12-17 https://web.archive.org/web/20191217203155/https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2007781/lebanon-protesters-defiant-despite-hezbollah-amal-attack livehttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/night-clashes-lebanon-anti-gov-protests-191126062640907.html Second night of clashes in Lebanon amid anti-gov't protests 26 November 2019 26 November 2019 Al Jazeera 2019-11-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20191128123404/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/night-clashes-lebanon-anti-gov-protests-191126062640907.html live Resigned Prime Minister Saad Hariri formally announced on 26 November that he would not run again for the position.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-protests-hariri/lebanons-hariri-says-he-does-not-want-be-pm-idUSKBN1Y01JN Lebanon's Hariri says he does not want be PM 26 November 2019 26 November 2019 Reuters 2019-11-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20191127124918/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-protests-hariri/lebanons-hariri-says-he-does-not-want-be-pm-idUSKBN1Y01JN live Meanwhile, businessman Samir Khatib announced that he was "ready to form a new government", and seemed to accrue some level of endorsement from political parties.Samir Khatib says ready to form a govt https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-26/496301-samir-khatib-says-ready-to-form-a-govt.ashx 26 November 2019 26 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-11-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20191128060215/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-26/496301-samir-khatib-says-ready-to-form-a-govt.ashx President Michel Aoun announced that binding consultations to designate a new Prime Minister would be held on 28 November.Aoun to hold consultations for new PM on Thursday: Source https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-26/496292-aoun-to-hold-consultations-thursday-for-new-pm-source.ashx 26 November 2019 26 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-11-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20191127234645/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-26/496292-aoun-to-hold-consultations-thursday-for-new-pm-source.ashx Overnight, clashes occurred all around Lebanon. In Baalbek, Hezbollah/Amal Movement supporters destroyed protester's tents and also their sound system.chehayebk 1199364194828783616 It appears that protestors camped out in #Baalbek had their camps demolished by partisans holding Hezbollah and Amal flags chanting "Shia, Shia". #Lebanon Army visible forming what could be a line b/w protestors the partisans. 26 November 2019LunaSafwan 1199642866462679040 #Hezbollah & Amal supporters trashed the protestors' sound system, threatened them and also cornered most of them in an office around the street where army officers served as a buffer front to protect protestors in #Baalbak #Lebanon #LebanonProtests 27 November 2019 In Bikfaya, Free Patriotic Movement (the party of sitting President Michel Aoun) supporters organized a protest in front of the home of former president Amin Gemayel. They clashed with Kataeb Party (Gemayel's party) supporters, which led to injuries and the destruction of private property until the Lebanese army intervened.http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/266740 Confrontation between FPM, Kataeb Supporters in Bikfaya 26 November 2019 27 November 2019 Naharnet 2019-11-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20191128070435/http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/266740 liveLebanon Clashes Threaten to Crack Open Fault Lines https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2008681/lebanon-clashes-threaten-crack-open-fault-lines 26 November 2019 26 November 2019 Asharq Al-Awsat 2019-11-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20191127215553/https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2008681/lebanon-clashes-threaten-crack-open-fault-lines live Clashes also occurred in Chyah and Ein Rummaneh. The Lebanese Red Cross claimed that dozens of people were injured including one female FPM activist injured to the head,https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/d/lebanon-news/485460/kataeb-supporters-lob-stones-at-fpm-supporters-in/en Kataeb supporters lob stones at FPM supporters in Bikfaya, one injury reported –[VIDEOS] while the Lebanese army said that at least 16 people were detained for their involvement in the clashes.https://apnews.com/7104073dd7544dcd88ca7185e92bf882 Overnight clashes in Lebanon injure dozens as tensions rise Bassem Mroue 27 November 2019 27 November 2019 Associated Press 2019-11-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20191128034613/https://apnews.com/7104073dd7544dcd88ca7185e92bf882 live On 27 November, Lebanon's Syndicate of Gas Station Owners announced that an open-ended strike would begin the next day to highlight the "size of the losses sustained by the sector due to the presence of two-dollar [rates] in the Lebanese market."Gas station owners announce open-ended strike from Thursday http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-27/496380-gas-station-owners-announce-open-ended-strike-from-thursday.ashx 27 November 2019 28 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-11-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20191128153141/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-27/496380-gas-station-owners-announce-open-ended-strike-from-thursday.ashx Hundreds of Lebanese mothers led a "mother's march" in Chyah to protest against sectarian violence on 26 November between youths.Mothers lead march between Muslim-Christian suburbs http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-28/496410-mothers-lead-march-between-muslim-christian-suburbs.ashx 28 November 2019 28 November 2019 Timour Azhari The Daily Star 2019-11-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20191128123717/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-28/496410-mothers-lead-march-between-muslim-christian-suburbs.ashx Sources at the Lebanese Ministry of Finance claimed to local media that the Lebanese Central Bank was scheduled to repay US$1.5 billion in Eurobond debt which matures on 28 November, putting to rest speculation that Lebanon could default on its debt. However, Lebanon still has outstanding Eurobond debt due in 2020, and media sources noted that the path towards refinancing necessary to handle that debt is unclear without a cabinet.'No default': Lebanon ready to settle $1.5B Eurobond http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Local/2019/Nov-28/496420-no-default-lebanon-ready-to-settle-15b-eurobond.ashx Osama Habib 28 November 2019 28 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-11-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20191128155631/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//Business/Local/2019/Nov-28/496420-no-default-lebanon-ready-to-settle-15b-eurobond.ashxhttps://apnews.com/c93ebf3293ca4b0f868de4595c33310e Fear, turmoil in Lebanon as its financial crisis worsens Bassem Mroue Associated Press 21 November 2019 28 November 2019 2019-11-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20191122180734/https://apnews.com/c93ebf3293ca4b0f868de4595c33310e livehttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Local/2019/Nov-28/496435-lebanon-pays-15b-eurobond-finance-ministry-source.ashx Lebanon pays $1.5B Eurobond: Finance Ministry source The Daily Star 28 November 2019 28 November 2019 2019-11-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20191128111857/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//Business/Local/2019/Nov-28/496435-lebanon-pays-15b-eurobond-finance-ministry-source.ashx A protest occurred in front of the Lebanese Central Bank and other government administrative and judiciary institutions.https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-28/496426-day-43-protest-at-vat-building-sidon-schools-locked.ashx Day 43: Protests at VAT building, Central Bank 28 November 2019 29 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-11-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20191129104210/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-28/496426-day-43-protest-at-vat-building-sidon-schools-locked.ashx Arab League ambassador Hossam Zaki formally expressed "readiness" to help solve the political and economic crisis in Lebanon for the first time since the beginning of the protests.Arab League Says Ready to Help Solve Lebanon Crisis https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2012161/arab-league-says-ready-help-solve-lebanon-crisis Asharq Al-Awsat 28 November 2019 29 November 2019 Seventh week: 29 November – 5 December On 29 November 2019, protests occurred in front of the Lebanese Central Bank and some other judiciary and administrative government buildings and institutions, with the aim of preventing public sector employees from entering these institutions.http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-29/496486-uprising-day-44-protesters-continue-to-gather-outside-state-institutions.ashx Uprising day 44: Protesters gather outside state institutions 29 November 2019 29 November 2019 The Daily Star 2019-12-02 https://web.archive.org/web/20191202070117/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-29/496486-uprising-day-44-protesters-continue-to-gather-outside-state-institutions.ashx Multiple media sources claimed that Hezbollah had asked President Michel Aoun to delay binding parliamentary consultations, which were scheduled for 28 November, under the hope that resigned Prime Minister Saad Hariri would revert his decision not to lead the next cabinet.http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/266820-report-hizbullah-asks-aoun-to-postpone-consultations Report: Hizbullah Asks Aoun to 'Postpone' Consultations Naharnet 29 November 2019 29 November 2019 2019-11-30 https://web.archive.org/web/20191130132321/http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/266820-report-hizbullah-asks-aoun-to-postpone-consultations liveNazir Rida https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2013371/lebanon-hezbollah-asks-aoun-postpone-consultations-try-persuade-hariri Lebanon: 'Hezbollah' Asks Aoun to Postpone Consultations to Try Persuade Hariri 29 November 2019 29 November 2019 Asharq Al-Awsat 2019-11-30 https://web.archive.org/web/20191130152952/https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2013371/lebanon-hezbollah-asks-aoun-postpone-consultations-try-persuade-hariri live Protesters gathered on 3 December across the country in response to businessman Samir Khatib's nomination as possible new prime minister.https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/lebanon-s-protesters-unimpressed-by-proposals-for-next-prime-minister-1.946824 Lebanon's protestors unimpressed by proposaals for next prime minister 3 December 2019 4 December 2019 The National 2019-12-05 https://web.archive.org/web/20191205233612/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/lebanon-s-protesters-unimpressed-by-proposals-for-next-prime-minister-1.946824 live Several cases of suicide were being linked to deteriorating living conditions in Lebanon, most prominently the death of 40-year-old Naji Fleity in Arsal. According to local media, Fleity committed suicide because he was unable to provide for his family after losing his job. His suicide sparked a large outcry of anger online.https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/lebanon-suicide-of-indebted-father-sparks-anger-as-economic-woes-grow-1.946098 Lebanon: Suicide of indebted father sparks anger as economic woes grow 3 December 2019 4 December 2019 The National 2019-12-03 https://web.archive.org/web/20191203115343/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/lebanon-suicide-of-indebted-father-sparks-anger-as-economic-woes-grow-1.946098 live Protesters resumed blocking roads on 4 December following politicians' apparent consensus on designating Samir Khatib as the next prime minister.https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-04/496779-roads-blocked-after-political-consensus-on-khatib.ashx Roads blocked after political consensus on Khatib 4 December 2019 4 December 2019 The Daily Star 2019-12-08 https://web.archive.org/web/20191208061000/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-04/496779-roads-blocked-after-political-consensus-on-khatib.ashx Eighth week: 6–12 December On 7 December 2019, about a thousand people marched in Beirut to protest sexual harassment in Lebanon.https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-07/497005-march-against-sexual-harassment-in-beirut.ashx March against sexual harassment in Beirut 7 December 2019 The Daily Star 2019-12-08 2019-12-08 https://web.archive.org/web/20191208132617/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-07/497005-march-against-sexual-harassment-in-beirut.ashx A man self-immolated during the protest and survived, with his motives being unclear.https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/article/lebanese-women-march-in-beirut-against-sexual-harassment/ Lebanese women march in Beirut against sexual harassment 8 December 2019 CTV News 2019-12-08 2019-12-08 https://web.archive.org/web/20191208034308/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/lebanese-women-march-in-beirut-against-sexual-harassment-1.4719908 live The protest came after days of prolonged controversy surrounding a personal trainer in Beirut who was accused by over fifty women of sexual misconduct.https://stepfeed.com/marwan-you-ve-been-all-but-habib-to-lebanese-women-no-proof-needed-0619 Marwan, you've been all but Habib to Lebanese women, no proof needed 3 December 2019 StepFeed 2019-12-08 2019-12-08 https://web.archive.org/web/20191208111137/https://stepfeed.com/marwan-you-ve-been-all-but-habib-to-lebanese-women-no-proof-needed-0619 livehttps://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-04/496763-lawyer-files-suit-against-alleged-serial-harasser-after-numerous-women-step-forward.ashx Lawyer files suit against alleged serial harasser after numerous women step forward 4 December 2019 The Daily Star 2019-12-08 2019-12-07 https://web.archive.org/web/20191207224037/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-04/496763-lawyer-files-suit-against-alleged-serial-harasser-after-numerous-women-step-forward.ashx Reports of women journalists being attacked also began to surface around this time. The Coalition For Women In Journalism, which has a special focus on women journalists, documented several attacks. "Covering large protests in many parts of the Middle East has always been so hard for women journalists — we remember the many terrible incidents that happened during the Arab Spring. Following which over the years we have seen many journalism support organizations and others in the industry to train and equip women reporters to be able to take precautions on the ground. But the scope of these attacks are now changing and diversifying." the organization's founding director Kiran Nazish said. "Unfortunately this is an ever more precarious situation and it is important to point out to Lebanese authorities that they have a responsibility to protect the press. Not doing so or doing the opposite is rather reckless," Kiran added.https://medium.com/the-coalition-for-women-in-journalism/lebanon-safety-of-women-journalists-in-jeopardy-amidst-protests-eee53988e7ee Lebanon safety of women journalists in jeopardy amidst protests 7 December 2019 2019-12-30 2019-12-30 https://web.archive.org/web/20191230201129/https://medium.com/the-coalition-for-women-in-journalism/lebanon-safety-of-women-journalists-in-jeopardy-amidst-protests-eee53988e7ee live On 8 December, Samir Khatib withdrew as candidate for prime minister after failing to get enough backing from the Sunni Muslim parties in parliament.https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/lebanon-crisis-pm-candidate-samir-khatib-withdraws-from-consideration-1.948616 Lebanon crisis: PM Candidate Samir Khatib withdraws from consideration 9 December 2019 The National 2019-12-08 2019-12-08 https://web.archive.org/web/20191208224001/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/lebanon-crisis-pm-candidate-samir-khatib-withdraws-from-consideration-1.948616 live With Khatib's withdrawal, Saad Hariri became the only candidate for prime minister once again. Protesters then gathered outside parliament to condemn Hariri's candidacy and demand an independent candidate.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/lebanon-hariri-emerges-pm-candidate-khatib-withdraws-191208192459108.html Lebanon: Hariri emerges as PM candidate, Khatib withdraws 9 December 2019 Al Jazeera 2019-12-10 2019-12-09 https://web.archive.org/web/20191210034307/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/lebanon-hariri-emerges-pm-candidate-khatib-withdraws-191208192459108.html live Following days of heavy rainfall, a house collapsed on 10 December in Tripoli, killing two adult siblings.https://www.beirut.com/l/59097 Aboudi Kakhiyeh Died in Tripoli This Morning 3 Days Before His Engagement Beirut.com 2019-12-11 2019-12-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20191211090942/https://www.beirut.com/l/59097 live Protesters, claiming that the house collapsed due to consistent municipal negligence, stormed the Tripoli municipal police office and demonstrated outside the house of the mayor. They smashed windows, set a room on fire, and damaged a car. The army intervened to stop the violence.https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/12/10/world/middleeast/ap-ml-lebanon-protests.html Angry Protesters Attack Lebanese City's Municipality The New York Times 2019-12-11 2019-12-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20191211090938/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/12/10/world/middleeast/ap-ml-lebanon-protests.html live In Jounieh, four protesters were detained after attempting to block roads. They were released the same evening after another protest blocked the Jounieh highway.https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1198159/quatre-manifestants-arretes-a-laube-a-jounieh-liberes-en-soiree.html Quatre manifestants arrêtés à l'aube à Jounieh, libérés en soirée L'Orient Le Jour 2019-12-11 2019-12-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20191211121012/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1198159/quatre-manifestants-arretes-a-laube-a-jounieh-liberes-en-soiree.html live In Beirut, protesters organized demonstrations outside the houses of current and former public works ministers. While attempting to reach the home of former public works and transportation minister Ghazi Zaiter, they were blocked at Rue Verdun by men dressed in uniforms of the Internal Security Forces. Cars were vandalized as the men dragged protesters out to beat them; a dozen people including reporter Paula Naufal were hospitalized for their injuries.https://en.annahar.com/article/1083628-security-forces-violently-attack-protestors-near-berri-residence Security forces violently attack protestors near Berri residence An-Nahar 2019-12-11 2019-12-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20191211090939/https://en.annahar.com/article/1083628-security-forces-violently-attack-protestors-near-berri-residence Protesters in Tripoli resumed blocking roads on 11 December.https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-11/497227-day-56-tripoli-protesters-block-roads.ashx Day 56: Tripoli protesters block roads The Daily Star 2019-12-14 2019-12-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20191214083314/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-11/497227-day-56-tripoli-protesters-block-roads.ashx live Ninth week: 13–19 December Riot police used tear gas against groups of men that attacked protesters' camps in Beirut on 14 December.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/street-battles-beirut-counter-protesters-clash-police-191214200718543.html Street battles in Beirut as counterprotesters clash with police Al Jazeera 2019-12-15 2019-12-15 https://web.archive.org/web/20191215132306/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/street-battles-beirut-counter-protesters-clash-police-191214200718543.html live In the evening, protesters in central Beirut attempted to reach Nejmeh Square, chanting slogans against Saad Hariri, who was expected to be named prime minister by 20 December, and Gebran Bassil. The protesters were met with violence, tear gas and rubber bullets by the Lebanese internal security forces.https://nos.nl/artikel/2314790-traangas-en-rubberen-kogels-gebruikt-tegen-demonstranten-beiroet.html Traangas en rubberen kogels gebruikt tegen demonstranten Beiroet NOS 2019-12-15 2019-12-15 https://web.archive.org/web/20191215155917/https://nos.nl/artikel/2314790-traangas-en-rubberen-kogels-gebruikt-tegen-demonstranten-beiroet.html livehttps://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-14/497447-security-forces-fire-tear-gas-rubber-bullets-in-beirut-protest.ashx Security forces fire tear gas, rubber bullets in Beirut protest The Daily Star 2019-12-15 2019-12-16 https://web.archive.org/web/20191216204101/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-14/497447-security-forces-fire-tear-gas-rubber-bullets-in-beirut-protest.ashx At least 46 people were hospitalized with injuries according to the Lebanese Red Cross and Lebanese Civil Defense.https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/15/middleeast/beirut-protest-intl/index.html Violent protests erupt on streets of Beirut CNN 2019-12-17 2019-12-15 https://web.archive.org/web/20191217133441/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/15/middleeast/beirut-protest-intl/index.html live ولما تبين لي انه رغم التزامي القاطع بتشكيل حكومة اختصاصيين، فإن المواقف التي ظهرت في الأيام القليلة الماضية من مسألة تسميتي هي مواقف غير قابلة للتبديل، فإنني أعلن انني لن أكون مرشحا لتشكيل الحكومة المقبلة، ٢/٣ Saad Hariri saadhariri 18 December 2019 1207325809754746881 ar And as it became clear to me that despite my categorical commitment to forming a government of specialists, the reactions of the past few days regarding my nomination were uncompromising, I announce that I will not be a candidate to form the next government, 2/3 In Beirut, protesters clashed with security forces on 15 December for the second night in a row near Nejmeh Square. According to the Lebanese Civil Defense, 46 people were treated for injuries and another 14 were hospitalized.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50804392 Lebanon crisis: Dozens wounded in second night of clashes in Beirut BBC 2019-12-19 2019-12-16 https://web.archive.org/web/20191219210450/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50804392 live A group of counter-protesters, themselves supporters of Amal and Hezbollah, also briefly clashed with protesters until the army intervened.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/angry-confrontations-lebanon-parliament-sitting-191216030453163.html Angry confrontations in Lebanon before parliament sitting Al Jazeera 2019-12-18 2019-12-16 https://web.archive.org/web/20191218204801/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/angry-confrontations-lebanon-parliament-sitting-191216030453163.html live Roads were blocked in northern Lebanon on 16 December. At noon, President Aoun delayed scheduled parliamentary consultations, where Saad Hariri was widely expected to be renamed prime minister. This was because Hariri was now no longer being supported by the main Christian parties in parliament.https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-16/497515-day-61-roadblocks-in-north-quiet-in-beirut.ashx Day 61: Roadblocks in North, Quiet in Beirut The Daily Star 2019-12-16 2019-12-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20191219041911/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-16/497515-day-61-roadblocks-in-north-quiet-in-beirut.ashxhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/lebanon-delays-nomination-pm-protests-divisions-191216162133861.html Lebanon delays nomination of new PM amid protests, divisions www.aljazeera.com 2019-12-16 2019-12-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191218204748/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/lebanon-delays-nomination-pm-protests-divisions-191216162133861.html live At night, protesters gathered close to Saad Hariri's Beirut residence to reject his reappointment.https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-17/497575-infiltrators-fail-to-intimidate-protesters.ashx Infiltrators fail to intimidate protesters The Daily Star 2019-12-16 2019-12-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191218200114/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-17/497575-infiltrators-fail-to-intimidate-protesters.ashx A separate group of protesters descended upon Beirut as well, expressing outrage at a month-old video of an ex-pat insulting several Shi'a religious leaders. Amal and Hezbollah released statements asking the men to fall back, but these calls were not immediately heeded.https://en.annahar.com/article/1087375-chaos-ensues-after-video-targetting-shiite-sect-goes-viral Chaos ensues after video targeting Shiite figures goes viral An-Nahar 2019-12-17 2019-12-17 https://web.archive.org/web/20191217104414/https://en.annahar.com/article/1087375-chaos-ensues-after-video-targetting-shiite-sect-goes-viral Protest encampments in several places, including Beirut, Saida and Nabatieh, were ransacked and destroyed during the night. At least two cars in Beirut were set on fire.http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-17/497595-protest-squares-attacked-in-beirut-south-lebanon-overnight.ashx Protest squares attacked in Beirut, south Lebanon overnight The Daily Star 2019-12-17 2019-12-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191218195902/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-17/497595-protest-squares-attacked-in-beirut-south-lebanon-overnight.ashxhttps://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/angry-shiites-clash-with-security-forces-in-beirut-opening-a-new-chapter-in-lebanons-crisis/2019/12/17/eb64ca8c-20b0-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html Shiite groups' supporters clash with security forces in Beirut, opening a new chapter in Lebanon's crisis The Washington Post 2019-12-18 2019-12-17 https://web.archive.org/web/20191218142405/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/angry-shiites-clash-with-security-forces-in-beirut-opening-a-new-chapter-in-lebanons-crisis/2019/12/17/eb64ca8c-20b0-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html live On 18 December, Hariri announced that he did not want to be reappointed prime minister, calling on the president to designate a new Prime Minister immediately.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/lebanon-saad-hariri-pm-191126142134198.html Lebanon's Saad Hariri says he does not want to be next PM Al Jazeera 2019-12-19 2019-12-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191219130805/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/lebanon-saad-hariri-pm-191126142134198.html live Later that day, Al Jadeed claimed that the remaining candidates for Prime Minister were now Tammam Salam (the 34th Prime Minister, 2014–2016), jurist Nawaf Salam (former representative of Lebanon to the United Nations), Khaled Mohieddin Qabbani (former Minister of Justice, 2005–2008) and academic Hassan Diab (former Minister of Education, 2011–2014).http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/267371-hariri-withdraws-nomination-for-pm-post-urges-against-postponing-consultations Hariri Withdraws Nomination for PM Post, Urges against Postponing Consultations Naharnet 2019-12-19 2019-12-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191219151446/http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/267371-hariri-withdraws-nomination-for-pm-post-urges-against-postponing-consultations live Diab was the apparent favorite, because he had the support of Hezbollah and Amal.http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-18/497721-aub-professor-hassan-diab-emerges-as-favorite-for-pm-designation.ashx AUB professor Hassan Diab emerges as favorite for PM designation The Daily Star 2019-12-18 2019-12-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20191219005054/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-18/497721-aub-professor-hassan-diab-emerges-as-favorite-for-pm-designation.ashxhttps://alkhaleejtoday.co/international/4970/Lebanons-Hariri-says-he-will-not-be-PM-again.html Lebanon's Hariri says he will not be PM again Al Khaleej Today 2019-12-19 2019-12-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191219004021/https://alkhaleejtoday.co/international/4970/Lebanons-Hariri-says-he-will-not-be-PM-again.html live Protests continued in Nabatieh and Kfar Remen despite threats of retaliation by Hezbollah and Amal supporters. Cement walls and blocs were erected around Beirut's central district, blocking off streets leading to and from Riad Al Solh Square as well a parliament.http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/585248/World/Mena/Lebanon-ups-security-at-protest-sites-after-violence Lebanon ups security at protest sites after violence Saudi Gazette 2019-12-19 2019-12-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20191219132700/http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/585248/World/Mena/Lebanon-ups-security-at-protest-sites-after-violence live Parliamentary consultations took place on 19 December and Hassan Diab was designated as the next prime minister to succeed Hariri.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50851319 Lebanon protests: University professor Hassan Diab nominated to be PM BBC 2020-08-01 2019-12-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20200801105001/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50851319 live The announcement of Diab becoming prime minister was immediately followed by street protests and road blocks in Tripoli and Beirut. Near Beirut's Nejme Square, hundreds of protesters sang an anti-Diab chant.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/hezbollah-backed-hassan-diab-lebanon-pm-191219155153401.html Lebanese president asks Hassan Diab to form government Al Jazeera 2020-09-17 2019-12-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20200917170307/https://web.archive.org/web/20191219210501/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/hezbollah-backed-hassan-diab-lebanon-pm-191219155153401.html live Tenth week: 20–26 December Road blocks in response to Diab's Prime Ministership continued across the country on 20 December. Schools were closed in Tripoli.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/roadblocks-lebanon-anger-rises-diab-pick-pm-191220091929392.html Roadblocks across Lebanon as anger rises over Diab pick as PM Al Jazeera 2019-12-21 2019-12-20 https://web.archive.org/web/20191221083239/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/roadblocks-lebanon-anger-rises-diab-pick-pm-191220091929392.html live On 22 December, thousands protested against Diab's nomination on Beirut's Martyrs' Square, many of them coming from the north of the Beqaa Valley.https://www.france24.com/en/20191222-thousands-protest-in-lebanon-against-new-prime-minister-hassan-diab Thousands protest in Lebanon against new Prime Minister Hassan Diab France24 2019-12-26 2019-12-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20191226084916/https://www.france24.com/en/20191222-thousands-protest-in-lebanon-against-new-prime-minister-hassan-diab live Protests in Beirut continued on 23 December with a lower turnout.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/turnout-protesters-rally-lebanon-pm-191223071145129.html Lower turnout as protesters rally against new Lebanon PM Al Jazeera 2019-12-26 2019-12-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20191226005413/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/turnout-protesters-rally-lebanon-pm-191223071145129.html live Later that day, hundreds of people shared a Christmas dinner benefiting the poor on Martyrs' Square.https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-23/497991-road-closures-in-north-on-day-68-of-protests.ashx Hundreds share Christmas dinner in Martyrs' Square The Daily Star 2019-12-24 2019-12-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20191224144712/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Dec-23/497991-road-closures-in-north-on-day-68-of-protests.ashx On 24 December, it was reported that tourism fell by 80% because of the protest movements. Additionally, 265 restaurants and cafes closed their doors in the last two months.https://newspaper.annahar.com/article/1091656-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%AA-80-%D9%88%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1-%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%86 الحركة السياحية تراجعت 80% وإلغاء الحجوزات مستمر... كيدانيان لـ"النهار": مبادرة تتضمّن أسعاراً "إغرائية" للسياح An-Nahar 2019-12-24 2019-12-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20191224104730/https://newspaper.annahar.com/article/1091656-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%AA-80-%D9%88%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1-%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%86 Eleventh week: 27–31 December A group of pro-Hariri Sunni Muslims protested on 28 December 2019 in front of the new Prime Minister Diab calling for him to resign.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/28/protesters-call-for-lebanons-new-pm-to-quit-as-crisis-deepens Protesters call for Lebanon's new PM to quit as crisis deepens The Guardian 2019-12-31 2019-12-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20191231121001/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/28/protesters-call-for-lebanons-new-pm-to-quit-as-crisis-deepens live On 29 December, protests continued asking for Hassan Diab's resignation although he is still continuing consultations to form the government.https://arabic.euronews.com/2019/12/29/lebanese-demonstrate-house-new-prime-minister-and-demand-resign لبنانيون يتظاهرون أمام منزل رئيس الحكومة حسان دياب احتجاجا على تكليفه Euronews 2019-12-30 2019-12-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20191230160235/https://arabic.euronews.com/2019/12/29/lebanese-demonstrate-house-new-prime-minister-and-demand-resign live Killing of Alaa Abou Fakhr On the evening of 12 November 2019, Alaa Abou Fakhr, a Lebanese national, was shot and killed in Khalde at the ensuing protests. Abou Fakhr's death appeared to have been unprovoked, as he was unarmed and attending the protest with his wife and child. The Lebanese Army released a statement saying that his death occurred as an accident after a soldier fired shots purely with the intent to clear a path for an army convoy and that the soldier had been referred to military court for a trial.Man killed as protests sweep Lebanon after Aoun interview https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-protests/man-killed-as-protests-sweep-lebanon-after-aoun-interview-idUSKBN1XM1DH 12 November 2019 Reuters 2019-11-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20191113153718/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-protests/man-killed-as-protests-sweep-lebanon-after-aoun-interview-idUSKBN1XM1DH live 1194382014633431043 lebarmyofficial #الجيش_اللبناني #Lebanesearmy 12 November 2019 However, during Abou Fakhr's funeral ceremony the next day, his wife, who was present with Abou Fakhr during his shooting, claimed that he was killed by Lebanese military intelligence.1194572827489423360 chehayebk @ALJADEEDNEWS briefly showed the funeral/reception held by Alaa Abou Fakhr. His wife repeatedly said "Military intelligence killed him" 12 November 2019 Abou Fakhr's death was the first to be caused by the Lebanese army.Lebanese man shot by army in first such death as tensions spike after president tells protesters to emigrate https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/11/13/lebanese-man-shot-army-first-death-tensions-spike-president/ 13 November 2019 The Telegraph 2019-11-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20191113190441/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/11/13/lebanese-man-shot-army-first-death-tensions-spike-president/ live A video circulating on social media appeared to show a plainclothes man who drove a civilian automobile shooting Abou Fakhr at close range.L'homme blessé à Khaldé est décédé https://libnanews.com/lhomme-blesse-a-khalde-est-decede/ 13 November 2019 Libnanews 2019-11-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20191113171333/https://libnanews.com/lhomme-blesse-a-khalde-est-decede/ live Abou Fakhr was a member of the Municipal Committee of Choueifat as a representative of the Lebanese Progressive Socialist Party. Walid Jumblatt, the party's leader, appeared among protesters to call for calm after mounting animosity towards the Lebanese army, urging that "the state is our only refuge or else we will descend into chaos".https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLkJ2C3YVvI جنبلاط من امام المستشفى لمناصري الاشتراكي حطّوها فيي وما النا ملجأ الا الدولة ، والاّ نذهب الى الفوض 12 November 2019 Al Jadeed Jumblatt Speaks to Supporters in Front of Hospital: "Believe me when I say we have no refuge other than the state, or else we will descend into chaos" Lebanon 2019-11-22 2020-03-05 https://web.archive.org/web/20200305200806/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLkJ2C3YVvI live Abou Fakhr's death triggered a substantial increase in protest activity, with reported clashes with army forces and additional roads being barricaded in protest. Tributes and candlelight vigils were held for Abou Fakhr across Lebanon and were attended by thousands of protesters, who came to perceive him as symbolizing a martyr for the revolutionary movement. Abou Fakhr's family received condolences from virtually every Lebanese political faction.Liban: la mort d'Alaa Abou Fakhr, tué par un militaire, rend la situation dramatique et explosive https://eteignezvotreordinateur.com/liban-la-mort-dalaa-abou-fakhr-tue-par-un-militaire-rend-la-situation-dramatique-et-explosive/ https://web.archive.org/web/20191113171333/https://eteignezvotreordinateur.com/liban-la-mort-dalaa-abou-fakhr-tue-par-un-militaire-rend-la-situation-dramatique-et-explosive/ 2019-11-13 13 November 2019 Eteignez Votre Ordinateur On 13 November 2019, the Lebanese Army announced that the suspected killer, First Adjutant Charbel Hjeil, had been referred to the military judiciary to await trial after the conclusion of the army's interrogation process.1194685385282113536 lebarmyofficial إلحاقاً ببيانها السابق المتعلق بحادثة إطلاق النار في منطقة خلدة، أحالت مديرية المخابرات المعاون أول شربل عجيل على القضاء المختصّ، وذلك بعد الانتهاء من التحقيق معه في الحادثة التي أدّت إلى استشهاد علاء أبو فخر. 13 November 2019 A massive funeral procession was held in the evening with tens of thousands of attendees, with Abou Fakhr's coffin carried throughout Beirut.14 November 2019 A National Mourning Across Lebanon for the Revolution Martyr Alaa Abou Fakher https://www.the961.com/news/a-national-mourning-across-lebanon-for-the-revolution-martyr-alaa-abou-fakher 22 November 2019 The961 2019-12-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20191213010446/https://www.the961.com/news/a-national-mourning-across-lebanon-for-the-revolution-martyr-alaa-abou-fakher dead On 21 November 2019, the Lebanese Army announced that First Adjutant Charbel Hjeil was charged with the murder of Alaa Abou Fakhr. The Colonel on the scene, Nidal Daou, also received unspecified charges. Sources claimed that Daou and Abou Fakhr were acquainted prior to the murder, implying a personal motive. The investigation was then slated to continue on 25 November 2019.1197497715015507970 chehayebk #Lebanon Military Prosecutor charges the soldier who killed protestor Alaa Abu Fakhr w/murder, shooting warning rounds into the air, & threatening protestors at the Khalde roadblock. The colonel who was w/him was also charged. Investigation continues next Monday 21 November 201921 November 2019 Military Prosecutor charges colonel at scene of Abou Fakher killing http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-21/496039-military-prosecutor-charges-colonel-at-scene-of-abou-fakher-killing.ashx https://web.archive.org/web/20191127182653/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Nov-21/496039-military-prosecutor-charges-colonel-at-scene-of-abou-fakher-killing.ashx 2019-11-27 21 November 2019 The Daily Star21 November 2019 Affaire Alaa Abou Fakher: Le procureur militaire inculpe 2 militaires https://libnanews.com/affaire-alaa-abou-fakher-le-procureur-militaire-inculpe-2-militaires/ 22 November 2019 Libnanews 2019-12-09 https://web.archive.org/web/20191209091700/https://libnanews.com/affaire-alaa-abou-fakher-le-procureur-militaire-inculpe-2-militaires/ live 2020 protests Protests resume After weeks of relative calm, mass protests resumed across the country on 14 January 2020. Highways and major roads were blocked in Beirut, Tripoli, Akkar, Sidon, and Zahle by protests and burning tires. In Beirut, protesters clashed with security forces outside the Central Bank. Protests also took place outside Hassan Diab's house for failing to form a government. President Michel Aoun blamed obstacles in the delay of formation of a new government.https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2081976/lebanese-protesters-clash-police-outside-central-bank-aoun-blames-%E2%80%98obstacles%E2%80%99 Lebanese Protesters Clash with Police outside Central Bank as Aoun Blames 'Obstacles' for Govt. Delay 14 January 2020 Asharq Al-Awsat 14 January 2020 2020-01-16 https://web.archive.org/web/20200116151735/https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2081976/lebanese-protesters-clash-police-outside-central-bank-aoun-blames-%E2%80%98obstacles%E2%80%99 livehttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/protesters-block-roads-lebanon-anti-gov-rallies-resume-200114113206147.html Protesters block roads in Lebanon as anti-gov't rallies resume 14 January 2020 aljazeera.com 14 January 2020 2020-09-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20200911172422/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/protesters-block-roads-lebanon-anti-gov-rallies-resume-200114113206147.html live School and university students participated in some of the demonstrations.https://www.timesofisrael.com/lebanese-protesters-back-in-streets-following-brief-lull/ Lebanese protesters back in streets following brief lull Deeb Sarah El 14 January 2020 The Times of Israel en-US 21 January 2020 2020-01-15 https://web.archive.org/web/20200115142632/https://www.timesofisrael.com/lebanese-protesters-back-in-streets-following-brief-lull/ live 0040-7909 thumb|right|Protests outside of the Parliament of Lebanon. Beirut, 16 January 2020 On 15 January, protesters gathered in front of the Helou police barracks in Beirut demanding the release of more than 50 protesters who were arrested the night before. During the protest, riot police fired tear gas and practiced excessive violence to separate protesters. Additionally, an estimated number of 15 protesters were dragged into the barracks. The Lebanese Media reported that there have been more than 30 injuries as a result of the clashes that happened between the protesters and the riot police. The Lebanese Army also arrived at the scene later on that night.https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2020/Jan-16/499322-protesters-close-roads-call-for-release-of-detainees.ashx Protesters close roads, call for release of detainees 16 January 2020 The Daily Star 16 January 2020 2020-03-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20200326231025/https://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2020/Jan-16/499322-protesters-close-roads-call-for-release-of-detainees.ashxhttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2020/Jan-15/499320-violence-arrests-outside-helou-barracks.ashx Violence, arrests outside Helou barracks 15 January 2020 The Daily Star 16 January 2020 2020-01-21 https://web.archive.org/web/20200121202712/https://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2020/Jan-15/499320-violence-arrests-outside-helou-barracks.ashx It was reported by the Red Cross that the wounded people on Wednesday had reached 45, according to DW.https://www.dw.com/en/un-envoy-slams-lebanons-leaders-as-protests-rock-beirut/a-52019256 UN envoy slams Lebanon's leaders as protests rock Beirut 16 January 2020 DW en-GB 21 January 2020 2020-06-05 https://web.archive.org/web/20200605041903/https://www.dw.com/en/un-envoy-slams-lebanons-leaders-as-protests-rock-beirut/a-52019256 live According to Reuters, Lebanon's Minister of Interior has issued a statement criticizing the violence and urging the protesters to remain peaceful.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-protests-idUSKBN1ZE2WP Lebanon protests turn violent for second night 15 January 2020 Reuters 21 January 2020 en 2020-06-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20200611193056/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-protests-idUSKBN1ZE2WP live As the Lebanese protests enter its fourth month on 17 January, protesters blocked several main roads across Lebanon, including a vital road connecting central Beirut's east and west. Hundreds of protesters were said to have also gathered outside the Lebanese central bank and close to the parliament, the Times of Israel added.https://www.timesofisrael.com/lebanese-demonstrators-block-roads-as-protests-enter-fourth-month/ Lebanese demonstrators block roads as protests enter fourth month AFP The Times of Israel en-US 21 January 2020 2020-03-05 https://web.archive.org/web/20200305102427/https://www.timesofisrael.com/lebanese-demonstrators-block-roads-as-protests-enter-fourth-month/ live 0040-7909 On Friday morning, the roads were also blocked in second city Tripoli by protesters, but later in the day the roads were cleared, according to France 24.https://www.france24.com/en/20200118-lebanon-protest-fourth-month-political-elite Lebanese block roads as revived protests enter fourth month 18 January 2020 France 24 en 21 January 2020 2020-04-14 https://web.archive.org/web/20200414131416/https://www.france24.com/en/20200118-lebanon-protest-fourth-month-political-elite live Human Rights Watch has urged authorities to free detainees that haven't been charged with a recognizable crime and that the Ministry of Interior should quickly hold security officers responsible for the excessive use of force on protesters.https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/01/17/lebanon-police-violence-against-protesters Lebanon: Police Violence Against Protesters 17 January 2020 Human Rights Watch en 21 January 2020 2020-04-02 https://web.archive.org/web/20200402070803/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/01/17/lebanon-police-violence-against-protesters live HRW also claimed that protesters and media officials had been struck by riot police, according to Al Jazeera.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/lebanon-releases-protesters-rights-groups-slam-security-forces-200117082501361.html Lebanon releases protesters as rights groups slam security forces 17 January 2020 www.aljazeera.com 21 January 2020 2020-03-08 https://web.archive.org/web/20200308042211/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/lebanon-releases-protesters-rights-groups-slam-security-forces-200117082501361.html live Escalation of violence and arrest of journalists In an attempt to break up gatherings of anti-government protesters attempting to reach Martyr's Square on 18 January, dozens of people have been injured as security forces used water cannons and tear gas to dissipate the protesters. Furthermore, demonstrators have been spotted at Martyr's Square throwing rocks, fireworks and Molotov cocktails at security forces, as well as shining lasers at them to interrupt series of tear gas rounds, CNN reported.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/lebanon-anti-government-protests-turn-violent-beirut-200118160101017.html Scores wounded as Lebanon's anti-gov't protests turn violent 19 January 2020 www.aljazeera.com 21 January 2020 2020-05-30 https://web.archive.org/web/20200530044008/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/lebanon-anti-government-protests-turn-violent-beirut-200118160101017.html livehttps://www.cnn.com/2020/01/18/middleeast/beirut-protests-lebanon-intl/index.html Lebanon police fire tear gas at protesters in violent 'week of rage' Wedeman Ben Balkiz Ghazi 18 January 2020 CNN 21 January 2020 Streib Christian Dewan Angela 2020-04-30 https://web.archive.org/web/20200430141600/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/18/middleeast/beirut-protests-lebanon-intl/index.html live In the evening, President Aoun summoned in the armed forces to the streets in order to safeguard private property, as well as peaceful protesters, ABC News reported.https://abcnews.go.com/International/protests-lebanon-reach-intensity-dozens-hospital-analysis/story?id=68404196 Protests in Lebanon reach new intensity, dozens taken to hospital: Analysis McGarry Matt 20 January 2020 ABC News en 24 January 2020 2020-08-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20200811094146/https://abcnews.go.com/International/protests-lebanon-reach-intensity-dozens-hospital-analysis/story?id=68404196 live About 30 people were said to have been detained due to Saturday's unrest, the state-run National News Agency stated, though the detainees were later released.https://www.nst.com.my/world/world/2020/01/557904/400-hurt-lebanon-protesters-clash-security-forces 400 hurt as Lebanon protesters clash with security forces AFP 19 January 2020 New Straits Times en 24 January 2020 2020-01-20 https://web.archive.org/web/20200120163821/https://www.nst.com.my/world/world/2020/01/557904/400-hurt-lebanon-protesters-clash-security-forces live More than 60 wounded people are believed to have received treatment, while at least 40 people have been rushed to the hospitals, the Lebanese Red Cross stated.https://globalnews.ca/news/6430731/lebanon-protests-beirut-government/ Lebanon anti-government protests near parliament building leave dozens wounded 18 January 2020 Global News en 21 January 2020 2020-04-06 https://web.archive.org/web/20200406164746/https://globalnews.ca/news/6430731/lebanon-protests-beirut-government/ live In total, Reuters reported that more than 370 people had been injured in the day's protests.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-crisis-protests-idUSKBN1ZI0DS Lebanese security forces, protesters clash for second night Francis Ellen 19 January 2020 Reuters 20 January 2020 Nader Yara Abi Perry Tom en Perry Tom Kanaan Alaa Graff Peter Russell Ros Macfie Nick 2020-03-10 https://web.archive.org/web/20200310053018/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-crisis-protests-idUSKBN1ZI0DS live On 19 January, an American freelance journalist, Nicholas Frakes, was arrested on the allegation of sending footage of anti-government protests to the Israeli newspaper Haaretz, according to The Washington Post.https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-journalist-detained-during-lebanon-protests-on-suspicion-of-sending-footage-to-israel/2020/01/20/33b9947a-3bb4-11ea-afe2-090eb37b60b1_story.html U.S. journalist detained during Lebanon protests on suspicion of sending footage to Israel Sly Liz 20 January 2020 The Washington Post 21 January 2020 Haidamous Suzan 2020-01-21 https://web.archive.org/web/20200121122203/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-journalist-detained-during-lebanon-protests-on-suspicion-of-sending-footage-to-israel/2020/01/20/33b9947a-3bb4-11ea-afe2-090eb37b60b1_story.html live However, Haaretz Newspaper has rejected any connection to Nicholas Frakes, arguing that the live video feed of the anti-government protest uploaded on their Facebook account was from Reuters, the Jerusalem Post added.https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Haaretz-denies-any-connection-to-journalist-arrested-in-Lebanon-614757 Haaretz denies any connection to journalist arrested in Lebanon Joffre Tzvi 21 January 2020 The Jerusalem Post 21 January 2020 2020-06-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20200619061844/https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/haaretz-denies-any-connection-to-journalist-arrested-in-lebanon-614757 live The committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) claimed that since 14 January, journalists reporting anti-government protests in Beirut have been arrested, attacked or molested by police officers, according to the International Business Times.https://www.ibtimes.sg/american-journalist-arrested-by-lebanese-military-over-reporting-israeli-enemy-newspaper-38024 American journalist arrested by Lebanese military over reporting for 'Israeli enemy newspaper' 21 January 2020 International Business Times, Singapore Edition en 21 January 2020 2020-03-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20200318010447/https://www.ibtimes.sg/american-journalist-arrested-by-lebanese-military-over-reporting-israeli-enemy-newspaper-38024 live According to France 24, In light of this week's World Economic Forum, the expected participation of Lebanon's outgoing foreign minister Gebran Bassil triggered a strong public protest, demanding the cancellation of his invitation.https://www.france24.com/en/20200120-public-uproar-in-protest-hit-lebanon-over-fm-s-davos-invite Public uproar in protest-hit Lebanon over FM's Davos invite 20 January 2020 France 24 en 21 January 2020 2020-03-09 https://web.archive.org/web/20200309030908/https://www.france24.com/en/20200120-public-uproar-in-protest-hit-lebanon-over-fm-s-davos-invite live However, Bassil maintains that the protesters who chanted against him do not make up the majority of Lebanese and that he believes the people of Lebanon want change, but he argued that he isnot leaving until voters drive him out in elections, according to The Washington Post. The former foreign minister further claimed that he came to Davos "on his own expenses".https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/01/23/world/middleeast/ap-ml-davos-lebanon.html Lawmaker Targeted by Lebanese Protests Rejects Calls to Quit 23 January 2020 The New York Times 24 January 2020 The Associated Press en-US 0362-4331 2020-01-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20200124134708/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/01/23/world/middleeast/ap-ml-davos-lebanon.html livehttps://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/23/lebanons-former-foreign-minister-tries-to-defend-davos-trip.html Lebanon's former foreign minister tries to defend Davos trip as country faces economic collapse Turak Natasha 23 January 2020 CNBC en 24 January 2020 2020-07-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20200712160229/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/23/lebanons-former-foreign-minister-tries-to-defend-davos-trip.html live As of 21 January, there has been an increase in the number of injured people in the Lebanese protests to more 540, according to The Times of Israel.https://www.timesofisrael.com/lebanon-officials-vow-to-deter-infiltrator-attacks-after-weekend-violence/ Lebanon officials vow to deter 'infiltrator' attacks after weekend violence Osseiran Hashem The Times of Israel en-US 21 January 2020 2020-07-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20200722085654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/lebanon-officials-vow-to-deter-infiltrator-attacks-after-weekend-violence/ live 0040-7909 New government formed On 21 January, Prime Minister Diab announced the formation of a new cabinet of 20 ministers, despite public outrage and protests against the Cabinet of Hassan Diab. According to CNN, during an interview with Lebanon's state news agency, Diab portrayed the newly appointed ministers as "technocrats" who he believes would operate without loyalties to political parties.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51189782 New Lebanon government ends months of deadlock 22 January 2020 BBC News 22 January 2020 en-GB 2020-06-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20200611142713/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51189782 livehttps://www.cnn.com/2020/01/21/world/lebanon-prime-minister-govt-intl/index.html After months of protest, Lebanon forms new government Balkiz Ghazi Alkhshali Hamdi 21 January 2020 CNN 22 January 2020 2020-06-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20200628190035/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/21/world/lebanon-prime-minister-govt-intl/index.html live However, the cabinet members themselves were unable to hide their partisan allegiances.https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2020/01/22/Who-s-who-in-Lebanon-s-new-government Who's who in Lebanon's new government 22 January 2020 Al Arabiya English 2021-04-04 2021-08-10 https://web.archive.org/web/20210810084027/https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2020/01/22/Who-s-who-in-Lebanon-s-new-government live Even before the new cabinet was unveiled, several groups of protesters had gathered in the streets of Beirut, obstructing a main street in the center of the capital, according to France 24.https://www.france24.com/en/20200121-lebanon-beirut-hassan-diab-saad-hariri-new-government-protests-cabinet Lebanon announces new government, protestors far from impressed 21 January 2020 France 24 en 22 January 2020 2020-04-14 https://web.archive.org/web/20200414131235/https://www.france24.com/en/20200121-lebanon-beirut-hassan-diab-saad-hariri-new-government-protests-cabinet live The Times of Israel added that the protesters made an effort to take down barbed wire near the parliament building and throw rocks at security forces, who in return used tear gas and water cannons. Some protesters maintained that they would remain in the streets, till their claims for a technocratic government and early elections were met, according to Al Jazeera.https://www.timesofisrael.com/protests-in-lebanon-continue-as-new-government-fails-to-assuage-anger/ Protests in Lebanon continue as new government fails to assuage anger AFP 22 January 2020 The Times of Israel en-US 22 January 2020 2020-06-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20200628181831/https://www.timesofisrael.com/protests-in-lebanon-continue-as-new-government-fails-to-assuage-anger/ live 0040-7909https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/lebanon-announces-formation-government-200121200947113.html Lebanon announces formation of new government 22 January 2020 www.aljazeera.com 22 January 2020 2020-08-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20200811001121/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/lebanon-announces-formation-government-200121200947113.html live According to VOA, despite the fact that the newly formed ministers are experts and academics, protesters are still accusing political groups of participating in forming the new cabinet.https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_new-government-crisis-hit-lebanon-protests-continue/6182973.html New Government in Crisis-Hit Lebanon, But Protests Continue 22 January 2020 Voice of America en 22 January 2020 2020-01-31 https://web.archive.org/web/20200131144618/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/new-government-crisis-hit-lebanon-protests-continue live On 22 January, as Lebanon's new government convened, protesters in the capital gathered to discredit the meeting, smashing windows and breaking down security blockages encircling the parliament building.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/violent-protests-beirut-follow-lebanon-cabinet-meeting-200122161944258.html 'They're still robbing us': Angry Lebanese reject new government 22 January 2020 www.aljazeera.com 22 January 2020 2020-07-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20200723024603/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/violent-protests-beirut-follow-lebanon-cabinet-meeting-200122161944258.html live Amnesty International, based on evidence collected, has accused the Internal Security Forces of using rubber bullets unlawfully at close range, besides beatings, water cannons and tear gas in an attempt to disperse protesters on the weekend, which has left hundreds wounded.https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/01/lebanon-new-government-must-immediately-rein-in-security-forces-after-weekend-of-violence/ Lebanon: New government must immediately rein in security forces after weekend of violence 23 January 2020 www.amnesty.org Amnesty International en 24 January 2020 2020-07-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20200729210148/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/01/lebanon-new-government-must-immediately-rein-in-security-forces-after-weekend-of-violence/ live 25 January marked the 100th day since the protests began.https://theintercept.com/2020/01/25/lebanon-protests-torture/ As the Lebanon Uprising Hits 100-Day Mark, Protesters Allege Torture by Security Forces Medina Daniel A. Chehayeb Kareem 25 January 2020 The Intercept en-US 28 January 2020 Protesters gathered in Beirut and breached several security barriers around the central government building.https://www.france24.com/en/20200125-lebanese-protesters-rally-in-beirut-to-mark-100-days-of-demonstrations Lebanese protesters rally in Beirut to mark 100 days of demonstrations 25 January 2020 France 24 28 January 2020 AFP en On 27 January, the Lebanon Parliament passed a 2020 budget, amid the debilitating financial crisis. The state budget came as the protests outside the Parliament in Beirut were held back by the security forces.https://www.heraldsun.com/news/nation-world/world/article239672548.html Heavy security in Beirut as parliament convenes on budget 27 January 2020 The Herald Sun 2020-01-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20200127135828/https://www.heraldsun.com/news/nation-world/world/article239672548.html Four people had been injured and taken to the hospitals in Beirut, with 8 other people sustaining minor injuries, the Lebanese Red Cross announced. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1618831/middle-east Lebanese parliament approves 2020 budget 31 January 2020 27 January 2020 The state-run National News Agency stated that only 70 out of the 128 members of parliament attended Monday's vote, with 49 lawmakers in favor of passing the budget, 13 against and 8 abstaining. https://www.france24.com/en/20200127-lebanon-parliament-passes-2020-budget-amid-protests Lebanon parliament passes 2020 budget amid protests. 27 January 2020 According to Al Jazeera, analysts argue that the endorsed 2020 budget barely attempts to resolve Lebanon's financial and economic crisis. https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/lebanon-passes-budget-critics-call-useless-piece-paper-200127190315527.html Lebanon passes budget critics call 'useless piece of paper' 31 January 2020 According to SBS News, the parliament budget committee chairman Ibrahim Kanaan stated that the purpose of the new budget is to lower the deficit of gross domestic product to around 7%. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/lebanon-passes-new-budget-amid-anti-government-protests Lebanon passes new budget amid anti-government protests. SBS.com.au 31 January 2020 Experts warned that the direction in which Lebanon is heading could ignite more instability, as the newly formed government is not expected to convince Lebanese protesters to end their demonstrations against the ruling elite, according to VOA. https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/experts-new-hezbollah-backed-cabinet-unlikely-calm-protests-lebanon https://web.archive.org/web/20200131144607/https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/experts-new-hezbollah-backed-cabinet-unlikely-calm-protests-lebanon dead 31 January 2020 Experts: New Hezbollah-backed Cabinet Unlikely to Calm Protests in Lebanon 30 January 2020 Ahmado Nisan Voice of America 31 January 2020 February protests On 2 February, a protest was held outside the United States embassy in Beirut, by hundreds of Lebanese and Palestinians, in opposition to the US plan for ending the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.https://www.timesofisrael.com/protesters-outside-us-embassy-in-lebanon-decry-trump-plan/ Protesters outside US Embassy in Lebanon decry Trump plan Malak Harb The Times of Israel 0040-7909 Protesters were gathered on a road leading to the US embassy, northeast of Beirut, waving Palestinian flags, with some of the protesters chanting "Death to America! Death to Israel! We will die and Palestine survive," according to France 24.https://www.france24.com/en/20200202-lebanon-us-palestine-palestinian-israel-peace-plan-protest-beirut-embassy-abbas-trump-white-house-mahmoud-arab-league-refugee-middle-east Hundreds protest against US Mideast peace plan in Lebanon 2 February 2020 France 24 It was reported by the VOA News that around noon, security forces used what seemed to be pepper spray to stop some of the protesters who had removed the barbed wire and reached a metal fence set up by security forces. At least three protesters were said to have been carried away in the process of the struggle.https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_protesters-outside-us-embassy-lebanon-decry-trump-plan/6183583.html Protesters Outside US Embassy in Lebanon Decry Trump Plan Voice of America – English Voice of America 2 February 2020 https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/lebanese-protesters-decry-trump-plan-outside-u-s-embassy-1.8478014 https://web.archive.org/web/20200202202720/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/lebanese-protesters-decry-trump-plan-outside-u-s-embassy-1.8478014 dead 2 February 2020 Lebanese protesters decry Trump plan outside U.S. Embassy Haaretz According to Arab News, 24 hours prior to the protest, employees of the US embassy were advised to stay clear of the area of the protests.https://arab.news/8y3eq Lebanese security forces pepper spray demonstrators outside US Embassy 2 February 2020 Arab News However, in an attempt to prove to the government that the Lebanese people are united in their quest for political change, protesters were also reported to have gathered in Tripoli, the country's poorest city on Sunday, according to Al Jazeera.https://www.aljazeera.com/videos/2020/2/2/lebanon-protesters-gather-in-tripoli-against-poverty-corruption Lebanon: Protesters gather in Tripoli against poverty, corruption www.aljazeera.com According to the Middle East Monitor, in a statement issued by the Lebanese Information Minister Abdul Samad on 6 February, he disclosed that the new government of Lebanon has agreed to the approval of a new policy statement, which is believed to include a clause calling for the return of refugees back to their various countries.https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200206-lebanon-president-to-force-displaced-persons-to-return-home/ Lebanon president to force displaced persons to return home 6 February 2020 Middle East Monitor On 10 February, women's groups at the local level in Lebanon, including other alienated groups, are demanding for their rights to be honored by the Lebanese government, Al Jazeera reported.https://www.aljazeera.com/videos/2020/2/10/women-call-for-rights-lead-change-in-lebanon-protests Women call for rights, lead change in Lebanon protests Sara Khairat www.aljazeera.com On Tuesday, the Lebanese parliament held a nine-hour session, in which the legislators passed a vote of confidence, supporting the newly formed cabinet by the Lebanese government, and its financial rescue plan.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/11/lebanon-govt-wins-parliaments-confidence-vote-despite-protests Lebanon gov't wins Parliament's confidence vote despite protests Timour Azhari www.aljazeera.com Protesters attempted to disrupt the meeting from holding by throwing stones at security forces and tried to block the path leading to the parliament.https://www.euronews.com/2020/02/11/watch-live-protests-in-lebanon-ahead-of-government-confidence-vote Lebanon government wins confidence vote as protests rage 11 February 2020 euronews The parliament meeting was attended by 84 members of parliament, with 63 of them voting in support of the government, France 24 added.https://www.france24.com/en/20200211-protesters-clash-with-security-forces-in-lebanon-ahead-of-cabinet-vote-of-confidence Lebanese govt wins no-confidence vote despite protests 11 February 2020 France 24 In an attempt by protesters to evade security checkpoints, they started to form up at various points in Beirut, but some lawmakers reportedly spent the night in the parliament ahead of the meeting, in order to avoid being prevented by protesters.https://www.timesofisrael.com/security-forces-use-tear-gas-as-lebanon-protesters-try-to-block-confidence-vote/ Security forces use tear gas as Lebanon protesters try to block confidence vote The Times of Israel 0040-7909 On 14 February, former Prime Minister Saad Hariri delivered his first speech after leaving office in October, urging that he is not leaving Lebanon, but mapping out a new future in politics with his party.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/14/defiant-lebanons-hariri-says-deal-with-aoun-is-history Defiant, Lebanon's Hariri says deal with Aoun is 'history' Timour Azhari www.aljazeera.com In response to Lebanon's request for technical assistance from the IMF earlier in February, hundreds of protesters have gathered around Lebanon's central bank and parliament on 15 February, in rejection of the request.http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/15/c_138787196.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20200216180750/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/15/c_138787196.htm 16 February 2020 Hundreds of Lebanese protest against gov't request for IMF support – Xinhua English.news.cn www.xinhuanet.com The World Bank has warned Lebanon against the risk of implosion if they fail to adopt a new system of governance that is more genuine and transparent compared to the old one. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-17/lebanon-warned-of-implosion-as-imf-world-bank-plead-for-reforms Lebanon Warned of Implosion as IMF, World Bank Plead for Reforms. Bloomberg.com 17 February 2020 Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab hosted the speaker of the Iranian Parliament Ali Larijani on 17 February, as Iran expresses readiness to assist Lebanon with its ongoing crisis. The Iranian speaker added that, considering Lebanon has made it all the way past the creation of a new government, Iran is now ready to assume their responsibility, which involves working with Lebanon, according to the Tasnim News Agency.https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_voa-news-iran_snubbed-gulf-lebanons-pm-diab-hosts-iranian-official/6184383.html Snubbed by Gulf, Lebanon's PM Diab Hosts Iranian Official Voice of America – English Voice of America 17 February 2020 https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2020/02/18/2205361/iran-ready-to-cooperate-with-lebanon-s-new-gov-t-in-all-areas-speaker Iran Ready to Cooperate with Lebanon's New Gov't in All Areas: Speaker – Politics news Tasnim News Agency According to The New York Times, several Lebanese are considering emigration as a solution to the ongoing deepening crisis in Lebanon which has no end date, with some in possession of a second passport already, which will pave way for them to leave the country without any difficulty.https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/02/19/world/middleeast/19reuters-lebanon-crisis-emigration.html Crisis Drives Lebanese Abroad in Search of Better Future. The New York Times During the G-20 Summit in Riyadh on 23 February, Saudi Arabia's finance minister divulged Saudi's plan of assisting Lebanon with its financial crisis, once there is assurance that Lebanon has put in place a solid reform plan.https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/23/saudi-arabia-will-support-lebanon-if-it-sees-viable-reform-plan.html Saudi Arabia is ready to support debt-ridden Lebanon — but wants to see a reform plan first, finance minister says Natasha Turak 23 February 2020 CNBC Also during the summit, the finance minister of France has expressed his country's willingness to provide Lebanon with any form of financial support if need be.https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/02/23/business/23reuters-g20-saudi-france-lebanon-exclusive.html Exclusive: If Lebanon Needs Financial Aid, France Will Be There, Finmin Says. The New York Times Furthermore, the Lebanese government is trying to set up an emergency economic plan that will improve the country's conditions, amid fears of acquiring aid from the international community.https://www.aljazeera.com/videos/2020/2/27/lebanon-economy-govt-works-towards-emergency-financial-plan Lebanon economy: Gov't works towards emergency financial plan Zeina Khodr www.aljazeera.com Several migrant workers in Lebanon are paying the price for the country's financial crisis, as the access to hard currency has been limited, France 24 reported.https://www.france24.com/en/20200227-in-lebanon-migrant-workers-hit-by-financial-crisis In Lebanon, migrant workers hit by financial crisis 27 February 2020 France 24 March protests COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon Lebanon recorded its first case of COVID-19 on 21 February.https://the961.com/first-coronavirus-case-confirmed-in-lebanon/ First Coronavirus Case Confirmed in Lebanon 21 February 2020 The961 10 March 2020 On 28 February, the Lebanese Government implemented the first of many measures aimed at combating the virus, closing all educational institutions starting 29 February.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-lebanon-education-idUSKCN20M341 Lebanon says schools to be closed from 29 Feb.-March 8 amid coronavirus: education ministry statement 28 February 2020 Reuters 29 February 2020 live https://web.archive.org/web/20200228221811/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-lebanon-education-idUSKCN20M341 28 February 2020 en Due to religious restrictions guarding the country's system of protection, Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab stated on 2 March, that the government has become unable to protect the Lebanese citizens.https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200303-lebanon-pm-we-can-no-longer-protect-our-people/ Lebanon PM: 'We can no longer protect our people' 3 March 2020 Middle East Monitor Lebanon's huge debts have cast doubts on the ability of Lebanon to meet repayment due by 9 March, as several members of parliament reject paying the $1.2bn Euro-bond, regardless of the consequences, the speaker of parliament disclosed on 4 March.https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/3/4/most-lebanese-mps-oppose-paying-debt-even-if-it-means-default Most Lebanese MPs oppose paying debt even if it means default Al Jazeera On 5 March, Lebanese came out in hundreds near banks in Southern Lebanon, to protest against the regulations stopping them from withdrawing their funds.http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/05/c_138846804.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20200814203313/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/05/c_138846804.htm 14 August 2020 Hundreds protest against banks, money exchange companies in southern Lebanon Xinhua However, the Lebanese parliament is believed to have passed a bill to ensure that banking secrecy has been lifted, Justice Minister Marie-Claude Najm stated. Lebanon's minister of information also added that the law is expected to be applicable to members of parliament, ministers, as well as public officials.http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/05/c_138847039.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20200814203317/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/05/c_138847039.htm 14 August 2020 Lebanon passes law to lift banking secrecy Xinhua https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-crisis-banks-idUSKBN20S2HR Lebanon state prosecutor blocks order to freeze assets of 20 banks Laila Bassam Ellen Francis Reuters 5 March 2020 As the exchange rate of US dollar-Lebanese pound reached £L2,600 on Thursday, hundreds of demonstrators took to the streets in Antelias and Beirut, demanding for the government to find a solution, as well as to hold early elections.https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2020/Mar-05/502278-hundreds-of-protesters-call-for-early-elections.ashx Protests renewed as exchange rate hits LL2,600 The Daily Star 2020-03-05 2020-03-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20200318051008/https://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2020/Mar-05/502278-hundreds-of-protesters-call-for-early-elections.ashx Considering the current economic situation in Lebanon, a judge has reportedly halted an order of assets freezing of 20 banks, including their directors. The judge explained the reason for suspending the order, stating that he wants to first learn how the order could affect Lebanon's current economic position.https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/82358/Lebanon-suspends-asset-freeze-on-20-banks Lebanon suspends asset freeze on 20 banks 6 March 2020 EgyptTodayhttps://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/3/6/lebanese-judge-suspends-prosecutors-order-to-freeze-bank-assets Lebanese judge suspends prosecutor's order to freeze bank assets Timour Azhari www.aljazeera.com On 7 March, Prime Minister Hassan Diab said that Lebanon would default on a Eurobond repayment and pursue restructuring its debt. The country has never before defaulted. Lebanon's government debt is about 170% of its yearly gross domestic product. Several Analysts have added that only the IMF's support could be the solution to Lebanon's financial crisis after the default.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/07/lebanon-to-default-on-debt-for-first-time-amid-financial-crisis Lebanon to default on debt for first time amid financial crisis The Guardian 7 March 2020https://www.vaticannews.va/en/world/news/2020-03/lebanon-debt-crisis-protests-default.html Lebanon defaults on sovereign debt after months of protests – Vatican News 9 March 2020 www.vaticannews.va However, hundreds of protesters have reportedly continued their rally which commenced earlier on Thursday, in several cities across the country including Sidon, as they criticise against the financial policies and poor standard of living in the country.https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2020/Mar-07/502353-protests-march-on-banks-in-beirut-and-sidon.ashx Protests march on across Lebanon against economic situation News, Lebanon News THE DAILY STAR The Daily Star 7 March 2020 2020-03-11 2020-04-17 https://web.archive.org/web/20200417024754/https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2020/Mar-07/502353-protests-march-on-banks-in-beirut-and-sidon.ashx On 9 March, Prime Minister Hassan Diab announced that Lebanon had defaulted on a $1.2 billion Eurobond, for the very first time in the history of the country.https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/03/12/leba-m12.html Amid protests and crises, Lebanon defaults on Eurobond World Socialist Web Site 12 March 2020 On 10 March, the restriction on deposits due to shortage of foreign currency was reduced by a public prosecutor, as he consented to rules for commercial banks, targeted at defending depositor's rights. The decision was verified by an official at the office of the public prosecutor, even though no additional comment was given.https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2173291/lebanon-banks-prosecutor-agree-rules-easing-deposit-restrictions Lebanon Banks, Prosecutor Agree Rules for Easing Deposit Restrictions Asharq AL-awsathttps://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-crisis-banks-idUSKBN20X2QW Lebanon banks, prosecutor agree rules for easing deposit restrictions Nafisa Eltahir Reporting by Laila Bassam Peter Cooney Reuters 10 March 2020 www.reuters.com Amid fears of the further spread of coronavirus in Lebanon, on 15 March, the government decided to put in place a state of emergency, leaving its crippling economy in a stalemate.https://www.thetrumpet.com/22119-coronavirus-hastens-lebanons-impending-economic-collapse Coronavirus Hastens Lebanon's Impending Economic Collapse E.-mail Warren Reinsch theTrumpet.com The decision was reached after several hours of an emergency cabinet meeting which resulted to the closure of its land borders, seaports and Rafic Hariri International Airport in Beirut.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/3/16/lebanon-will-shut-airport-restrict-movement-over-coronavirus Lebanon will shut airport, restrict movement over coronavirus Timour Azhari www.aljazeera.com According to Reuters, the closure which commenced on Wednesday, is expected to be in place until 29 March, so as to enable the state of health emergency that has been set up, to tackle the virus effectively.https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-lebanon-pm-idUSS8N27C01R Lebanon to shut airport from Wednesday in coronavirus measure Reuters 15 March 2020 www.reuters.com On 23 March, the Lebanese government decided to stop paying back all debts in foreign currencies, in light of the fall in foreign currency reserves and worsening financial and economic crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many businesses to be closed down, including a severe impact on the foreign sector, which influenced the government's new decision. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/lebanon-to-stop-paying-back-all-debt-in-foreign-currencies/2020/03/23/1036cb18-6d04-11ea-a156-0048b62cdb51_story.html https://web.archive.org/web/20200324160452/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/lebanon-to-stop-paying-back-all-debt-in-foreign-currencies/2020/03/23/1036cb18-6d04-11ea-a156-0048b62cdb51_story.html 2020-03-24 Lebanon to stop paying back all debt in foreign currencies. The Washington Post https://www.arabnews.com/node/1645951/business-economy Lebanon to stop paying back all debt in foreign currencies 23 March 2020 Arab News The Lebanese finance ministry added that the country is planning on reaching reasonable understanding with its creditors immediately.https://www.nation.co.ke/business/Lebanon-to-stop-paying-outstanding-Eurobonds/996-5501752-ogot4qz/index.html Lebanon to stop paying outstanding Eurobonds: ministry. 28 June 2020 On 27 March, camps in Martyrs Square in central Beirut, which has been mostly occupied by protesters since October 2019, were reportedly cleared by Lebanon's security forces, according to the National Post. The security forces engaged the Martyrs Square in the evening after the Lebanese cabinet had imposed a curfew.https://nationalpost.com/pmn/health-pmn/lebanese-police-remove-beirut-protest-camp Lebanese police remove Beirut protest camp National Post 28 March 2020http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2020/Mar-27/503456-protesters-cry-foul-play-as-police-destroy-encampments-in-downtown-beirut.ashx Protesters cry foul play as police destroy encampments in downtown Beirut News, Lebanon News THE DAILY STAR The Daily Star 2020-03-30 2020-04-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20200412211803/https://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2020/Mar-27/503456-protesters-cry-foul-play-as-police-destroy-encampments-in-downtown-beirut.ashx The decision to remove the camps was made amid growing concerns over the further spread of coronavirus, according to the Lebanese government.https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/lebanon-decision-to-dismantle-protest-camps-over-coronavirus-fears-causes-controversy-1.999165 Lebanon: decision to dismantle protest camps over coronavirus fears causes controversy The National April 2020 However, protesters claimed that the police neither informed or gave them a notice, instead, they instructed them to quickly vacate the protest site. A protester added that there were only about 50 to 60 of them remaining when the security forces invaded the camps, as most of the protesters had evacuated the camps following the closure of seaports and airport of Beirut by the Lebanese government on 18 March, according to the Al-Monitor.https://arab.news/vvajg Lebanon's police clear protest camps in Beirut as coronavirus curfew takes effect 28 March 2020 Arab Newshttps://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/03/lebanon-protests-coronavirus-support-poor-economy.html Coronavirus forces Lebanese protesters into new posture – Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East www.al-monitor.com 26 March 2020 Activists and journalists in Lebanon have expressed their concerns on the suspicion that the Lebanese government might be using the COVID-19 pandemic as an excuse to make its powers even stronger.https://www.voanews.com/a/extremism-watch_lebanese-activists-fear-hezbollah-led-government-using-coronavirus-solidify-power/6186666.html Lebanese Activists Fear Hezbollah-led Government Is Using Coronavirus to Solidify Power Voice of America – English Voice of America 30 March 2020 April protests On 2 April, some activists and journalists defied the lockdown that was issued by the cabinet on 15 March to prevent the widespread of COVID-19, protesting against the closure of banks which led to the arrest of six activists and a journalist by the Lebanese security forces. The small group of protesters gathered in front of the Al-Mawarid Bank's Hamra branch in west Beirut, with some people putting on surgical masks and others without, Al-Arabiya added.http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2020/Apr-02/503727-activists-detained-after-bank-protest.ashx Activists detained after bank protest News, Lebanon News THE DAILY STAR The Daily Star 2 April 2020 2020-04-03 2020-07-20 https://web.archive.org/web/20200720011354/https://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2020/Apr-02/503727-activists-detained-after-bank-protest.ashx President Michel Aoun on 6 April, urged the international community to provide Lebanon with financial support as they battle to survive the ongoing economic crisis, alongside the COVID-19 pandemic. The president made the call during a meeting of the International support group for Lebanon, in which he particularly asked the governments of the International community to make available $11 billion which they had pledged for during a conference in Paris, April 2018.https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2020/04/06/Lebanon-asks-for-financial-aid-as-coronavirus-outbreak-continues Lebanon asks for financial aid as coronavirus outbreak continues 6 April 2020 Al Arabiya Englishhttps://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/04/lebanon-call-international-donors-coronavirus-relief.html Lebanon calls on international donors to provide coronavirus relief funds – Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East www.al-monitor.com 6 April 2020 Aoun also maintained that the country is solely relying on the financial aid which is to be dedicated in executing infrastructure projects, as they have gone into an unforeseen economic recession.https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200407-aoun-lebanese-economy-in-recession/ Aoun: Lebanese economy in recession 7 April 2020 Middle East Monitor On 7 April, just a day after security forces stopped an escape attempt in Tripoli's prison in northern Lebanon, heavy protests erupted amid fears of the spread of coronavirus.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/9/lebanon-prisons-hit-by-unrest-amid-coronavirus-fears Lebanon prisons hit by unrest amid coronavirus fears Timour Azhari www.aljazeera.com At least four inmates were reportedly injured when security forces fired rubber bullets in an attempt to disperse the crowd.https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/lebanese-prisoners-riot-over-coronavirus-fears-1.1003100 Lebanese prisoners riot over coronavirus fears The National 8 April 2020 According to CNN, American citizens living in Lebanon have rejected the offer made by the US government to return them back to the US, due to the drastic increase in the number of COVID-19 cases in America. The offer was given to both citizens and permanent residents on a chartered flight at the cost of $2,500 for each individual.https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/09/middleeast/us-citizens-lebanon-coronavirus-intl/index.html US citizens in Lebanon decline repatriation offer, saying it's 'safer' in Beirut Tamara Qiblawi CNN 9 April 2020 https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2227296/us-citizens-lebanon-refuse-repatriation-over-coronavirus-say-beirut-safer US Citizens in Lebanon Refuse Repatriation over Coronavirus, Say Beirut is Safer Asharq AL-awsat On 21 April, several protesters in Lebanon returned to the streets again in large car convoys, gathering around the complex where MPs convened in order to pass several laws on Tuesday. Many protesters were sighted waving Lebanon's flag while putting on protective gear like medical masks and hand gloves as a preventive measure against the Coronavirus.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/21/lebanon-mps-meet-in-theatre-protesters-out-in-cars Lebanon: MPs meet in theatre, protesters out in cars Timour Azhari www.aljazeera.comhttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2020/Apr-22/504753-parliament-session-resumes-ongoing-street-protests.ashx MPs reject draft laws, reforms as Lebanese protest for second day News, Lebanon News THE DAILY STAR The Daily Star 22 April 2020 Due to the worsening economic condition, COVID-19 lock-down and the Lebanese government's inability to enact policies that would curb the situation, protesters were threatening to resume protests nationwide, Xinhuanet reported.http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/22/c_138999231.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20200507000205/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/22/c_138999231.htm 7 May 2020 Protests resumed in Lebanon against gov't policies – Xinhua English.news.cn www.xinhuanet.com Prime minister Hassan Diab disclosed after the session that the reforms plan by the government is scheduled to be discussed next week.https://arab.news/pnzkm Lebanese Parliament convenes amid protests 22 April 2020 Arab News On 27 April, large clashes in Tripoli between the army and protesters resulted in one protester being killed.Saleh Walid https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-crisis-tripoli/banks-smashed-as-protests-turn-violent-in-lebanons-tripoli-idUSKCN22A00R Lebanon cities erupt against economic hardship, one protester killed in Tripoli 27 April 2020 Reuters 28 April 2020 40 troops were injured, and many banks in Tripoli were set on fire or had their windows smashed due to the currency's rapid devaluation. Molotov cocktails had been thrown at an army vehicle and at least 5 banks in the city in the previous days, and heavy gunfire was heard.Azhari Timour https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/dead-dozens-injured-lebanon-riots-banks-smashed-200428070207291.html One dead, dozens injured in Lebanon riots with banks smashed 28 April 2020 Al Jazeera 28 April 2020 The next day, all banks in Tripoli announced their temporary closure until security has been restored, as they have been the targets attacks and rioting.https://www.france24.com/en/20200428-banks-smashed-during-protests-in-lebanon-over-ailing-economy Clashes in Lebanon over price hikes turn deadly 28 April 2020 France 24 28 April 2020 Protests also took place in Sidon on 27 April. On 28 April, large protests erupted in Tripoli for a 2nd consecutive night, along with other demonstrations in Beirut, Sidon, Nabatieh, Bekaa Valley, and Akkar, in defiance of the lockdown to contain COVID-19 in Lebanon. Over a dozen banks and cash machines across the country were either torched with Molotov cocktails or vandalized. The military expressed regret over the killing of a protester the night before and opened an investigation into the death. A funeral procession for the deceased protester in Tripoli took place.Azhari Timour https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/banks-targeted-lebanon-night-molotov-200429060510405.html Banks targeted in Lebanon's 'night of the Molotov' 29 April 2020 Al Jazeera 29 April 2020Trew Bel https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/lebanon-protests-economy-beirut-latest-a9489956.html https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/lebanon-protests-economy-beirut-latest-a9489956.html 1 May 2022 subscription live 'We are starving': Hunger and economic collapse drive Lebanon's protesters back to the streets 29 April 2020 Independent 29 April 2020 On 29 April, small protests continued for the third night. In the northern city of Tripoli, protesters lobbed fireworks and stones at soldiers who pushed them back with rubber bullets. In the southern city of Sidon, demonstrators set a central bank building ablaze with petrol bombs for a second night.Knecht Eric https://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKBN22B37H https://web.archive.org/web/20200808073242/https://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKBN22B37H dead 8 August 2020 Small protests break out in Lebanese cities in third night of unrest 29 April 2020 Reuters 30 April 2020 After a series of protests that turned into violence, the government of Lebanon on 30 April, approved the long-awaited plan to save the country's economy from the brink of collapse. Prime Minister Hassan Diab maintained that the Lebanese government intends to use the plan in applying for an IMF programme that would facilitate the revival of the economy which is projected to be in crisis for the next five years.https://www.timesofisrael.com/protests-turn-to-riots-as-crisis-hit-lebanon-approves-economic-rescue-plan/ Protests turn to riots as crisis-hit Lebanon approves economic rescue plan Hashem Osseiran The Times of Israel 0040-7909https://www.france24.com/en/20200430-lebanon-approves-long-awaited-economic-rescue-plan-after-weeks-of-unrest Lebanon approves long-awaited economic rescue plan after months of unrest 30 April 2020 France 24 Following minor amendments, the approval of the plan was unanimously agreed by the government during the cabinet meeting at the presidential palace in Baabda, according to SBS.https://www.sbs.com.au/news/lebanon-approves-long-awaited-economic-rescue-plan-after-angry-protests/69fbd510-5066-4600-8bd8-1bdd78b348b3 Lebanon approves long-awaited economic rescue plan after angry protests SBS News However, Diab assured that the plan is subject to the option of having minor changes to it.https://arab.news/y2tjj Lebanese Cabinet's endorsement of reforms clears way for IMF approach 1 May 2020 Arab News May protests Protesters in Lebanon on 1 May, rejected the government's rescue plan which was announced on Thursday, as hundreds of protesters gathered outside the Central bank in Beirut and across the country. The protesters condemned the government's approach towards tackling the economic crisis which plummeted their local currency, leading to inflation and increased prices of goods.https://www.france24.com/en/20200501-lebanese-protest-against-rescue-plan-as-government-seeks-imf-help Lebanese protest against rescue plan as government seeks IMF help 1 May 2020 France 24Ammar Hassan 2020-05-01 Lebanese protest despite government's economic rescue plan https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3926703 2022-09-20 Taiwan News Outside a private bank, struggles reportedly erupted between security forces and protesters, as at least one protester was sighted being stroked and taken away by security forces, according to Daily Sabah.https://www.dailysabah.com/world/mid-east/protests-continue-in-lebanon-despite-governments-economic-rescue-plan Protests continue in Lebanon despite government's economic rescue plan Associated Press 1 May 2020 Daily Sabah Lebanese banks have also shown their lack of support for the government to seek help from the IMF, claiming their counsel wasn't asked for. The banking association of Lebanon urged for the rejection of the plan by members of parliament, maintaining that it does not need to be passed, as it infringes on private property rights.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-crisis-plan-idUSKBN22D5NG Lebanon banks reject rescue plan as government asks IMF for help Eric Knecht Tom Arnold Reuters 1 May 2020https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200503-lebanon-heads-towards-unknown-as-banks-reject-governments-rescue-plan/ Lebanon heads towards unknown as banks reject government's rescue plan 3 May 2020 Middle East Monitor They added that the plan has no specific time for implementation, also lacking the ability to proffer solutions to the high rate of inflation, possibly leading to hyperinflation.https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2262826/hard-work-lies-ahead-lebanon-road-imf-aid-deal-banks-reject-rescue-plan Hard Work Lies ahead for Lebanon on Road to IMF Aid Deal as Banks Reject Rescue Plan Asharq AL-awsat However, it is believed that the IMF may possibly confer with the Lebanese banks on the rescue plan before proceeding further, according to Arab News.https://arab.news/nhjn5 Lebanon banks reject rescue plan as government asks IMF for help 1 May 2020 Arab News The United Nations on 8 May 2020, reported that the journalists covering popular demonstrations in Lebanon are at the highest risk of contracting COVID-19, as many of those protesting do not abide by the safety measures advised for preventing the spread of the novel virus. The issue was first addressed by Joyce Akiki, a prominent Lebanon-based reporter for MTV channel in her velfie (or a video selfie).https://www.un.org/en/coronavirus/lebanese-jouranlists-face-increased-risks-covering-protests-during-pandemic Lebanese journalists face increased risks covering protests during pandemic 8 May 2020 United Nations United Nations On 14 May, the director of cash operations for the Lebanese central bank, Mazen Hamdan was arrested based on the suspicion of being involved in currency manipulation. The order for the director's arrest was issued by A Lebanese financial prosecutor, Ali Ibrahim.https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/05/lebanese-bank-official-arrested-currency-manipulation.html Lebanese bank official arrested for alleged currency manipulation – Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East www.al-monitor.com 15 May 2020 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-15/lebanon-arrests-director-at-central-bank-over-currency-chaos Lebanon Arrests Director at Central Bank Over Currency Chaos. Bloomberg.com 15 May 2020 Although the prosecutor's office is yet to release a statement, security sources have confirmed that Hamdan is being held in detention while awaiting an investigation, according to Reuters. https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL4N2CX36H https://web.archive.org/web/20200815150315/https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL4N2CX36H 15 August 2020 Lebanon c.bank denies currency manipulation after arrest order. AF Following the arrest of Mazen Hamdan, Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab demanded for the allegations regarding the Lebanese pound to be looked into further, maintaining that the people of Lebanon are entitled to an explanation as to why the exchange rate has plummeted, Daily Sabah added.https://www.dailysabah.com/business/economy/lebanon-arrests-central-bank-official-in-currency-crisis-probe Lebanon arrests central bank official in currency crisis probe French Press Agency- AFP 15 May 2020 Daily Sabah June protests On 2 June, protesters in Lebanon took to social media to share preventive measures with protesters who gathered in several cities across the United States, over the murder of George Floyd, an unarmed black man in Minneapolis, Minnesota, by a white police officer.Lewis Lauren 2 June 2020 Lebanon's protesters offer safety tips, support for US demonstrators Middle East Monitor https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200602-lebanons-protesters-offer-safety-tips-support-for-us-demonstrators/ 6 June 2020 The Lebanese protesters further provided the US protesters with a list of items to carry along while demonstrating, as well as how to prevent themselves from the excessive use of force by security forces. The hashtag #Americarevolts in Arabic language which trended on Twitter was used by several protesters in Lebanon as a sign of solidarity.Osman Nadda 2 June 2020 #BlackLivesMatter: Lebanon activists share protest tips with US demonstrators Middle East Eye https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/lebanon-george-floyd-black-lives-matter-protest-tips-us 6 June 2020Al-Monitor Staff 3 June 2020 Middle East expresses support for George Floyd protests in US Al-Monitor https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/06/middle-east-protests-support-george-floyd-us.html 6 June 2020 On 4 June, In anticipation of the intended protest scheduled for Saturday by the civil movement, the period of general mobilization in Lebanon was extended to 5 July by the Lebanese Council of Ministers.https://arab.news/2yrbp Lebanon warns protesters against blocking roads 4 June 2020 Arab News The Lebanese aren't denied their right to protest, so far as they wear protective gear, avoid shutting down roads, starting violence with security forces, or destroying properties, the minister of Information Abdel-Samad stated. He added that the decision regarding the extension was reached in line with the recommendation of the Higher Defense Council.https://www.the961.com/sixth-lockdown-lebanon/ Lebanon Just Extended The Lockdown For The Sixth Time 4 June 2020http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2020/Jun-04/506966-diab-warns-protesters-against-plunging-lebanon-into-chaos.ashx Diab warns protesters against plunging Lebanon into chaos News, Lebanon News THE DAILY STAR The Daily Star 4 June 2020 2020-06-04 2020-07-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20200726130359/https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2020/Jun-04/506966-diab-warns-protesters-against-plunging-lebanon-into-chaos.ashx Prime minister Hassan Diab, despite his support for peaceful protests, expressed his fears and cautioned the people of Lebanon against taking advantage of the situation by turning it into violence.http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/272336 'Mobilization' Extended to July 5, Aoun and Diab Slam Attacks on Govt. Naharnet On 6 June, several protesters returned to the streets for the first time since the COVID-19 lockdown was put in place. The protests reportedly turned violent when some anti-government protesters and supporters of the Iran-backed Shiite Hezbollah movement began to throw stones at each other, according to DW.http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/06/protesters-flood-on-to-the-streets-of-beirut-demanding-basic-rights Dozens wounded in Lebanon as protesters demand basic rights Agence France-Presse 6 June 2020 The Guardianhttps://www.dw.com/en/lebanon-violence-erupts-as-rival-protesters-flood-beirut/a-53709087 Lebanon: Violence erupts as rival protesters flood Beirut DW 06.06.2020 DW.COM As the thousands of protesters gathered in Beirut's Martyrs' Square clashed, the army was forced to intervene and stand in between the two groups.https://www.voanews.com/node/4315061 https://web.archive.org/web/20200606202332/https://www.voanews.com/node/4315061 dead 6 June 2020 Clashes, Tear Gas in Beirut as Protests Turn to Riots Voice of America – English Voice of America According to a statement by the Lebanese Red Cross on Twitter, 37 people were injured during the violence that erupted, with the majority of the victims treated at the scene.https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/anti-government-protests-resume-in-lebanon-as-lockdown-eased-37029 Anti-government protests resume in Lebanon as lockdown eased Anti-government protests resume in Lebanon as lockdown eased On 11 June, fresh violence erupted in Lebanon's capital Beirut, after the Lebanese pound significantly depreciated against the US dollars as angry protesters took to the streets.https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/world/middleeast/lebanon-protests.html Lebanon's Currency Plunges, and Protesters Surge Into Streets Ben Hubbard Hwaida Saad Hwaida Saad The New York Times 11 June 2020 Several roads were shut down across Lebanon by anti-government protesters, consequently clashing with security forces who used tear gas to disperse the crowd.https://www.dw.com/en/lebanon-in-currency-crisis-as-protests-spread-across-the-country/a-53789755 Lebanon in currency crisis as protests spread across the country DW 12.06.2020 DW.COM According to CNN, protests also reportedly broke out in southern cities of Saida and Nabatieh, as well as the northern city of Tripoli, where demonstrators threw Molotov cocktails and stones at the city's central bank building.https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/11/middleeast/lebanon-economic-protests-intl/index.html Nationwide protests grip Lebanon as currency tanks Tamara Qiblawi and Ghazi Balkiz CNN 11 June 2020 Following the series of heavy clashes that rocked Lebanon on Thursday, Prime Minister Hassan Diab called for an emergency cabinet meeting on Friday, in an attempt to discuss solutions to the country's financial crisis. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-12/lebanon-protests-reignite-as-currency-plunges-on-black-market Lebanon Vows to Stabilize Currency After Night of Angry Protests. Bloomberg.com 12 June 2020 BBC reported that President Michel Aoun disclosed that the central bank is expected to start injecting US dollars into the market, so as to stabilize the plummeted exchange rate.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53020014 Lebanon protests escalate as currency dives BBC News 12 June 2020 On 12 June, the demonstration which started late Thursday evening, entered its second night, with security forces firing rubber bullets and tear gas after clashing with protesters in Beirut and northern Lebanon's Tripoli. Many public properties, shops, were destroyed by the protesters.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53031683 Lebanon protests: Hundreds take to streets for second night BBC News 13 June 2020https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_lebanese-security-anti-government-protesters-clash-beirut/6191044.html Lebanese Security, Anti-Government Protesters Clash in Beirut Voice of America – English Voice of America 13 June 2020 On 13 June, some Lebanese protesters in Beirut's Martyrs' Square were sighted wearing black with their faces colored in white, while moving around with a coffin covered with the Lebanese. As the protests in the capital and other cities across Lebanon reached its third consecutive day, hundreds of demonstrators rallied through the streets of Lebanon demanding for the Diab's government to quit.https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/6/13/lebanon-protesters-call-on-govt-to-resign-amid-economic-crisis Lebanon protesters call on gov't to resign amid economic crisis www.aljazeera.com After 100 days in power, the government led by prime minister Hassan Diab was considered inadequate to alleviate the economic crisis. On 18 June, Henri Chaoul, a top advisor for Lebanon's Minister of Finance in the International Monetary Fund negotiations resigned. Chaoul's publicly posted resignation directly placed blame on the government and ruling elite stating "Whilst the IMF has confirmed the quantum of these losses, the establishment (the political class, the monetary authorities, and the financial sector as a whole) has opted to dismiss the magnitude of these losses that impose themselves as an incontestable reality and has embarked on a populist agenda".1273639282809462789 henrichaoul Resignation is an important form of protest. Disclosing the reasons for such a move is equally important. I tried... 18 June 2020 During the day, protesters blocked the main highway in Jounieh connecting the city to Beirut. Clashes and violence between protesters and security forces occurred over the arrest of activist Michel Chamoun after he had criticized president Michel Aoun on social media. This comes a few days after a new order allowed the right to sue people who insulted the presidency on social media. Violence erupted as Chamoun was being transported from the serail in Jounieh to another detention center. One Internal Security Forces officer was injured in the clashes.The Daily Star 18 June 2020 Protesters clash with security forces in Jounieh The Daily Star https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2020/Jun-18/507703-protesters-clash-with-security-forces-in-jounieh.ashx 19 June 2020 2020-07-08 https://web.archive.org/web/20200708135250/https://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2020/Jun-18/507703-protesters-clash-with-security-forces-in-jounieh.ashxNaharnet Newsdesk 18 June 2020 Scuffles, Jounieh Highway Blocked over Activist's Arrest Naharnet.com http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/272656 19 June 2020 On 22 June, a female activist, Kinda El-Khatib, was charged with the crime of "dealing with the enemy [Israel]" and visiting occupied Palestinian territories, after she was taken from her home in Akkar on 18 June.https://www.the961.com/lebanese-activist-accused-of-dealing-with-israel/ Lebanese Activist Accused By Military Prosecutor Of Dealing With Israel the961.com 22 June 2020 On 25 June, protests erupted across Lebanon amidst deteriorating economic conditions in the country, with several protesters shutting down various roads in Lebanon.http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-06/25/c_139166943.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032454/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-06/25/c_139166943.htm 26 June 2020 Protests resumed in Lebanon against dire living conditions – Xinhua English.news.cn www.xinhuanet.com Several demonstrators reportedly gathered at the Palace of Justice in Beirut, calling for the immediate release of protesters who were detained earlier this week on the allegations of destruction of properties.https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/06/lebanon-protests-clashes-currency-tear-gas-beirut-bank.html Lebanon protests rage as currency plunges – Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East www.al-monitor.com 25 June 2020 According to Al Jazeera, the Lebanese pound on Thursday plummeted to a new rate of more than £L7,000 to the dollar on the black market. Following the protests that erupted, President Michel Aoun on Thursday held a national meeting with Lebanon's top politicians, in fear of further escalation of the protests into a civil war.https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/6/25/lebanon-top-brass-has-critics-in-crosshairs-as-economy-collapses Lebanon: Top brass has critics in crosshairs as economy collapses Timour Azhari www.aljazeera.comhttps://www.zawya.com/mena/en/markets/story/Lebanese_pound_plunges_as_politicians_bicker-SNG_178002705 Lebanese pound plunges as politicians bicker www.zawya.com During a television interview with Al Manar on 28 June, Lebanon's Interior Minister, Mohamed Fahmi, acknowledged killing two people during the 15-year civil war in Lebanon.https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200629-lebanon-interior-minister-admits-killing-2-during-civil-war/ Lebanon: Interior Minister admits killing 2 during civil war 29 June 2020 Middle East Monitor Fahmi claimed that he was protected by the current President Michel Aoun who was then a senior officer in the army. He also revealed that an incident occurred with the two people he killed, who were part of a very powerful group.https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/lebanese-interior-minister-admits-to-killing-two-people-1.1593449734079 Lebanese interior minister admits to killing two people gulfnews.com 29 June 2020 https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/lebanon-s-interior-minister-says-he-killed-two-people-in-civil-war-1.1040793 Lebanon's interior minister says he killed two people in civil war The National 28 June 2020 The interview with the minister has raised doubts regarding the relationship between Prime Minister Hassan Diab's assumed technocratic government and the current political elite comprising the likes of President Aoun.https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2020/06/28/Lebanese-Minister-says-President-Michel-Aoun-protected-him-after-he-killed-two-men Lebanese Minister: President Michel Aoun protected me after killing two in civil war 28 June 2020 Al Arabiya English On 29 June, two weeks after Henri Chaoul's resignation, the Finance Ministry Director-General and negotiator with the IMF, Alain Bifani, submitted his resignation. At a press conference, Bifani cited the reasons for resigning were that negotiations were at a "dead end" and that the risk level has reached a point where he could no longer stay silent. Bifani continued, "We waited a long time for a chance to achieve serious change and we tried to anticipate what we have reached today. We struggled to avoid the worst, but the forces of darkness and tyranny came together to impede what we did".http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/272932 Bifani Says Throwing His Resignation into the Face of 'Darkness and Tyranny Forces' Naharnet In a phone call interview with France 24, Bifani blamed the elite interest groups for allowing negotiations to reach a dead-end stating "This is one of the very few cases when the IMF is seen on the side of social justice against political elites in cahoots with private interests, banks, and big depositors – the few who have over $10 million each [in bank deposits] and don't want to contribute to a fair solution."https://www.france24.com/en/20200710-lebanon-s-neo-liberal-wheels-sped-to-a-dream-future-but-the-past-applies-the-brakes Lebanon's neo-liberal wheels sped to a dream future, but the past applies the brakes 10 July 2020 France 24 An investigation was launched by Lebanon's security forces into a claimed missile attack that was supposedly fired close to former Prime Minister Saad al-Hariri's convoy on 17 June. A missile reportedly went off 500 metres away from the ex-prime minister's convoy while he was visiting the eastern Bekaa Valley.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-crisis-blast-hariri-idUSKBN23Z0RZ Lebanese security forces investigating explosion near Hariri convoy this month Reuters 28 June 2020 www.reuters.com To note, the report was first published by a foreign news station, the Saudi-owned TV station Al-Hadath, and there is no other reference of the attack.https://www.timesofisrael.com/missile-hit-near-convoy-of-ex-lebanon-pm-saad-hariri/ Missile struck near convoy of ex-Lebanon PM Saad Hariri — report The Times of Israel 0040-7909 July protests On 3 July, with the continuing collapse of the Lebanese economy and hardship, two men were believed to have killed themselves in Lebanon, according to the Daily Star.http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2020/Jul-03/508473-two-commit-suicide-as-hunger-bites.ashx Two commit suicide as poverty mounts News, Lebanon News THE DAILY STAR The Daily Star 3 July 2020 2020-07-04 2020-07-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20200723062922/https://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2020/Jul-03/508473-two-commit-suicide-as-hunger-bites.ashx A note, a Lebanese flag and a copy of spotless criminal record were discovered on the busy street in Beirut where the first victim, a 61-year-old man from the eastern region of Hermel shot himself. As security workers were taking away the body in a white coffin and clearing the scene, his relative blamed the government for the hard times that brought about the suicide of the victim.https://arab.news/rm3kt Lebanon suicides blamed on 'hunger' 3 July 2020 Arab Newshttps://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/07/03/world/middleeast/03reuters-lebanon-crisis-suicide.html Dozens Mourn Man Who Killed Himself in Busy Beirut District. The New York Times However, the second body, a man said to be a driver, was discovered by security forces at his residence near Saida, in southern Lebanon.https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/lebanon-suicide-economic-crisis-beirut Lebanon economic crisis: Two people die by suicide amid financial hardship. On 6 July, following the deepening economic crisis and regular power shortages in Lebanon, protesters took to the streets on Monday, shutting down roads and burning tires in the capital Beirut.https://www.dailysabah.com/world/mid-east/protests-rage-in-lebanon-as-anger-grows-against-spiraling-economic-crisis Protests rage in Lebanon as anger grows against spiraling economic crisis Compiled from Wire Services 6 July 2020 Daily Sabah In the Sanayeh area of Beirut, protests were also held by drivers outside the headquarters of the Interior Ministry, as they demanded for reduction of fuel prices and other charges. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/lebanese-block-roads-in-beirut-amid-economic-woes/1901217 Lebanese block roads in Beirut amid economic woes. Wassim Saifaldin 2020-07-06 According to Arab News, security forces detained the Lebanese activist Pierre Hashash, further beating up two others among the protesters who came out to demonstrate against the detention of Hashash. On 10 July, several Lebanese protesters alongside supporters of the Hezbollah group gathered outside the US embassy in Awkar, to protest against Washington's involvement in Lebanon, as well as express support for the Hezbollah group.https://www.timesofisrael.com/lebanese-hold-raucous-rally-outside-us-embassy-in-beirut/ Lebanese protesters rally outside US Embassy in Beirut against 'interference' The Times of Israel 0040-7909 The protesters threw stones at the security forces outside the embassy and made attempts to remove the barbed wire which was standing between them and the security forces. They also set American flags ablaze and ridiculed the US dollar bills, describing the US as supporters of terrorism. However, the riot police managed to quell the protest by leading the gathering away from the US embassy. https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2020-07-10/lebanese-hold-raucous-rally-outside-us-embassy-in-beirut Lebanese Hold Raucous Rally Outside US Embassy in Beirut. https://www.startribune.com/lebanese-hold-raucous-rally-outside-us-embassy-in-beirut/571705872/?refresh=true Lebanese hold raucous rally outside US Embassy in Beirut. Star Tribune 2020-07-11 2020-07-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20200712030428/https://www.startribune.com/lebanese-hold-raucous-rally-outside-us-embassy-in-beirut/571705872/?refresh=true August protests On 3 August, Lebanon's Foreign Minister Nassif Hitti reportedly tendered his resignation to the Prime Minister Hassan Diab, describing his fear of the country turning into a failed state due to the government's inability to enact reforms. The appointment of a new minister or caretaker has not been made yet, pending the acceptance of his resignation.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/3/lebanon-foreign-minister-resigns-citing-risks-of-a-failed-state Lebanon foreign minister resigns citing risks of a 'failed state' Timour Azhari www.aljazeera.comhttps://arab.news/g8sv5 Lebanese foreign minister quits over slow reforms, Aoun adviser takes over 3 August 2020 Arab News According to VOA News, after the previous visit of the French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian to the capital Beirut, he was criticized by Prime Minister Hassan Diab, which Hitti found to be disappointing.https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_lebanese-foreign-minister-resigns/6193840.html Lebanese Foreign Minister Resigns Voice of America – English Voice of America 3 August 2020 The Lebanese Foreign Minister also maintained that Diab's government had not expedited carrying out the reforms that International donors required.https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/08/03/lebanon-foreign-minister-resigns-warning-ship-will-sink-amid/ Lebanon foreign minister resigns, warning 'the ship will sink' amid financial crisis Campbell MacDiarmid The Telegraph 3 August 2020 www.telegraph.co.uk However, it is believed that Diab accepted the minister's resignation instantly and has already begun evaluating alternatives for a suitable replacement, his office stated according to France 24. Later in the afternoon on Monday, it was reported that President Michel Aoun's diplomatic adviser Charbel Wahbi, had been named as Hitti's successor.https://www.france24.com/en/20200803-lebanon-foreign-minister-resigns-in-protest-at-crisis-management Lebanon foreign minister resigns in protest at crisis management 3 August 2020 France 24https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/lebanon-s-foreign-minister-nassif-hitti-resigns-1.1058197 Lebanon's Foreign Minister Nassif Hitti resigns The National 4 August 2020 On 4 August, dozens of Lebanese protesters attempted to force their way into the energy ministry's headquarters in Beirut, following power outages that left several areas in darkness. Security forces with batons managed to break up the crowd which had already made it past a barbed-wire fence.https://www.dailysabah.com/world/mid-east/lebanon-protesters-storm-energy-ministry-sparking-scuffles Lebanon protesters storm energy ministry sparking scuffles French Press Agency- AFP 4 August 2020 Daily Sabahhttps://www.middleeasteye.net/news/lebanon-protest-storm-energy-ministry-power-cuts Lebanon: Protesters attempt to storm Energy Ministry amid crippling power cuts. The protesters wanted to prepare a sit-in at the energy ministry, as one protester maintained that they will not vacate the premises until electricity is made available.https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/lebanese-try-storm-energy-ministry-amid-power-cuts Lebanon protesters try to storm energy ministry amid power cuts The New Arab Staff & Agencies english.alaraby.co.uk/ 4 August 2020 Beirut explosion protests On the night of 2020.08.06 dmy, protests against the government resumed, following the explosion in Beirut two days prior that killed 218 people and wounded more than 7,000. The protesters gathered near the parliament building calling for the resignation of Lebanese government officials. The health ministry disclosed that despite search and rescue experts taking over the search for remaining survivors, at least 21 people were still missing.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53688975 Anti-government protests break out in Beirut BBC News 7 August 2020http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/08/beirut-explosion-protests-lebanon-answers-and-justice Beirut police fire teargas at protesters demanding justice over explosion 8 August 2020 The Guardian The protests turned violent, with officers using tear gas, and several people were wounded. 17 ambulances were dispatched by the Lebanese Red Cross to the protest site in order to assist those who were wounded.https://www.euronews.com/2020/08/08/watch-live-anti-government-protesters-take-to-the-streets-following-beirut-explosion Two Lebanese ministers resign amid protests after deadly Beirut blast Lauren Chadwick 8 August 2020 euronews That same day, Emmanuel Macron arrived in Beirut. He was the first foreign head of state to do so since the blast. He promised France would donate to relief efforts and urged Lebanon's leaders to implement reforms.'Without reforms, Lebanon will continue to suffer,' says Macron in Beirut https://www.france24.com/en/20200806-macron-arrives-in-beirut-as-aid-pours-in-after-deadly-blast France24 August 6, 2020 More than 60,000 signed a petition to reintegrate Lebanon as a French colony for 10 years, but Macron rejected the idea and told the Lebanese people that it was up to them to fix their country.Lebanon turns 100 amid upheaval and crises https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/lebanon-turns-100-upheaval-crises-200901150541216.html Al Jazeera September 1, 2020 On 8 August 2020, thousands of protesters stormed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bustros Palace) during demonstrations. Security forces opened fire and clashed with the protesters, wounding more than 238 people, sixty-three of whom were taken to hospital;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/9/clashes-in-beirut-as-anger-swells-over-port-blast-live-updates Clashes in Beirut as anger swells over port blast: Live updates Umut Uras Farah Najjar Al Jazeera Saudi news channel Al-Hadath confirmed that a policeman was killed in an accident. Protesters also broke into the Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Energy, and Association of Banks. They also broke into the offices of the ministries of housing and transport, the US News added. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-08-09/fire-breaks-out-near-lebanese-parliament-amid-clashes-with-protesters-tv Fire Breaks Out Near Lebanese Parliament Amid Clashes With Protesters: Tv. A Human Rights Watch investigation documented security forces employing metal pellets in multiple instances against protesters in the August 8 demonstration. All security forces have rejected the claims.' Unlawful': Metal pellets again used against Lebanese protesters https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/metal-pellets-lebanese-protesters-200902165558160.html Al Jazeera September 2, 2020 In response to the protests and calls for the termination of his government, Prime Minister Diab promised to hold early elections, maintaining that his government would stay for two months until major parties can make a decision.https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/08/middleeast/beirut-judgment-day-protests-intl/index.html Lebanon protesters storm ministries as violent protests grip Beirut Ben Wedeman Luna Safwan Ghazi Balkiz Tamara Qiblawi CNN 8 August 2020 On 9 August, as the protests entered their second day, the fire reportedly broke out at the entrance of the parliament square, when angry protesters attempted breaking into the building. The broadcast was shown live on Lebanese TV, with security forces using tear gas to disperse hundreds of anti-government protesters gathered outside the building.https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/09/lebanese-call-for-an-uprising-after-protests-rock-beirut.html Fire breaks out near Lebanese parliament as anger over huge blast reignites 9 August 2020 CNBChttps://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-protests-fire-idUSKCN2550R7 Fire breaks out near Lebanese parliament amid clashes with protesters: tv Angus MacSwan Reporting by Suleiman Al-Khalidi Reuters 10 August 2020 www.reuters.com By Sunday, three ministers stepped down following the explosion. The Lebanese Information Minister Manal Abdel Samad described Diab's government as a failure in terms of meeting the demands of the people of Lebanon.https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_lebanese-government-resigns-following-beirut-blast/6194180.html Lebanese Government Resigns Following Beirut Blast Voice of America – English Voice of America 10 August 2020 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/9/second-day-of-protests-as-anger-over-beirut-explosion-grows-live Second day of protests as anger over Beirut explosion grows: Live Ted Regencia Arwa Ibrahim Farah Najjar Al Jazeera Also, Environment Minister Damianos Kattar lamented that the regime is incompetent and has missed chances for ensuring reforms.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53710556 Beirut explosion: Donors pledge aid for Lebanon but want reform BBC News 9 August 2020 On 11 August, findings by Amnesty International suggested that Lebanese security forces had applied unlawful use of force against protesters, during protests after the explosion in Beirut.https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/08/lebanon-military-and-security-forces-attack-unarmed-protesters-following-explosions-new-testimony/ Lebanon: Military and security forces attack unarmed protesters following explosions – new testimony www.amnesty.org 11 August 2020 Medical documents also showed evidence that protesters were targeted with live rounds and rubber bullets. Medics were also reportedly attacked on the scene, as they were attending to the wounded during the clash.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/investigation-excessive-force-beirut-protesters-200810134441254.html Investigation: Excessive force used against Beirut protesters Timour Azharihttps://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/lebanese-army-indiscriminately-attacked-unarmed-protesters-amnesty-international Lebanese army indiscriminately attacked unarmed protesters: Amnesty International The New Arab Staff english.alaraby.co.uk/ 12 August 2020 On 26 August, Human Rights Watch revealed that excessive use of force and live ammunition was applied against anti-government protesters by Lebanese security forces during demonstrations that took place after the Beirut explosion. They also added that some protesters were aimed at directly with tear gas, hitting some in the neck and head.https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200826-hrw-lebanese-forces-used-excessive-force-in-blast-protests/ HRW: Lebanese forces used excessive force in blast protests 26 August 2020 Middle East Monitorhttps://www.hrw.org/news/2020/08/26/lebanon-lethal-force-used-against-protesters Lebanon: Lethal Force Used Against Protesters 26 August 2020 Human Rights Watch Following these findings, HRW called for an independent investigation into the misconduct carried out by the Lebanese security forces. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-08-26/lebanese-forces-used-excessive-force-in-blast-protests-hrw Lebanese Forces Used Excessive Force in Blast Protests: HRW. Lebanese security forces fired metal pellets at least two Lebanese protesters in early September, adding to a growing suspicion that police are employing previously unused tactics that impose serious and possibly deadly injuries.'Unlawful': Metal pellets again used against Lebanese protesters https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/metal-pellets-lebanese-protesters-200902165558160.html Al Jazeera September 2, 2020 As Lebanon turned 100 years old on September 1, 2020, riled protesters gathered to demand justice for those impacted by the port blast. They flung rocks and attempted to mount over the walls around Lebanon's heavily guarded Parliament in Beirut as law enforcement agents successfully shot tear gas and rubber bullets in order to scatter the crowd. The protest was the first significant rally since August 8, which left thousands of anti-government protesters injured as they were met with tear gas, rubber bullets, and live ammunition from security forces.Security forces tear gas anti-gov't protesters on centennial https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/security-forces-tear-gas-anti-gov-protesters-centennial-200901164442766.html Al Jazeera September 1, 2020 During the protests, at least two protesters were said to have been injured as a result of metal pellets used by the Lebanese security forces, according to Al Jazeera.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/9/2/unlawful-metal-pellets-again-used-against-lebanese-protesters 'Unlawful': Metal pellets again used against Lebanese protesters Timour Azhari www.aljazeera.com On 3 September, 30 days after the devastating Beirut explosion, a rescue dog reportedly smelled something that the Chilean rescue thought might possibly be a heartbeat. A piece of equipment was deployed which was said to have picked up a pulse of 18 to 19 beats per minute, though rescuers say that despite the possibility of the pulse meaning someone is alive or in a coma, it could also be just an object producing a signal. Rescue teams dug through the rubble for hours, but unfortunately, they had to temporarily suspend the operation due to the fear that the building could collapse.https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/04/world/middleeast/Beirut-survivor-search.html Rescue Dog and Hopes of a Miracle Captivate Ravaged Beirut Ben Hubbard Kareem Chehayeb The New York Times 4 September 2020https://news.sky.com/story/beirut-explosion-search-resumes-for-possible-survivor-after-signs-of-life-detected-in-rubble-12063343 Beirut explosion: Search resumes for possible survivor after signs of life detected in rubble Sky Newshttps://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_signs-life-detected-under-rubble-month-after-beirut-blast-says-rescuer/6195418.html Signs of Life Detected Under Rubble a Month After Beirut Blast, Says Rescuer Voice of America – English Voice of America 3 September 2020 Separately, the army revealed that four containers with 4.3 tonnes of ammonium nitrate were discovered outside Beirut's seaport, according to the BBC.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-54014940 Beirut explosion: Rescuers investigate 'heartbeat in the rubble' BBC News 4 September 2020 The military disclosed that army experts had been invited in order to carry out an inspection of the containers with the dangerous chemical. However, the details of the owners or source of the chemicals was not disclosed, the Times of Israel added.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/9/3/lebanon-over-4-tonnes-of-ammonium-nitrate-found-near-beirut-port Four tonnes of ammonium nitrate found near Beirut port www.aljazeera.comhttps://www.timesofisrael.com/over-4-tons-of-ammonium-nitrate-found-near-site-of-beirut-port-blast/ Over 4 tons of ammonium nitrate found near site of Beirut port blast The Times of Israel 0040-7909 On 10 September, a huge fire reportedly broke out at Beirut's port which was believed to have originated from a warehouse where oil and tires were kept, the Lebanese army disclosed. The cause of the fire was not yet confirmed, CNN added.http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/10/panic-again-at-beirut-port-as-huge-fire-breaks-out Panic again at Beirut port as huge fire breaks out Associated Press in Beirut 10 September 2020 The Guardianhttps://www.cnn.com/2020/09/10/middleeast/beirut-port-fire-intl/index.html Beirut port ablaze, weeks after massive blast Ghazi Balkiz, Tamara Qiblawi and Eliza Mackintosh CNN 10 September 2020 Although the fire was not yet extinguished, it was brought under control by the Lebanese civil defense fighters, with no casualties reported. However, the head of Lebanon's Red Cross George Kettaneh, stated that some people were experiencing shortness of breath.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-54100251 Beirut fire: Large blaze erupts in port a month after explosion BBC News 10 September 2020 On 12 September, the Lebanese Army reportedly clashed with anti-government protesters near the presidential palace in the suburb of Baabda. In an attempt to break up the gathering of protesters, the Lebanese soldiers were said to have fired rubber bullets and live rounds in the air, in order to prevent the protesters from reaching the presidential palace.https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/lebanese-army-fires-rubber-bullets-during-protests-near-presidential-palace-39706 Lebanese army fires rubber bullets during protests near presidential palace TRT World 13 September 2020 https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/lebanese-protesters-clash-army-presidential-palace-72970817 Lebanese protesters clash with army near presidential palace ABC News 12 September 2020 The protesters criticized the lack of accountability by the authorities to look into the August 4 explosion that devastated the capital, as some of them held up black versions of the Lebanese flag as a sign of mourning those killed in the blast.https://www.france24.com/en/20200912-lebanese-rally-near-presidential-palace-to-demand-justice-over-port-blast Lebanese rally near presidential palace to demand justice over port blast France 24 12 September 2020 Anti-government protesters were also reported to have clashed with rival protesters backing President Michel Aoun, Arab News added.https://www.arabnews.com/node/1733486/middle-east Troops form human barrier as rival protesters clash in Beirut Arab News 13 September 2020 Several Lebanese soldiers were said to have been wounded as a result of stones and tree branches thrown at them by some protesters.https://www.arabnews.com/node/1733486/middle-east Lebanese Anti-government Protesters Clash With Army Near Presidential Palace Arab News 13 September 2020 On 15 September, following Beirut's August 4 explosion, a third fire erupted again in a Zaha Hadid-designed shopping centre in Beirut.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-54160630 Lebanon crisis: Fire erupts in Zaha Hadid-designed shopping centre in Beirut BBC News 15 September 2020 Firefighters were able to bring the situation under control, as they managed to extinguish the flames, according to the Lebanese Civil Defense. The cause of the fire is yet to be determined, Al Jazeera added.https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/beirut-fire-breaks-out-at-zaha-hadid-building-1.1077787 Beirut: fire breaks out at Zaha Hadid building The National 15 September 2020https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/9/15/fire-erupts-in-beirut-building-designed-by-zaha-hadid 'Unbelievable': Another fire in Beirut shocks residents www.aljazeera.com So far, no casualties have been reported during the incident.https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/fire-erupts-building-beiruts-port-unclear-73015434 Fire erupts in building near Beirut's port, cause unclear ABC News On 27 September 2020, Gebran Bassil's party said he was infected with a "mild" case of COVID-19 as cases continued to surge throughout Lebanon.https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-lebanon-bassil-idUKKBN26I0CM Lebanese politician Bassil infected with coronavirus, his party says Raya Jalabi Nick Macfie Reporting by Beirut Bureau Reuters 27 September 2020 www.reuters.com On 9 October 2020, a fuel tanker exploded, leaving at least four people dead and twenty injured. The blast occurred after the tank caught fire in the Tariq-al-Jdide district.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-54486402 Lebanon explosion: Deadly fuel tank blast rocks Beirut BBC News 9 October 2020 On 1 February 2021, fresh evidence revealed by Amnesty International suggested that the Lebanese security forces applied unlawful use of force and excessive tear gas to disperse protesters during the 2020 Beirut explosion protests in Lebanon.https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/02/global-fresh-evidence-of-police-misuse-of-tear-gas-leading-to-protesters-deaths-and-injuries-updated-investigative-website/ Global: Fresh evidence of police misuse of tear gas leading to protesters' deaths and injuries – updated investigative website www.amnesty.org 5 February 2021 Resignations As of August 10 Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab and his cabinet resigned, and became interim prime minister until a new government is formed.Lebanon's Government Resigns Over Beirut Explosion The New York Times 2020-08-10 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/10/world/middleeast/lebanon-government-resigns-beirut.html 2020-08-11 Diab made the announcement while he was delivering a speech on Monday evening, blaming the country's ruling class for hindering reform plans.https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/10/middleeast/lebanon-government-future-intl/index.html Lebanon's government steps down in wake of Beirut blast Tamara Qiblawi Ali Younes Mostafa Salem Ghazi Balkiz CNN 10 August 2020 Following his speech, he proceeded to the presidential palace where President Michel Aoun approved the resignation of his cabinet. Despite the stepping down of Diab's government, Lebanese protesters have maintained that they would still not stop the demonstrations, VOA News reported.https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_lebanons-government-has-quit-protesters-have-not/6194262.html Lebanon's Government Has Quit, Protesters Have Not Voice of America – English Voice of America 11 August 2020 On 31 August, Mustapha Adib, Lebanon's ambassador to Germany since 2013 was named as the new Prime Minister of Lebanon. His nomination came just the same day as the French President Emmanuel Macron's second planned visit to Lebanon within a month, to discuss various needs for reform.https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2020/Aug-31/511019-mustapha-adib-lebanons-new-pm-designate.ashx Mustapha Adib, Lebanon's new PM-designate News, Lebanon News THE DAILY STAR www.dailystar.com.lb 31 August 2020 2020-08-31 2020-08-31 https://web.archive.org/web/20200831130327/https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2020/Aug-31/511019-mustapha-adib-lebanons-new-pm-designate.ashxhttps://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53965750 Beirut explosion: Macron ready to host Lebanon aid conference BBC News 1 September 2020 According to Lebanon's sectarian-based power-sharing system, Adib being a Sunni Muslim, makes him qualified to become Lebanon's PM. Adib's name was said to have emerged following a meeting between an influential group of previous PMs of Lebanon on Sunday, according to Al Jazeera.https://www.france24.com/en/20200831-mustapha-adib-lebanon-s-new-pm-designate Mustapha Adib, Lebanon's new PM-designate 31 August 2020 France 24https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/30/mustapha-adib-on-course-to-be-designated-lebanon-pm Mustapha Adib on course to be designated Lebanon PM Timour Azhari www.aljazeera.com After Mustapha Adib's nomination as new Prime Minister-designate, he urged for the formation of a new government and the implementation of immediate reforms, in order to reach an understanding with the IMF.https://arab.news/myv2v Lebanon's PM-designate visits Beirut blast sites, vows recovery 31 August 2020 Arab News The 48-year-old little-known diplomat was able to acquire 90 votes out of the 128-member parliament of legislators. 17 MPs were said to have voted for other candidates, with about a dozen other MPs either failing to be present or voting for no one, Al Jazeera added.https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/pm-designate-mustapha-adib-urges-reforms-in-crisis-hit-lebanon-39341 PM-designate Mustapha Adib urges reforms in crisis-hit Lebanon PM-designate Mustapha Adib urges reforms in crisis-hit Lebanonhttps://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/8/31/lebanon-establishment-tasks-mustapha-adib-with-forming-new-govt Lebanon establishment tasks Mustapha Adib with forming new gov't Timour Azhari www.aljazeera.com On Monday also, French President Emmanuel Macron visited Lebanon for the second time since the August 4 explosion which destroyed almost half of Beirut. Upon Macron's arrival at the Beirut International airport, he urged for the immediate establishment of a new cabinet.https://www.euronews.com/2020/08/31/lebanon-names-new-prime-minister-ahead-of-macron-visit Macron calls for reforms as Lebanon names new prime minister Lauren Chadwick 31 August 2020 euronewshttps://arab.news/csnhn Macron meets Aoun and cherished Lebanese singer Fairouz to kick off Beirut visit 31 August 2020 Arab News According to Macron, after his meeting with Lebanese leaders on Tuesday, they vowed to set up a new government within two weeks.https://www.france24.com/en/20200901-live-macron-marks-lebanon-s-centenary-pushes-for-urgent-reform-on-beirut-visit French President Macron says Lebanon has promised to form cabinet within two weeks 1 September 2020 France 24 On 26 September, Mustapha Adib stepped down after failing to form a cabinet. His decision to step aside came after conducting a meeting with President Michel Aoun.https://www.reuters.com/article/lebanon-crisis-government-idINKBN26H0CH Lebanon's prime minister-designate quits in blow to French initiative Edmund Blair Raya Jalabi Reuters 26 September 2020https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/9/26/lebanon-pm-designate-resigns-amid-impasse-over-govt-formation Lebanon PM-designate steps down amid impasse over gov't formation www.aljazeera.com Despite Adib's resignation, President Aoun has maintained that he remains obligated to ensure that Macron's initiative is still on course.https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/26/middleeast/lebanon-pm-designate-steps-down-intl/index.html Lebanon's PM-designate, named as part of French initiative to save the country, steps down Tamara Qiblawi CNN 26 September 2020 According to DW, Adib particularly encountered a deadlock while nominating who would occupy the position of Finance Minister, as Lebanon's main Shiite groups, Hezbollah and Amal, both want to keep the position.https://www.dw.com/en/lebanon-prime-minister-designate-mustapha-adib-resigns/a-55062582 Lebanon: Prime Minister-designate Mustapha Adib resigns DW 26.09.2020 DW.COM Following Mustapha Adib's resignation, French President Emmanuel Macron on 27 September, blamed Lebanon's leaders for being unable to establish a new government and described their failure as a betrayal. He added that he was embarrassed with the Lebanese political leaders during his news conference in Paris, stating that they had no regard for the commitments dedicated to France and the entire international community. He has also issued a warning to the Shiite group Hezbollah, which was held responsible for delaying the process of forming a new government, saying that the Iran-backed movement should not overestimate its powers.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/9/27/macron-accuses-lebanons-leaders-of-betrayal-over-failures Macron accuses Lebanon's leaders of 'betrayal' for failures www.aljazeera.comhttps://www.dw.com/en/macron-accuses-lebanons-leaders-of-betrayal-over-political-failure/a-55072819 Macron accuses Lebanon's leaders of 'betrayal' over political failure DW 27.09.2020 DW.COMhttps://www.france24.com/en/20200927-live-france-s-macron-speaks-about-lebanon-s-crisis-after-pm-designate-quits Macron accuses Lebanese leaders of 'betrayal' over failure to form a government 27 September 2020 France 24 While ruling out the establishment of sanctions, the French President said he would allocate another four to six more weeks for Lebanon's political class to implement France's plans for economic and political reform.http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2020/Sep-27/512348-macron-accuses-lebanese-politicians-of-betrayal.ashx Macron accuses Lebanese leaders of betrayal News, Lebanon News THE DAILY STAR www.dailystar.com.lb 27 September 2020 2020-09-28 2020-09-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20200928192756/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2020/Sep-27/512348-macron-accuses-lebanese-politicians-of-betrayal.ashx October protests On 17 October 2020, protesters gathered in Beirut and across Lebanon to celebrate the revolution's first anniversary. Roads were blocked as well as many gatherings amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The protesters waved the Lebanese flags, as they gathered in the epicenter of last year's rallies, Martyrs' Square.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/17/hundreds-march-in-lebanon-to-mark-year-of-anti-govt-protests Hundreds march in Lebanon to mark year of anti-gov't protests www.aljazeera.com Also, dozens of protesters were said to have marched past the central bank, including the parliament building, after which they gathered near the port that was destroyed in the August 4 explosion.https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-lebanon-crisis-protests-idUSKBN2720QX Lebanon's protest flame still flickers on anniversary of 'revolution' Imad Creidi Reuters 17 October 2020 www.reuters.com Despite arguing to proceed with the revolutionary movement, the Lebanese protesters have demanded President Michel Aoun step aside.https://www.dw.com/en/lebanon-anti-government-protesters-mark-one-year-of-revolution/a-55313483 Lebanon: Anti-government protesters mark one year of 'revolution' DW 18.10.2020 DW.COM However, during Aoun's address to the public, he maintained that he was not going to step down, and promised to see to the creation of a new cabinet.https://arab.news/rdyxk Hariri in line to lead next Lebanese government 21 October 2020 Arab News On 19 October 2020, the General Director of the General Directorate of General Security Abbas Ibrahim tested positive for COVID-19 while in the United States. The Wall Street Journal reported that he had met national security adviser Robert C. O'Brien at the White House the week before to discuss American citizens held in Syria. The General Directorate of General Security said in a tweet that he was in good health.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lebanon-idUSKBN2742PE Lebanese security chief tests positive for COVID-19 in U.S Reporting by Dominic Evans Sonya Hepinstall Reuters October 19, 2020 www.reuters.com On 23 October 2020, he returned to Beirut.https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-lebanon-idINKBN2780TM Lebanon security chief returns to Beirut after positive COVID-19 test in U.S. Maha El Dahan Andrew Heavens Reuters October 23, 2020 in.reuters.com On 22 October, Hariri was appointed Lebanon's Prime Minister. His appointment came after gaining the support of the majority of members of the parliament who met with President Aoun on Thursday, Reuters reported. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-10-22/lebanon-begins-consultations-to-pick-new-prime-minister Lebanon's Hariri on Course to Be Named PM Again. December Mass student protests hit Lebanon as university students were angry about tuition payments and student loan and tuition hikes. They lit fires and came in their thousands in Beirut and a sea of flags was seen. Riot police clashed with protesters demanding the end of the government. Soon, they fired tear gas and water cannon as protesters threw eggs and stones. Arrests were made and stone throwing ended. Peaceful demonstrations continued after the clashes.December 2020 There are no immediate reports of casualties in the unrest so far, according to Al Jazeera.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/20/lebanese-riot-police-clash-with-students-protesting-tuition-hikes Lebanese students protest tuition hikes, clash with riot police www.aljazeera.com 2021 protests January protests 2021 Tripoli protests On 25 January, following the extension of a nationwide total lockdown by two weeks by the Lebanese authorities to curb the rising number of COVID-19 cases, angry protesters took to the streets, which led to heavy clashes with security forces. In Lebanon's northern city of Tripoli, eight people were reportedly wounded during the clashes, including three members of the Internal Security Forces.https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2021/1/600a93a64/100000-displaced-resurgence-violence-sudans-darfur-region.html Over 100,000 displaced by resurgence of violence in Sudan's Darfur region United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCRhttp://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-01/26/c_139697182.htm Protest clashes injure 8 in Lebanon's northern city of Tripoli – Xinhua English.news.cn www.xinhuanet.com 2021-01-27 2021-01-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032128/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-01/26/c_139697182.htm dead On 26 January, as the anti-lockdown protests entered their second night, protesters threw rocks and broken glasses at army personnel, who responded with rubber bullets and tear gas.https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/third-night-of-unrest-kicks-off-in-lebanon-1.1154333 Third night of unrest kicks off in Lebanon The National 27 January 2021 Tripoli's main square was shut down by the demonstrators, a military vehicle was also set ablaze, as well as targeting government buildings.https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210127-lebanese-protest-rise-in-poverty-amid-covid-lockdown/ Lebanese protest rise in poverty amid covid lockdown 27 January 2021 Middle East Monitor According to the Lebanese Red Cross, the number of wounded people in Tripoli had reached at least 45 people, during the overnight clashes between the security forces and angry protesters.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/27/dozens-injured-in-lockdown-protests-in-lebanons-tripoli Dozens injured in anti-lockdown protests in Lebanon's Tripoli www.aljazeera.com On Tuesday, the daily recorded number of COVID-19 deaths in Lebanon was said to have hit a new record with the number reaching 73, according to the ABC News.https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/lebanon-surpasses-record-daily-virus-deaths-amid-protests-75496988 Lebanon surpasses record daily virus deaths amid protests ABC News On 27 January, the Lebanese caretaker Prime Minister Hassan Diab called on the protesters to engage in peaceful demonstrations and avoid the destruction of government facilities, as well as clashing with security forces.http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-01/27/c_139701960.htm Lebanese PM urges citizens to stop protests against lockdown – Xinhua English.news.cn www.xinhuanet.com According to Al Jazeera, protesters rallied for their third consecutive night in Tripoli as it turned into riots. Police accordingly fired Live ammunition to disperse protesters. Many people were left wounded in the clashes.Lebanon riots: Security forces wound protesters with live fire 27 January 2021 Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/27/hundreds-protest-lockdown-measures-in-lebanons-tripoli Reports have shown that one protester Omar Tayba, 29, was killed as a result of a bullet wound, making him the first fatality of the anti-lockdown protests.https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/1/28/in-pictures-third-night-of-clashes-in-lebanons-tripoli In Pictures: Lebanon anti-lockdown protest turns deadly www.aljazeera.com On 28 January, following the death of one protester in the northern city of Tripoli, protesters returned to the city's main square, despite a 24-hour curfew being imposed by the Lebanese authorities in an attempt to tackle the rise in COVID-19 fatalities.https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20210129-protests-escalate-in-lebanon-s-tripoli-after-killing-of-demonstrator Clashes over lockdowns, inequality escalate in Lebanon's Tripoli after protester's death 29 January 2021 France 24 So far, the number of injured people were said to have reached at least 220 people, alongside 26 police officers, according to Deutsche Welle.https://www.dw.com/en/lebanon-violence-escalates-after-protesters-death/a-56375717 Lebanon: Violence escalates after protester's death DW 28.01.2021 DW.COM On 31 January, according to the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), at least 70 children were wounded in Lebanon's northern city of Tripoli since the beginning of anti-lockdown protests last week. The organization called on the Lebanese security forces, including the protesters, to make sure that children are protected, by preventing their participation in all acts of violence.http://businessworld.in/article/70-children-injured-during-days-of-protests-in-Lebanon-s-Tripoli-/31-01-2021-371915 70 children injured during days of protests in Lebanon's Tripoli BW Businessworldhttps://www.unicef.org/mena/press-releases/escalating-violence-tripoli-lebanon-inflicting-unacceptable-toll-children-unicef Escalating violence in Tripoli, Lebanon, is inflicting an unacceptable toll on children – UNICEF www.unicef.org March 2021 On 2 March 2021, the Lebanese pound hit a new record against the dollar at L.L.10.000 to one dollar.لبنان يدخل الإنفجار الإجتماعي: رفعوا الدولار... قطعوا الطرقات https://www.mtv.com.lb/news/مــحــلــيــات/1157157/لبنان-يدخل-الإنفجار-الإجتماعي--رفعوا-الدولار----قطعوا-الطرقات 2021-03-02 MTV Lebanon ar Some areas in Lebanon have been reported to be experiencing power cuts for more than 12 hours a day because of the delay in the provision of fuel shipments, which has been caused by a shortage of hard currency.https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/3/2/lebanons-embattled-currency-hits-new-record-low Lebanon's embattled currency hits new record low www.aljazeera.com During the protests, protesters burnt tires and shut down several roads. Northern Tripoli's Abdul Hamid Karami Square was also closed by protesters, including Zahle Square in central Lebanon.https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20210303-protesters-shut-down-roads-as-lebanon-pound-hits-all-time-low Protesters shut down roads as Lebanon pound hits all-time low 3 March 2021 France 24https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/protests-rock-lebanon-as-economy-deteriorates-further/2164093 Protests rock Lebanon as economy deteriorates further www.aa.com.tr On 4 March, protesters returned to the streets, criticizing their leaders for being unable to create a new government.https://arab.news/6px2s Lebanon's roads blocked with burning tires over economic, political crisis 5 March 2021 Arab News Protesters in Furn al-Shebak and Jal el Dib blocked main roads connecting Beirut to other cities by burning tires. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-03-04/protesters-block-lebanon-roads-for-third-day-as-economy-falters Protesters Block Lebanon Roads for Third Day as Economy Falters. On 6 March, caretaker Prime Minister Hassan Diab threatened to stop performing his duties in an attempt to mount pressure on the Lebanese politicians to establish a new government. He also called on them to set aside their differences and create a new government, in order to prevent the country from rapidly escalating into more violence.https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_lebanon-edge-protests-persist-caretaker-pm-pleads-new-government/6202960.html Lebanon on Edge as Protests Persist, Caretaker PM Pleads for New Government Voice of America – English Voice of America 6 March 2021 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/7/protests-continue-as-lebanons-hassan-diab-threatens-to-stop-work Protests in Lebanon as caretaker PM threatens to stop work www.aljazeera.com On the same day, a small gathering of protesters were reported to have gathered outside the central bank in Beirut, requesting for their deposits to be made accessible. Subsequently, the protesters were said to have walked to the parliament building to express their agitations.https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/3/7/in-pictures-lebanon-on-edge-as-protests-persist In Pictures: Lebanon on the edge as protests continue www.aljazeera.comhttps://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/protests-lebanon-enter-fifth-day-currency-plummets Protests in Lebanon enter fifth day as currency plummets The New Arab Staff & Agencies english.alaraby.co.uk/ 7 March 2021 On 8 March, protesters continued to burn tires to shut down main roads, managing to shut down roads from Jal el-Dib, al-Dawra, and Zouk, to Beirut. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-03-08/lebanons-deadlock-fuels-seventh-day-of-street-protests Lebanon's Deadlock Fuels Seventh Day of Street Protests. Amnesty International called on the Lebanese authorities to immediately cease charging protesters and activists with terrorism-related accusations.https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/03/lebanon-authorities-step-up-repression-through-use-of-terrorism-charges-against-protesters/ Lebanese authorities charge protesters using counter-terror laws www.amnesty.org 8 March 2021 Furthermore, Lebanon's Attorney General Judge Ghassan Oweidat instructed the country's top security forces and officials, including the Internal Security Forces (ISF) to go after perpetrators behind illicit foreign currency speculation and alteration with the Lebanese currency.https://arab.news/pxsd9 Lebanese judiciary pursues currency speculators amid protests 8 March 2021 Arab News On Monday also, following several days of protests and road blockades in the streets of Lebanon, President Michel Aoun called on security forces to clear out the roadblocks set up by protesters. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-03-09/protests-roadblocks-persist-in-lebanon-despite-presidents-call Protests, Roadblocks Persist in Lebanon Despite President's Call. On the other hand, the Lebanese army chief General Joseph Aoun has emphasized the right to peaceful protest, as he cautioned the military personnel to avoid being dragged into the country's political stalemate. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-03-08/lebanons-deadlock-fuels-seventh-day-of-street-protests Lebanon Army Chief Berates Politicians After President Calls to Clear Protests. On 10 March, following calls made by President Aoun to clear out obstructions, the Lebanese army disclosed that they had commenced the clearing out of the roadblocks which had been set up for several days by the Lebanese protesters. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-03-10/lebanese-army-starts-clearing-roadblocks-after-week-of-protests Lebanese Army Starts Clearing Roadblocks After Week of Protests. On March 12, more than 1000 protesters started from the Interior Ministry in Hamra and headed towards the Parliament. This protest was considered as the largest in weeks.Protesters march to Parliament as Lebanon crisis persists http://dailystar.com.lb/news/lebanon-news/2021/mar-12/518379-protesters-march-to-parliament-as-lebanon-crisis-persists.ashx 2021-03-12 dailystar.com.lb 12 March 2021 2021-03-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20210313164710/https://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2021/Mar-12/518379-protesters-march-to-parliament-as-lebanon-crisis-persists.ashx On 13 March, the Lebanese currency reportedly hit a new record slide amid weeks of protests, with a black market rate of £L12,500 to the US dollar.https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/protests-lebanon-local-currency-continues-slide-76438352 Protests around Lebanon as local currency continues to slide ABC News Following the currency's decline, stores were said to have suspended selling goods, while businesses decided to shut down their doors, according to Arab News.https://arab.news/bexms Panic on the streets as Lebanese pound hits new low 13 March 2021 Arab News A small group of protesters gathered near the parliament building in the afternoon, hurling stones at security forces who responded with tear gas, in an attempt to break up the crowd. Some demonstrators also attempted to force their way in by trying to penetrate a metal gate connecting to the legislature.https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/thousands-join-protests-in-lebanon-as-local-currency-continues-to-slide-44983 Thousands join protests in Lebanon as local currency continues to slide Thousands join protests in Lebanon as local currency continues to slidehttps://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/protests-lebanon-local-currency-continues-slide Protests in Lebanon as local currency continues to slide The New Arab Staff & Agencies english.alaraby.co.uk/ 14 March 2021 After the anger among the Lebanese, President Michel Aoun and Prime minister-designate Saad Hariri held immediate talks in the presidential palace. After that, on March 17, the President told Hariri that he should form a government immediately and that if he isunable to do so "he should make way for those who are". Aoun also maintained that inaction was no longer a choice for the PM-designate Hariri, as he must choose between stepping down or forming a government.2021-03-17 لبنان: عون يخير الحريري بين تشكيل "فوري" للحكومة أو التنحي عن المهمة https://www.france24.com/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7/20210317-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9 2021-03-18 فرانس 24 / France 24 arhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/17/lebanons-president-asks-pm-designate-to-form-government-or-go Lebanon's Aoun tells PM-designate Hariri to form government or go www.aljazeera.com On March 20, on the eve of Mother's Day, a group of women protested and went from Bechara Al Khoury towards Beirut and the port shouting and crying due to the crisis in the country.2021-03-20 Lebanese women mourn on Mother's Day amid currency crisis and political stalemate https://www.arabnews.com/node/1828906/middle-east 2021-03-20 Arab News en On March 22, and after several meetings between Prime Minister-designate Saad Hariri and President Aoun, Hariri said that the demands of the President were "unacceptable", therefore Lebanon witnessed a failure to form a new government which will worsen the crisis.Maha El Dahan Laila Bassam 2021-03-22 Lebanon crisis escalates after failure to agree government en Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-crisis-idUSKBN2BE2JC 2021-03-22 According to Hariri, President Aoun presented him with a line-up granting his team a third of all cabinet seats, which would enable them to have veto power over decision making in the Lebanese government.https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20210322-lebanon-crisis-escalates-as-last-ditch-cabinet-talks-fail-to-form-new-govt Lebanon crisis escalates as last-ditch cabinet talks fail to form new govt 22 March 2021 France 24 Harir was said to have been criticized by Aoun for disclosing his proposed government with the media, because the distribution of the ministries was unjust which was his reason for not agreeing to the line-up, according to Al Jazeera.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/22/were-sick-of-them-lebanon-economy-freefalls-as-leaders-bicker 'We're sick of them': Lebanon economy freefalls as leaders bicker Kareem Chehayeb www.aljazeera.com After the meeting which only lasted for just 35 minutes, another date for a new meeting between Hariri and Aoun could not be confirmed.https://arab.news/54vuv Lebanon stalemate continues after 18th Aoun-Hariri meeting collapses 22 March 2021 Arab News On 23 March, central streets in Beirut were closed by protesters, following the outcome of the political meeting between the Lebanese prime minister-designate Saad Hariri and President Michel Aoun.https://www.urdupoint.com/en/world/lebanons-beirut-swept-by-protests-over-anoth-1201745.html Lebanons Beirut Swept By Protests Over Another Failure To Form Government UrduPoint On March 28, the Lebanese Communist Party arranged a protest in the capital Beirut amid a worsening economic and living situation in Lebanon.https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210328-hundreds-protest-poor-economic-conditions-in-lebanon/ Hundreds protest poor economic conditions in Lebanon 28 March 2021 Middle East Monitor Despite tight security, the protesters gathered in front of the Central Bank, then moved to the Government Palace while holding banners demanding various basic social amenities.https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/hundreds-protest-poor-economic-conditions-in-lebanon/2190830 Hundreds protest poor economic conditions in Lebanon www.aa.com.tr On March 29, the parliament approved $200 million in emergency funding to avoid the national power cut that might hit the country by the end of March.2021-03-29 Lebanon approves crisis funding to avert power blackout https://arab.news/89brj 2021-03-29 Arab News en Former energy minister and member of parliament, Cesar Abi Khalil maintained that it is expected to make electricity sufficient for about two months.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/29/lebanon-could-sink-like-titanic-says-parliament-speaker Lebanon could sink like the Titanic, warns parliament speaker www.aljazeera.com On March 30, families of students studying abroad protested against Lebanese banks and tried to raid a closed bank while staff worked inside. Their protest was because their children were expelled from their universities because the parents couldn't send them money due to the rise of the exchange rate of the dollar.2021-03-30 Lebanon's collapse puts financial strain on students studying abroad https://arab.news/bhrxk 2021-03-30 Arab News en Separately, a report by Human Rights Watch (HRW) suggested that during the lockdown and worsening economy protests in Lebanon's Tripoli, demonstrators were allegedly tortured by the Lebanese military intelligence.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/30/lebanon-detainees-allege-torture-forced-disappearance-report Lebanon: Protesters forcibly disappeared, tortured, says report www.aljazeera.com Apart from the torture of detainees, the HRW also added that others were forcefully abducted by the military.https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/03/30/lebanon-tripoli-detainees-allege-torture-forced-disappearance Lebanon: Tripoli Detainees Allege Torture, Forced Disappearance 30 March 2021 Human Rights Watch April 2021 In April 2021, The US undersecretary of state for political affairs, David Hale, visited Lebanon and met President Michel Aoun. After the meeting, Hale issued a warning against "those who continue to obstruct progress on the reform agenda."2021-04-16 US official fires warning shot at Lebanese reform blockers https://arab.news/y3uy6 2021-04-16 Arab News en May 2021 On 14 May, Lebanese protesters reportedly gathered near the border fence with Israel in order to show support for Palestinians during its present conflict with Israel.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/14/lebanese-man-killed-by-israeli-troops-on-border Lebanese protester killed by Israeli troops at border www.aljazeera.com As the angry demonstrators were trying to cross the border fence, a Lebanese protester was said to have been shot and killed as a result of shelling by Israeli security forces. According to Al-Monitor, two other Lebanese protesters were also wounded.https://www.timesofisrael.com/protesters-in-lebanon-jordan-rush-israeli-border-fences/ Lebanese man killed as protesters rush Israeli border fences T. O. I. staff The Times of Israel 0040-7909https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/05/protesters-rush-toward-israeli-border-jordan-and-lebanon Protesters rush toward Israeli border in Jordan and Lebanon – Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East www.al-monitor.com 14 May 2021 President Michel Aoun criticized the use of force applied by the Israeli forces when they started firing at the group of protesters.https://arab.news/gy8jx Lebanese protester shot dead, another wounded by Israelis at border demonstration 14 May 2021 Arab News June 2021 On 21 June, protesters took to the streets, following newly adopted measures to tackle fuel smuggling into Syria.https://arab.news/wvkr4 Protests erupt after Lebanon bids to curb fuel smuggling 22 June 2021 Arab News The protesters burnt tires and metal bars, shutting down a highway linking Lebanon and Syria, Alarabiya news reported.https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2021/06/21/In-Lebanon-some-protest-efforts-to-curb-smuggling-to-Syria In Lebanon, some protest efforts to curb smuggling to Syria 21 June 2021 Al Arabiya English Security forces were said to have stopped gasoline smugglers from driving through the legitimate crossing, which led to the blockage of the Masnaa crossing by the smugglers.https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/economy/story/Protests_spark_after_Lebanon_bids_to_curb_fuel_smuggling-SNG_218431929 Protests spark after Lebanon bids to curb fuel smuggling www.zawya.com In Lebanon's eastern Bekaa region, the customs authorities stated that it would impose the use of permits for vehicles going into Syria, in an attempt to curb fuel smuggling. However, the protesters blocking the highway are urging for the permit to either be binding on everyone going to Syria or canceled completely.https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/3039761/lebanon-some-protest-efforts-curb-smuggling-syria In Lebanon, Some Protest Efforts to Curb Smuggling to Syria Asharq AL-awsathttps://www.albawaba.com/news/fresh-protests-reignite-lebanon-over-fuel-smuggling-1434750 Fresh Protests Reignite in Lebanon Over Fuel Smuggling Al Bawaba On 26 June, protesters clashed with security forces in Lebanon's Tripoli and other cities, as the Lebanese currency plunges to a record low.https://www.dw.com/en/lebanon-protesters-try-to-storm-banks-after-currency-hits-record-low/a-58062461 Lebanon: Protesters try to storm banks after currency hits record low DW 26.06.2021 DW.COM In Tripoli, several protesters were reportedly wounded during the clashes.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/27/lebanon-protesters-clash-with-security-forces-as-currency-plunges Several injured in Lebanon protests over plunging currency www.aljazeera.com The Lebanese army however maintained that 10 soldiers were wounded after protesters hurled stones at troops and also threw stun grenades at them.https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/article/riots-in-lebanon-over-economy-injure-10-soldiers-protesters/ Riots in Lebanon over economy injure 10 soldiers, protesters 27 June 2021 CTVNews On 28 June, several roads were shut down by the Lebanese protesters, ahead of the fuel prices hike that is expected to be announced by the energy ministry on 29 June.https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2021/06/28/Protests-erupt-in-Lebanon-ahead-of-fuel-price-hike-severe-power-shortages Protests erupt in Lebanon ahead of fuel price hike, severe power shortages 28 June 2021 Al Arabiya English On 29 June, fuel prices were hiked by more than 35 percent by the Lebanese energy ministry, following the cutting down of subsidies last week.https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/6/29/lebanon-raises-fuel-prices-by-more-than-35-risking-more-unrest Lebanon hikes fuel prices by more than a third as consumers reel www.aljazeera.com The delay by the Lebanese central bank in opening credit lines to fund fuel imports, was described by fuel importers as the reason behind the crisis, the Arab News added.https://arab.news/nksgh Lebanon hikes fuel prices to shore up forex reserves 29 June 2021 Arab News On 30 June, the situation in the northern city of Tripoli worsened, with a child dying who was on oxygen, as a result of power cuts and shortage of diesel for the generators. Following the use of live ammunition, armored vehicles had to be deployed to the streets by the Lebanese Army, in order to restore calm to the city.https://arab.news/wnpfc Tripoli on brink of disaster as power outage fuels unrest in Lebanon 30 June 2021 Arab Newshttps://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2021/06/30/lebanese-army-deploys-to-tripoli-amid-unrest/ Lebanese Army deploys to Tripoli amid unrest The National 30 June 2021 July 2021 On 9 July, protests were held in Lebanon's capital Beirut, as families of victims of the 2020 Beirut explosion mount pressure on parliament to punish officials. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/families-of-beirut-blast-victims-want-officials-prosecuted/2021/07/09/6b9c0e42-e0c5-11eb-a27f-8b294930e95b_story.html Families of Beirut blast victims want officials prosecuted. The Washington Post 2021-07-12 2021-07-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20210712115229/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/families-of-beirut-blast-victims-want-officials-prosecuted/2021/07/09/6b9c0e42-e0c5-11eb-a27f-8b294930e95b_story.html Prior to the protest, caretaker Interior Minister Mohammed Fahmi, denied a request by the judge investigating the explosion to question the head of the General Security Agency, Maj.-Gen. Abbas Ibrahim, according to the JPost.https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/lebanon-families-of-beirut-blast-victims-call-for-justice-673499 Lebanon: Families of Beirut blast victims call for justice The Jerusalem Post JPost.com 11 July 2021 The protesters demanded the immunity of three legislators be lifted, in line with the request made by the judge looking into the blast at the Beirut port.https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_families-beirut-blast-victims-want-officials-prosecuted/6208079.html Families of Beirut Blast Victims Want Officials Prosecuted Voice of America – English Voice of America 10 July 2021 The Lebanese army and parliamentary guards were said to have clashed with some of the families of victims who tried to force their way into the headquarters of Speaker Nabih Berri in Beirut.https://arab.news/5d8cn Families of Beirut port blast victims demand accountability 9 July 2021 Arab News On 15 July, Lebanon's Prime Minister-designate Saad Hariri, reportedly stepped aside, after a brief meeting the Lebanese President Michel Aoun at Baabda Palace, according to Al Jazeera.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/15/lebanon-pm-designate-saad-hariri-resigns-as-crisis-escalates Lebanon's PM-designate Saad Hariri resigns as crisis escalates Kareem Chehayeb www.aljazeera.com Hariri described his reason for stepping down due to failure to reach an agreement with Aoun after their 20-minute meeting. He also disclosed to reporters that President Aoun had rejected the cabinet selection he had submitted in less than 24 hours.https://www.timesofisrael.com/lebanon-pm-designate-saad-hariri-steps-down-after-months-of-deadlock/ Lebanon PM-designate Saad Hariri steps down after months of deadlock Sarah El Deeb The Times of Israel 0040-7909https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/15/middleeast/hariri-resigns-lebanon-intl/index.html Lebanon's Hariri steps down as prime minister-designate pushing crisis-ridden country further into uncertainty Tamara Qiblawi, Ghazi Balkiz and Ben Wedeman CNN 15 July 2021 Following the news of Hariri's resignation, some protesters, mostly Hariri's, were said to have shut down roads in the capital Beirut, including the burning of tires, as they denounced the worsening economic situation.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-crisis-government-idCAKBN2EW0RD Lebanese PM-designate Mikati aims to form gov't to implement reform plan Laila Bassam Maha El Dahan Reuters 26 July 2021 On 25 July, Lebanese billionaire and former PM Najib Mikati received backing from Lebanese Sunni leaders to become Lebanon's prime minister-designate. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-25/former-lebanese-leaders-back-mikati-for-premier-nna-says Lebanese Billionaire Mikati Poised to Become Premier-Designate. Bloomberg.com 25 July 2021 Mikati also received support from Speaker Nabih Berri, Amal Movement, with Hezbollah's backing expected to follow.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/25/lebanese-sunni-leaders-endorse-najib-mikati-to-form-new-government Lebanese Sunni leaders endorse Mikati to form new government Kareem Chehayeb www.aljazeera.com On 26 July, in an effort to appointing a new PM-designated, President Michel Aoun began discussions with the country's parliamentary bloc earlier in the morning, at the Baabda Palace.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/26/lebanon-holds-parliamentary-consultations-to-name-pm-designate Lebanon holds parliamentary consultations to name PM-designate Kareem Chehayeb www.aljazeera.com On Monday also, the Lebanese Tycoon Najib Mikati, was said to have met with the Lebanese President Michel Aoun, and he is also expected to gain a majority of support from the parliamentary bloc. Later on Monday, Najib Mikati was confirmed by the Lebanese parliament as Lebanon's new prime minister-designate.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/26/mikati-appointed-lebanons-new-pm-designate Najib Mikati named Lebanon's new prime minister-designate Kareem Chehayeb www.aljazeera.com During the parliamentary consultation with the Lebanese president, the two-time prime minister was said to have secured a majority of the votes from MPs.https://arab.news/wfkv3 Lebanon appoints Najib Mikati as new PM-designate 26 July 2021 Arab News The US and France also welcomed the new appointment made by the Lebanese government, the Deutsche Welle added.https://www.dw.com/en/lebanon-names-najib-mikati-as-new-prime-minister/a-58648188 Lebanon names Najib Mikati as new prime minister DW 26.07.2021 DW.COM Following Mikati's appointment, he urged for unity, in order to start reviving the country's crippling economy.https://apnews.com/article/government-and-politics-middle-east-business-lebanon-biden-cabinet-1789da845621ebcb35e79f3176c9a6bf 'No magic wand:' Lebanon's new PM-designate urges unity 26 July 2021 AP NEWS August 2021 On 4 August, dozens of Lebanese rallied in the capital Beirut, to mark the first anniversary of the 2020 Beirut explosion.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/4/mired-in-crises-lebanon-marks-one-year-since-horrific-blast Lebanon police, protesters clash on Beirut blast anniversary Al Jazeera At least six people were reported to have been injured, as protesters clashed with security forces near the parliament.https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/beirut-marks-one-year-since-port-blast-with-anger-mourning-2021-08-04/ Lebanese demand justice on port blast anniversary 4 August 2021 Reuters limited Just a day before the anniversary protests, Human Rights Watch (HRW), blamed the Lebanese authorities for hindering the investigation into the blast, according to the TRT World.https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/lebanon-marks-first-anniversary-of-deadly-blast-amid-tears-and-anger-48920 Lebanon marks first anniversary of deadly blast amid tears and anger TRT World 4 August 2021 Saad Hasan 12 October 2026 Meanwhile, during an international donor conference that was held on the first anniversary of the massive Beirut port explosion, French President Emmanuel Macron blamed Lebanese politicians for the economic woe in Lebanon.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/4/macron-criticises-failing-lebanese-politicians-at-fundraiser Macron criticises 'failing' Lebanon politicians at fundraiser Al Jazeera 4 August 2021 12 October 2026 Macron also called for support, while pointing out that the COVID-19 pandemic has left the Lebanese people in a more dire condition, including the lack of medicines.https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/macron-hosts-new-lebanon-fundraiser-year-after-port-blast-2021-08-04/ Macron criticises 'failing' Lebanese leaders as $370 mln raised 4 August 2021 Reuters limited On 9 August, three men were killed in Lebanon, amid tensions over fuel shortages.https://www.reuters.com/article/lebanon-economy-int-idUSKBN2FA226 Three Lebanese killed in incidents related to fuel shortages -army statement, source Reuters 9 August 2021 12 October 2026 limited According to a statement by the Lebanese army, one of the men was killed in northern Lebanon's Dinniyeh region during a dispute over fuel, while the two others were killed in Tripoli. In Tripoli, reports suggested that the dispute escalated to the extent of throwing a hand grenade, including the exchange of fire, Al Jazeera added.https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/8/9/lebanons-worsening-fuel-crisis-sparks-violence-leaving-3-dead Lebanon's worsening fuel crisis spurs violence, leaves three dead Al Jazeera Associated Press 9 August 2021 12 October 2026 On 12 August, angry Lebanese protesters shut down roads across Lebanon, following the central bank's move to end fuel subsidies.https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-business-lebanon-442bb80529aa619ca618eb0fc583fe71 Bassem Mroue Anger in Lebanon over central bank ending of fuel subsidies AP News 12 August 2021 12 October 2026 One protester was seriously wounded in the southern village of Zahrani, after being run over by a motorist, according to ABC News.https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/anger-lebanon-central-bank-ending-fuel-subsidies-79418528 Anger in Lebanon over central bank ending of fuel subsidies ABC News On 15 August, a fuel tanker exploded in northern Lebanon's Akkar District, killing 20 people and wounding at least 79 people more.https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-20-killed-lebanon-fuel-tank-explosion-mtv-news-2021-08-15/ At least 20 killed in Lebanon fuel tank explosion -Red Cross. Reuters 15 August 2021 limitedhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/15/fuel-tanker-explodes-in-lebanons-akkar-at-least-20-killed Fuel tanker explodes in Lebanon, killing at least 28 Al Jazeera 15 August 2021 12 October 2026 Reports from the National News Agency suggested that the explosion was a result of a fuel container blowing up, that was seized by the army.https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20210815-lebanon-fuel-tanker-explosion-kills-at-least-20 Lebanon fuel tanker explosion kills at least 20. France 24 15 August 2021 More than 200 people were believed to have been at the scene when the incident took place.https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/oil-tanker-explodes-in-northern-lebanon-killing-20-676731 Lebanon: Fuel tank explosion leaves 28 dead Tzvi Joffre The Jerusalem Post 15 August 2021 12 October 2026 According to Deutsche Welle, the Lebanese Health Minister Hamad Hassan has stated that the government would sponsor the medical treatment of those affected by the explosion.https://www.dw.com/en/lebanon-at-least-20-killed-in-gas-tanker-explosion/a-58868245 Lebanon: At least 20 killed in gas tanker explosion Deutsche Welle 15 August 2021 12 October 2026 Also, Kuwait has offered to sponsor the treatment for the burn victims of the blast, the Kuwait Red Crescent Society (KRCS) stated.http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-08/16/c_1310130763.htm Kuwait to cover treatment expense of fuel tank blast victims in Lebanon Xinhuanet September 2021 On 16 September, an arrest warrant was issued for the former public works minister Youssef Finianos, by the leading judge investigating the 2020 Beirut explosion. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/lebanon-judge-issues-arrest-warrant-ex-minister-over-beirut-blast-2021-09-16/ Lebanon judge issues arrest warrant for ex-minister over Beirut blast. Reuters 16 September 2021 According to Al Jazeera, the warrant was issued after Finianos failed to show up for questioning.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/16/lebanon-judge-seeks-arrest-of-ex-minister-charged-in-beirut-blast Lebanon judge seeks arrest of ex-minister charged in Beirut blast www.aljazeera.com The leading judge Tarek Bitar also charged three former top government officials alongside Finianos, with endangerment, which saw to the deaths of over 200 people in the Beirut blast. https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-explosions-lebanon-arrests-beirut-c622d4fadb1776f36d52385c75f35813 Judge seeks arrest of ex-minister charged in Beirut blast. Associated Press 16 September 2021 Meanwhile, the EU has demanded the establishment of a resolution within the UN framework, to look into the devastating Beirut Port blast. During a vote, 571 out of 681 members of the European Parliament supported the resolution which is aimed at approving sanctions on Lebanese officials who were involved in corruption or were responsible for hindering the investigation into the blast.https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/17/european-parliament-calls-un-probe-beirut-blast European Parliament Calls for UN Probe into Beirut Blast 17 September 2021https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/16/eu-resolution-calls-for-sanctioning-lebanese-officials EU Parliament resolution urges sanctions on Lebanon officials Kareem Chehayeb www.aljazeera.com The EU also urged for humanitarian aid to be distributed directly to the people requiring assistance, considering the extreme mishandling of relief funds provided to Lebanon in the past.https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/lebanon-eu-parliament-resolution-holds-politicians-accountable Lebanon: EU parliament threatens sanctions for 'man-made disaster'. October Tayouneh clashes 2021 Beirut clashes On October 14, 2021, a protest in Beirut, led by the Amal Movement, Hezbollah and the Marada Movement, demanded the resignation of the lead judge probing the 2020 Beirut port's explosion.Karam Zeina Zeina Karam El Deeb Sarah 14 October 2021 5 killed in Beirut during protest over judge in blast probe Associated Press https://apnews.com/article/hezbollah-middle-east-lebanon-beirut-explosions-56b61328f420caf4e259aeb3f428fb9a 14 October 20212021-10-14 6 killed in Beirut clashes as tensions over blast probe soar https://apnews.com/article/hezbollah-middle-east-lebanon-beirut-explosions-56b61328f420caf4e259aeb3f428fb9a live 2021-10-14 Associated Press en https://web.archive.org/web/20211014082556/https://apnews.com/article/hezbollah-middle-east-lebanon-beirut-explosions-56b61328f420caf4e259aeb3f428fb9a 14 October 2021 As the protest went on and the situation got more violent when protesters began to shout sectarian slogans, destroy property and harass passersby in the region of Tayouneh, snipers from roofs started shooting against the protestors in the streets, giving start to the clashes between Shia militants and armed civilians that killed 7 people and wounded 32 more.Mostafa Salem Qiblawi Tamara 14 October 2021 Beirut's worst street violence in more than a decade kills at least 6 CNN https://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/14/middleeast/lebanon-blast-gunfire-protest-intl/index.html Hezbollah accused the Lebanese Forces, a Christian political group; the group denied the accusation. The gunfight included assault rifles and rocket-propelled grenades. Some of the deceased include a militant who had previously fought in Syria under Hezbollah. 2022 Riad Salemeh trials In February 2022, a subpoena was issued by Judge Ghada Aoun after Riad Salameh failed to show up to court for questioning, while his whereabouts were unknown after a raid in his office and 2 homes, as part of an investigation for alleged misconduct and corruption.2022-06-22 Lebanon security forces raid central bank chief's home to execute subpoena https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2022/06/22/Lebanon-security-forces-raid-central-bank-chief-s-home-to-execute-subpoena 2022-06-22 Al Arabiya English enLebanon's Central Bank Chief Vanishes as Corruption Probe Mounts https://www.voanews.com/a/lebanon-s-central-bank-chief-vanishes-as-corruption-probe-mounts-/6444473.html 2022-06-22 VOA 16 February 2022 en This sparked controversy with another security agency that was accused of protecting him from trial. Later in March 21, Salameh along with his brother Raja were charged for illicit enrichment by Ghassan Oueidat but also failed to attend for questioning.2022-03-21 Lebanon charges central bank governor Riad Salameh and his brother https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/lebanon/2022/03/21/lebanon-charges-central-bank-governor-riad-salameh/ 2022-06-22 The National en His brother, Raja Salameh spent a month in detention but was released on May 22 while on a record bail of 100 billion Lebanese pounds. On June 21, 2022, his home was raided again by Lebanese security forces.2022-06-21 Lebanon security forces sent to raid home of central bank governor https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2022/06/21/lebanon-security-forces-sent-to-raid-home-of-central-bank-governor/ 2022-06-22 The National en Role of women in the October Revolution Women in Lebanon Feminist movements have been widely recognized for their significant role in driving social change and advocating for gender equality globally.Moughalian Catherine Ammar Zeina 2019 Feminist Movement Building in Lebanon: Challenges and opportunities http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.32497.10082 Oxfamlibrary en 10.13140/RG.2.2.32497.10082 The October 17 Revolution in Lebanon was characterized by the substantial participation of women, which underscores the country's legacy of feminist activists, as well as the participation of other marginalized groups such as the LGBT movement and migrant workers.Mikdashi Maya Sextarianism: Sovereignty, Secularism, and the State in Lebanon 2022 Stanford University Press 155Mourad Sara 2019 Women's Activism in the Lebanese October Uprising: The Promises and Pitfalls of Women-Centered Politics The Asfari Institute for Civil Society and CitizenshipFarhat Sally Melki Jad 2023-10-20 Lebanon's 2019 Uprising: A Feminist Uprising or Feminized Media Sensationalism? https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10646175.2023.2199691 Howard Journal of Communications en 34 5 460–476 10.1080/10646175.2023.2199691 1064-6175 subscription Fakhoury Tamirace 2019 The Unmaking of Lebanon's Sectarian Order? The October Uprising and its Drivers IAI Commentaries 19 66Khalil Sarah 2019-11-07 This is why feminist issues are driving Lebanon's protests https://www.newarab.com/analysis/why-feminist-issues-are-driving-lebanons-protests 2024-05-06 www.newarab.com/ enInternational WILPF 2019-12-11 In Lebanon, the Revolution Is a Woman https://www.wilpf.org/in-lebanon-the-revolution-is-a-woman/ 2024-05-06 WILPF en-GB UN Women estimates indicate that during the initial phase of protests, women constituted at least half of the protest population in Beirut and Tripoli, and one-third in Baalbek and Nabatieh, showcasing a remarkable gender parity that is de facto unseen in many revolts across the Middle-Eastern and North Africa region.Dore-Weeks Zabaneh Wilson 2019 Understanding the Role of Women and Feminist Actors in Lebanon's 2019 Protests https://arabstates.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Field%20Office%20Arab%20States/Attachments/Publications/2019/12/Gendering%20Lebanons%202019%20Protests.pdf UN Women This level of participation serves to illustrate Lebanon's active civil society and the enduring legacy of feminist activism. Driven by grievances related to governance, corruption, and economic challenges, women from diverse backgrounds emerged as key figures in shaping and sustaining the movement. In the years preceding the October uprising, Lebanon witnessed the emergence of a feminist public sphere, where women's organizations and groups played a cruicial role in highlighting issues of gender inequality.About Us https://armlebanon.org/about-us/ 2024-05-07 Anti-Racism Movement en-USFEMALE 2020-04-11 Progress Report 2018–2019 FEMALE https://www.fe-male.org/archives/12398 2024-05-07 en-USCampaigns & Advocacy – ABAAD https://www.abaadmena.org/campaigns-advocacy/ 2024-05-07 en-US Through lobbying efforts and activism, feminists pushed for legal reforms to address institutional inequalities and provide platforms to foster solidarity. In drawing upon past movements such as the 2011 protests against sectarianism and the 2015 garbage crisis protests, women entered the October R