2010 Oregon gubernatorial election

none January 2025 April 2012 2010 Oregon gubernatorial election Oregon presidential No 2006 Oregon gubernatorial election 2006 2014 Oregon gubernatorial election 2014 November 2, 2010 File:John Kitzhaber acceptance speech-5 (cropped 2).jpg 150x150px John Kitzhaber Democratic Party (United States) Independent Party of Oregon 716,525 49.29% File:Chris Dudley at the NEBBHOF (cropped).jpg Chris Dudley Republican Party (United States) 694,287 47.76% 2010 Oregon gubernatorial election results map by county.svg 260px County resultsKitzhaber: #a5b0ff 40–50% #7996e2 50–60% #584cde 70–80%Dudley: #e27f7f 50–60% #d75d5d 60–70% #d72f30 70–80% Governor Ted Kulongoski Democratic Party (United States) John Kitzhaber Democratic Party (United States) The 2010 Oregon gubernatorial election was held on Tuesday, mdy, to elect the governor of Oregon to a four-year term beginning on mdy. The incumbent governor, Democrat Ted Kulongoski, was ineligible to run due to term limits barring him from being elected to more than two consecutive terms. The Democratic candidate John Kitzhaber, who had previously served two terms as governor from 1995 to 2003, was elected to a third term, earning a narrow victory over Republican candidate Chris Dudley and two minor party candidates. Kitzhaber's election marked the first time in Oregon's history that a person has been elected to a third term as governor. Oregon first used its new cross-nomination system, a form of fusion voting, in the 2010 general elections. In this system, a candidate for partisan public office can be nominated by up to three political parties.http://blog.oregonlive.com/mapesonpolitics/2009/07/kulongoski_will_sign_fusion_vo.html Jeff Mapes Kulongoski will sign fusion voting bill The Oregonian October 12, 2010 July 8, 2009 Kitzhaber was nominated by the Independent Party of Oregon in addition to the Democratic Party. Almost every opinion poll throughout the election season showed a statistical tie between the two, state Republicans saw this election as the best chance to win the governorship since the last Republican governor, Victor Atiyeh, was re-elected in 1982. Once polls closed on election day, Dudley had led in early vote counts, but Kitzhaber narrowly won due to wide margins in Multnomah and Lane counties.http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2010/11/the_oregonians_prediction_john.html The Oregonian's prediction: John Kitzhaber wins Oregon governor race The Oregonian November 3, 2010 November 3, 2010 However, this remains the closest Republicans have come to winning the governorship since that election. Democratic primary Candidates John Kitzhaber, former governor of Oregon Bill Bradbury, former Oregon secretary of state Roger Obrist Polling Poll source Date administered John Kitzhaber Bill Bradbury UndecidedDavis, Hibbetts & MidghallDavis, Hibbetts & Midghall https://web.archive.org/web/20100523115252/http://www.kptv.com/yourvote/23524358/detail.html May 23, 2010 May 8–10, 2010 53% 23% 22%Survey USASurvey USA May 7–9, 2010 59% 25% 12% Debate + 2010 Oregon gubernatorial election Democratic primary debate No. Number Date Host Moderator Link Democratic DemocraticKey:black #90ff90  P  Participant  black #FFFFDD  A  Absent  black #ff9090  N  Not invited  black #CCFFCC  I  Invited #f0e68c W Withdrawn John Kitzhaber Bill Bradbury1 Apr. 30, 2010 City Club of Portland Ted Kaye YouTube P P Results thumb|260px|Results by county: #7996E2 Kitzhaber #A5B0FF 40–50% #7996E2 50–60% #6674DE 60–70% #584CDE 70–80% #3933E5 80–90% Oregon Democratic gubernatorial primary resultshttp://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordpdf/6873663 Official Results: May 18, 2010 Primary Election records.sos.state.or.us 2 April 2020 John Kitzhaber Democratic Party (United States) 242,545 64.78 Bill Bradbury Democratic Party (United States) 110,298 29.46 Roger Obrist Democratic Party (United States) 16,057 4.29 Write-ins Democratic Party (United States) 5,504 1.47 374,404 100.00 Republican primary thumb|Chris Dudley sign Candidates Chris Dudley, former professional basketball player Allen Alley, businessman and deputy chief of staff to Governor Ted Kulongoski Clark Colvin, business executive William Ames Curtright Bob Forthan Darren Karr, small business owner John Lim, former Oregon State Senator and unsuccessful nominee for the U.S. Senate in 1998 Bill Sizemore, 1998 Republican nominee for Governor of Oregon Rex O. Watkins, real estate agent Polling Poll source Date administered Chris Dudley Allen Alley John Lim Bill Sizemore UndecidedDavis, Hibbetts & Midghall May 8–10, 2010 33% 23% 8% 6% 24%Survey USA May 7–9, 2010 42% 24% 8% 8% 14% Results thumb|260px|Results by county: #e27f7f Dudley #FFC8CD 30–40% #FFB2B2 40–50% #E27F7F 50–60% #D75D5D 60–70% #ff9955 Alley #ffdac1 20–30% #ffcca9 30–40% #ffb580 40–50% Oregon Republican gubernatorial primary results Chris Dudley Republican Party (United States) 122,855 39.11 Allen Alley Republican Party (United States) 99,753 31.76 John Lim Republican Party (United States) 47,339 15.07 Bill Sizemore Republican Party (United States) 23,522 7.49 William Ames Curtright Republican Party (United States) 12,497 3.98 Rex O. Watkins Republican Party (United States) 3,060 0.97 Write-ins Republican Party (United States) 2,001 0.64 Clark Colvin Republican Party (United States) 1,206 0.38 Darren Karr Republican Party (United States) 1,127 0.36 Bob Forthan Republican Party (United States) 727 0.23 314,087 100.00 Independent Party primary Oregon first used its new cross nomination system, a form of fusion voting, in the 2010 general elections. In this system, a candidate for partisan public office can be nominated by up to three political parties. As a result, the Independent Party of Oregon did not file a candidate and instead chose to hold a month-long online primary in July.http://www.indparty.com/node/239 IPO primary FAQ October 12, 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20100925031701/http://indparty.com/node/239 September 25, 2010 dead In doing so, it became the first political party in the United States to conduct a binding statewide primary election entirely over the Internet, http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2010/08/e-voting_not_ready_yet.html/ E-voting not ready yet The Oregonian August 11, 2010 and it was the largest nominating process ever held by an Oregon minor political party. http://www.ballot-access.org/2010/07/31/oregon-independent-party-releases-results-of-its-private-primary// Oregon Independent Party Releases Results of its Private Primary July 31, 2010 Ballot Access News August 11, 2010 Republican Chris Dudley did not apply for the Independent Party nomination by the required date, so he was not on the ballot, but he could be written in. Candidates John Kitzhaber, former Governor of Oregon Jerry Wilson, businessman Richard Esterman, photographer Results Independent Party of Oregon gubernatorial primary resultshttp://www.indparty.com/results.pdf Archived copy 2016-10-21 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110817114516/http://www.indparty.com/results.pdf August 17, 2011 mdy-all John Kitzhaber Democratic Party (United States) 850 38.39 Richard Esterman Independent Party of Oregon 438 19.78 Write-ins Independent Party of Oregon 314 14.18 None of the above Independent Party of Oregon 312 14.09 Jerry Wilson Oregon Progressive Party 300 13.55 2,214 100.00 General election thumb|right|upright|Voters' pamphlet for the 2010 general election Candidates Chris Dudley (Republican), former professional basketball player John Kitzhaber (Democratic, Independent Party of Oregon), former Governor of Oregon Greg Kord (Constitution), industrial piping designer Wes Wagner (Libertarian), systems administrator Campaign Following the primaries, the two leading candidates, Dudley and Kitzhaber, campaigned separately throughout the state for the summer. Despite attempts by both campaigns to arrange a debate, the candidates could only agree on a single debate on September 30.http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2010/09/john_kitzhaber_and_chris_dudle.html John Kitzhaber and Chris Dudley spar in Oregon gubernatorial campaign's only debate Esteve Harry The Oregonian October 1, 2010 October 1, 2010 Through the end of September, the Dudley campaign had raised $5.6 million, more than twice as much as the Kitzhaber campaign.http://www.registerguard.com/csp/cms/sites/web/news/cityregion/25346039-41/dudley-million-oregon-association-kitzhaber.csp Dudley doubles donor dollars Steves David September 29, 2010 The Register-Guard October 1, 2010 Throughout the last few months of the campaign, opinion polls showed a tight race with the lead apparently changing frequently. Due to the closeness of the race, President Barack Obama, for whom Oregon voted by a 16-percent margin in 2008, stumped for Kitzhaber; then headlined a rally at the Oregon Convention Center in Portland on mdy. Newspaper endorsements Newspaper Endorsement The Oregonian (Portland) John KitzhaberThe Oregonian Portland Our endorsement: Kitzhaber for governor October 10, 2010 November 6, 2010 http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2010/10/the_oregonians_endorsement_kit.html Willamette Week (Portland) John KitzhaberWillamette Week Portland Save Our State! October 13, 2010 November 7, 2010 http://wweek.com/editorial/3649/14626/ https://web.archive.org/web/20101102210328/http://wweek.com/editorial/3649/14626/ November 2, 2010 dead Portland Tribune John KitzhaberPortland Tribune Let Kitzhaber steer state into future October 14, 2010 November 7, 2010 http://thetribonline.com/opinion/story.php?story_id=128700724989627300 Pamplin Media Group The Register-Guard (Eugene) John KitzhaberThe Register-Guard Eugene Kitzhaber for governor: Oregon needs experience, not a fresh face October 17, 2010 November 6, 2010 http://www.registerguard.com/csp/cms/sites/web/opinion/25403764-47/state-kitzhaber-dudley-oregon-governor.csp Statesman Journal (Salem) Chris DudleyStatesman Journal Salem Chris Dudley worth taking a risk on: Candidate more likely to bring jobs, unity to state October 10, 2010 November 6, 2010 http://www.statesmanjournal.com/article/20101010/OPINION/10100334 https://archive.today/20130203014632/http://www.statesmanjournal.com/article/20101010/OPINION/10100334 dead February 3, 2013 Mail Tribune (Medford) John KitzhaberMail Tribune Medford Governor: John Kitzhaber: Oregon's problems are too complex for a newcomer; the state needs his experience October 17, 2010 November 6, 2010 http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20101017/OPINION/10170301 October 30, 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20101030180432/http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20101017/OPINION/10170301 dead The Bulletin (Bend) Chris DudleyThe Bulletin Bend Pick Dudley for governor October 15, 2010 November 6, 2010 http://bendbulletin.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20101015/NEWS0107/10150357 July 7, 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110707223703/http://bendbulletin.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20101015/NEWS0107/10150357 dead East Oregonian (Pendleton) John KitzhaberEast Oregonian Pendleton Kitzhaber brings a clear vision for Oregon's future October 17, 2010 November 6, 2010 http://www.eastoregonian.com/opinion/article_39bd7110-d9f9-11df-833d-001cc4c03286.html https://archive.today/20130121203934/http://www.eastoregonian.com/opinion/article_39bd7110-d9f9-11df-833d-001cc4c03286.html dead January 21, 2013 The Lake Oswego Review John KitzhaberThe Lake Oswego Review It's Kitzhaber by a nose in state gubernatorial contest October 21, 2010 November 6, 2010 http://thetribonline.com/opinion/story.php?story_id=128761202022728300 The News-Review (Roseburg) John KitzhaberThe News-Review Roseburg Kitzhaber's experience more valuable than fresh face October 24, 2010 November 6, 2010 http://www.nrtoday.com/article/20101024/EDITORIALS/101029887/1022&parentprofile=1058 The Outlook (Gresham) John KitzhaberThe Outlook Gresham Kitzhaber must use experience to bring change October 16, 2010 November 6, 2010 http://thetribonline.com/opinion/story.php?story_id=128718594371102400 The Daily Astorian John KitzhaberThe Daily Astorian John Kitzhaber for governor October 7, 2010 November 6, 2010 http://www.dailyastorian.com/main.asp?Search=1&ArticleID=73897&SectionID=23&SubSectionID=392&S=1August 2024 InternetArchiveBot yes Corvallis Gazette-Times John KitzhaberCorvallis Gazette-Times Kitzhaber best suited to lead Oregon October 21, 2010 November 6, 2010 http://gazettetimes.com/news/opinion/editorial/article_7f8efc6e-dcdc-11df-9da7-001cc4c002e0.html News-Register (McMinnville) Chris DudleyNews-Register McMinnville Endorsement summary: November 2010 general election October 30, 2010 November 6, 2010 http://www.newsregister.com/article/45941-editorial+endorsement+summary+november+2010+general+electionAugust 2019 InternetArchiveBot yes The Sandy Post John KitzhaberKitzhaber must use experience to bring change http://thetribonline.com/opinion/story.php?story_id=128753181542383100 The Sandy Post Pamplin Media Group April 20, 2013 October 20, 2010 Beaverton Valley Times John KitzhaberKitzhaber earns slim nod thanks to his experience http://thetribonline.com/opinion/story.php?story_id=128708794254395800 Beaverton Valley Times Pamplin Media Group April 20, 2013 October 14, 2010 West Linn Tidings John KitzhaberLet Kitzhaber steer Oregon http://thetribonline.com/opinion/story.php?story_id=128760612739096300 West Linn Tidings Pamplin Media Group April 20, 2013 October 21, 2010 Predictions Source Ranking As of Cook Political Reporthttp://cookpolitical.com/charts/governors/raceratings_2010-10-14_12-35-09.php https://web.archive.org/web/20101028141343/http://cookpolitical.com/charts/governors/raceratings_2010-10-14_12-35-09.php dead October 28, 2010 2010 Governors Race Ratings Cook Political Report October 28, 2010 Tossup October 14, 2010 Rothenberghttp://www.insideelections.com/ratings/governor/2010-gubernatorial-ratings-october-28-2010 Governor Ratings Rothenberg Political Report October 28, 2010 Tossup October 28, 2010 RealClearPoliticshttp://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2010/governor/2010_elections_governor_map.html 2010 Governor Races RealClearPolitics October 28, 2010 Tossup November 1, 2010 Sabato's Crystal Ballhttp://centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/ljs2010102801/ THE CRYSTAL BALL'S FINAL CALLS Sabato's Crystal Ball October 28, 2010 Lean R Flip October 28, 2010 CQ Politicshttp://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=ratings-governor Race Ratings Chart: Governor CQ Politics October 28, 2010 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20101005231611/http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=ratings-governor October 5, 2010 Lean D October 28, 2010 Polling Poll source Date(s) administered Margin of error JohnKitzhaber (D) ChrisDudley (R) Other candidate(s) UndecidedDavis & HibbittsDavis & Hibbitts https://web.archive.org/web/20101205031919/http://news.opb.org/article/17231-eve-election-new-poll-shows-dead-heat-governors-race/ December 5, 2010 October 30–31, 2010 ± 3.1% 46% 43%Survey USASurvey USA October 23–28, 2010 ± 4.2% 48% 41% 2% 8%Rasmussen ReportsRasmussen Reports October 25, 2010 ± 4.0% 46% 49% 3% 3%HibbittsHibbitts https://web.archive.org/web/20101104024135/http://www.kptv.com/yourvote/25517925/detail.html November 4, 2010 October 24–25, 2010 ± 4.4% 42% 45% 2% 12%Elway ResearchElway Research October 18–19, 2010 ± 4.4% 45% 44% 3% 5%Public Policy PollingPublic Policy Polling October 16–17, 2010 ± 2.8% 48% 47% 5%Survey USASurvey USA October 12–14, 2010 ± 3.9% 46% 45% 4% 5%Rasmussen ReportsRasmussen Reports October 10, 2010 ± 4.0% 48% 46% 3% 4%Survey USASurvey USA September 12–14, 2010 ± 4.2% 43% 49% 5% 3%Riley ResearchRiley Research https://web.archive.org/web/20100923023225/http://www.rileyresearch.com/polls/9_14_2010_riley_report.pdf September 23, 2010 August 31 – September 9, 2010 ± 5.0% 40% 39% 5% 16%Rasmussen ReportsRasmussen Reports September 8, 2010 ± 4.0% 44% 49% 2% 5%Rasmussen ReportsRasmussen Reports August 22, 2010 ± 4.0% 44% 45% 3% 8%Grove InsightGrove Insight August 18–21, 2010 ± 4.0% 44% 35% 4% 14%Survey USASurvey USA July 25–27, 2010 ± 4.2% 44% 46% 7% 4%Rasmussen ReportsRasmussen Reports July 26, 2010 ± 4.0% 44% 47% 5% 4%Magellan StrategiesMagellan Strategies June 28, 2010 ± 3.2% 40% 41% 10% 9%Davis, Hibbits and MidghallDavis, Hibbits and Midghall https://web.archive.org/web/20100626004341/http://www.kptv.com/yourvote/23980458/detail.html June 26, 2010 June 21, 2010 unk 41% 41% 6% 12%Rasmussen ReportsRasmussen Reports June 17, 2010 ± 4.5% 45% 47% 4% 4%Survey USASurvey USA June 7–9, 2010 ± 4.2% 40% 47% 6% 7%Rasmussen ReportsRasmussen Reports May 20, 2010 ± 4.5% 44% 45% 4% 6%Rasmussen ReportsRasmussen Reports April 26, 2010 ± 4.0% 41% 41% 4% 4%Moore InsightMoore Insight February 20–21, 2010 ± 4.0% 45% 33% 21%Rasmussen ReportsRasmussen Reports February 17, 2010 ± 4.5% 42% 36% 7% 15% Results 200px|thumbnail|right|Kitzhaber gives his victory speech after winning the Oregon governorship 2010 Oregon gubernatorial electionhttp://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordpdf/6873642 Official Results: November 2, 2010 General Election records.sos.state.or.us 2 April 2020 December 11, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20191211214240/http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordpdf/6873642 dead Democratic Party (United States) John Kitzhaber 716,525 49.29% -1.43% Republican Party (United States) Chris Dudley 694,287 47.76% +5.01% Constitution Party (United States) Greg Kord 20,475 1.41% -2.23% Libertarian Party (United States) Wes Wagner 19,048 1.31% +0.09% Write-ins 3,213 0.22% 22,238 1.53% -6.45% 1,453,548 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) By county Dudley won 29 of Oregon's 36 counties. Kitzhaber won seven, including Multnomah County by a 43% margin of victory. County John KitzhaberDemocratic Chris DudleyRepublican Greg KordConstitution Wes WagnerLibertarian Write-in Margin Total Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %Baker1,94926.8%4,81668.1%1872.6%1662.3%210.3%-2,867-39.40%7,276Benton21,49859.4%13,76738.0%3991.1%4481.2%770.2%7,73121.36%36,189Clackamas69,25044.3%83,51653.4%1,6861.1%1,5471.0%2880.2%-14,266-9.13%156,287Clatsop7,65451.3%6,79245.5%1961.3%1661.6%370.2%8625.78%14,913Columbia8,97344.4%10,30251.0%4932.4%3681.8%540.3%-1,329-6.58%20,190Coos10,45641.3%13,65253.9%6182.4%5832.3%340.1%-3,196-12.61%25,343Crook2,31426.1%6,23170.3%1521.7%1441.6%210.2%-3,917-44.20%8,862Curry3,98638.8%5,76156.0%2752.7%2452.4%140.1%-1,775-17.26%10,281Deschutes24,28938.1%37,70659.1%8611.3%8151.3%1120.2%-13,417-21.04%63,783Douglas14,07232.5%27,43863.3%9522.2%8071.9%660.2%-13,366-30.84%43,335Gilliam30832.0%62064.4%252.6%70.7%20.2%-312-32.43%962Grant74921.6%2,57674.3%862.5%501.4%80.2%-1,827-52.67%3,469Harney80023.8%2,43672.3%762.3%481.4%80.2%-1,636-48.57%3,368Hood River4,77856.7%3,43440.7%951.1%1031.2%170.2%1,34415.95%8,427Jackson32,36041.7%42,71555.0%1,3891.8%1,1171.4%1090.1%-10,355-13.33%77,690Jefferson2,13232.3%4,24064.2%1101.7%1101.7%100.2%-2,108-31.93%6,602Josephine11,55834.7%20,02560.2%1,0183.1%6461.9%430.1%-8,467-25.43%33,290Klamath5,82025.1%16,29570.4%5602.4%4281.8%550.2%-10,475-45.23%23,158Lake65821.0%2,32374.2%802.6%642.0%60.3%-1,665-53.18%3,131Lane81,73157.0%57,39440.0%1,8551.3%2,0451.4%4880.3%24,33716.96%143,513Lincoln10,48453.0%8,54043.2%3471.8%3892.0%310.2%1,9449.82%19,791Linn14,46634.8%25,37061.1%8982.2%7081.7%1100.3%-10,904-26.24%41,552Malheur1,88424.4%5,44070.4%2463.2%1572.0%50.1%-3,556-45.99%7,732Marion44,79544.4%53,17752.7%1,5301.5%1,1921.2%2420.2%-8,382-8.30%100,936Morrow85026.8%2,18468.8%872.7%481.5%60.2%-1,334-42.02%3,175Multnomah198,15770.6%76,91527.4%2,1490.8%2,8791.0%7500.3%121,24243.17%280,850Polk12,89943.4%15,96653.7%4561.5%3361.1%670.2%-3,067-10.32%29,724Sherman23826.3%63470.1%151.7%171.9%10.1%-496-54.81%905Tillamook5,07246.0%5,60450.8%1631.5%1731.6%190.2%-532-4.82%11,031Umatilla6,32132.1%12,57463.8%4412.2%3201.6%470.2%-6,253-31.74%19,703Union3,36631.6%6,86964.5%2212.1%1651.5%310.3%-3,503-32.89%10,652Wallowa1,08828.6%2,58167.9%792.1%431.1%90.2%-1,493-39.29%3,800Wasco4,02443.2%4,93853.1%1611.7%1561.7%270.3%-914-9.82%9,306Washington92,81149.6%89,92648.1%1,9771.1%1,9831.1%3360.2%2,8851.54%187,033Wheeler21628.6%50066.3%222.9%152.0%10.1%-284-37.67%754Yamhill14,51939.7%20,89357.2%5701.6%4921.3%610.2%-6,374-17.45%36,535 Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican Clackamas (largest city: Lake Oswego) Columbia (largest city: St. Helens) Marion (largest city: Salem) Tillamook (largest city: Tillamook) Wasco (largest city: The Dalles) right 260px Swing by county 260px Trend relative to the state by county Legend #d40000 Republican — >15% #ff0000 Republican — +12.5−15% #ff2a2a Republican — +10−12.5% #ff5555 Republican — +7.5−10% #ff8080 Republican — +5−7.5% #ffaaaa Republican — +2.5−5% #ffd5d5 Republican — +0−2.5% #d5f6ff Democratic — +0−2.5% #aaeeff Democratic — +2.5−5% #77e3ff Democratic — +5−7.5% #4bdbff Democratic — +7.5-10% #09ceff Democratic — +10−12.5% #00bdec Democratic — +12.5−15% #00a1c8 Democratic — >15% 260px County flips Legend Democratic #92c5de Hold Republican #f48882 Hold #ca0120 Flip See also 2010 Oregon state elections 2010 United States gubernatorial elections Governor of Oregon List of governors of Oregon References 2 External links Oregon Governor Candidates at Project Vote Smart Campaign contributions for 2010 Oregon Governor from Follow the Money Oregon Governor 2010 from OurCampaigns.com Election 2010: Oregon Governor from Rasmussen Reports 2010 Oregon Governor Race from Real Clear Politics 2010 Oregon Governor's Race from CQ Politics Race Profile in The New York Times Official campaign websites (Archived) John Kitzhaber for Governor (D) Chris Dudley for Governor (R) Gubernatorial 2010 Category:2010 United States gubernatorial elections Category:November 2010 in the United States