1825 in science

none 1825 science 1825 The year 1825 science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy Pierre-Simon Laplace completes his study of gravitation, the stability of the Solar System, tides, the precession of the equinoxes, the libration of the Moon, and Saturn's rings in publishing the fifth and final volume of Mécanique Céleste (Celestial Mechanics).June 1829 Art. III.—Traité de Mecanique Celeste, par M. Le Marquis De Laplace, Pair de France; &c. &c. Tome Cinquime. Paris, Bachelier: 1825. 4to. pp. 420. https://books.google.com/books?id=yNYRAAAAYAAJ American Quarterly Review Philadelphia Carey, Lea & Carey V X 310 Google Books Biology Richard Harlan publishes Fauna Americana.January 1826 Harlan's Fauna Americana https://books.google.com/books?id=daNKAAAAcAAJ The North American Review Frederick T. Gray XXII L 120–136 Google Books Charles Waterton publishes Wanderings in South America, the North-west of the United States, and the Antilles, in the years 1812, 1816, 1820, and 1824; with original instructions for the perfect preservation of birds, &c. for cabinets of natural history. Cox's Orange Pippin apple cultivar first grown, at Colnbrook in Buckinghamshire, England, by horticulturist and retired brewer Richard Cox. Chemistry Michael Faraday isolates benzene as Bicarburet of Hydrogen.Faraday M. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k559209/f473.image On New Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen, and on Certain Other Products Obtained during the Decomposition of Oil by Heat Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 115 1825-06-16 440–466 10.1098/rstl.1825.0022 107752 2012-09-25 free subscriptionR. Kaiser 'Bicarburet of Hydrogen': Reappraisal of the Discovery of Benzene in 1825 with the Analytical Methods of 1968 Angewandte Chemie International 7 5 1968 345–350 10.1002/anie.196803451 Hans Christian Ørsted reduces aluminium chloride to produce metallic aluminium in an impure form. Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig perform the first confirmed discovery and explanation of isomers, earlier named by Berzelius. Working with cyanic acid and fulminic acid, they correctly deduce that isomerism is caused by differing arrangements of atoms within a molecular structure.https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/justus-von-liebig-and-friedrich-w%C3%B6hler Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler Science History Institute June 2016 2018-03-21 2018-06-20 https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232155/https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/justus-von-liebig-and-friedrich-w%C3%B6hler deadBowden Mary Ellen Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd registration 1997 Chemical Heritage Foundation Philadelphia, PA 9780941901123 Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler 83–87 Earth sciences July – Volcanic eruption of Mount Guntur in West Java. G. Poulett Scrope publishes Considerations on Volcanoes, the first systematic work on volcanology.https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Julius-Poulett-Scrope Scrope, George Julius Poulett Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2009 22 August 2016 Mathematics Augustin-Louis Cauchy presents the Cauchy integral theorem for general integration paths—he assumes the function being integrated has a continuous derivative. Augustin-Louis Cauchy introduces the theory of residues in complex analysis. Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet and Adrien-Marie Legendre prove Fermat's Last Theorem for n = 5. André-Marie Ampère discovers Stokes' theorem. Benjamin Gompertz formulates the Gompertz function. Medicine Jean-Baptiste Sarlandière's Mémoires sur L'Électro-Puncture introduces Western medicine to electroacupuncture.Lu Gwei-Djen Joseph Needham Celestial Lancets: A History and Rationale of Acupuncture and Moxa Cambridge University Press 1980 978-0-521-21513-8 295–7 Paleontology Georges Cuvier proposes his catastrophe theory as the cause of extinctions of large groups of animals. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire identifies Cuvier's fossil 'crocodile' as a teleosaurus. Technology March – Richard Roberts patents the self-acting spinning mule in England.Williams Mike Cotton Mills in Greater Manchester 9,11 1992 Carnegie Publishing Preston 978-0-948789-69-4 August – The wire-cable suspension bridge between Tournon-sur-Rhône and Tain-l'Hermitage, designed by Marc Seguin, opens.https://archive.org/details/amemoirsuspensi01drewgoog A Memoir of Suspension Bridges, Comprising the History of their Origin and Progress Drewry Charles Stewart 1832 Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman London 110–114 2011-04-18 September 27 – The world's longest railway to be worked by steam locomotives at this date, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opens in northern England. October 26 – The Erie Canal officially opens over 363 mi km from Albany, New York, to Lake Erie.The Story of the New York State Canals Roy G. Finch 1925 2012-09-25 New York State Canal Corporation http://www.canals.ny.gov/history/finch_history.pdf PDF 2016-03-03 https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182408/http://www.canals.ny.gov/history/finch_history.pdf dead English inventor William Sturgeon describes the first electromagnet.William Gee Frank A. J. L. James Sturgeon, William (1783–1850) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004 http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26748 2012-01-05 10.1093/ref:odnb/26748 subscription Institutions December 19 – First of the annual Royal Institution Christmas Lectures in London, which will continue for two centuries. Awards Copley Medal: François Arago; Peter BarlowCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 22 July 2020 en Births January 18 – Edward Frankland (died 1899), English chemist. March 25 – Max Schultze (died 1874), German physiologist. March 30 – Theodor Kjerulf (died 1888), Norwegian geologist. May 1 – Johann Balmer (died 1898), Swiss mathematician. May 4 – Thomas Henry Huxley (died 1895), English biologist. May 9 – George Davidson (died 1911), English-born geodesist, astronomer, geographer, surveyor and engineer in the United States. June 6 – Friedrich Bayer (died 1880), German manufacturing chemist. September 4 – Richard Maack (died 1886), Russian naturalist, geographer, and anthropologist. November 29 – Jean-Martin Charcot (died 1893), French neurologist. December 26 – Felix Hoppe-Seyler (died 1895), German physiologist. Deaths April 19 – Marc-Auguste Pictet (born 1752), Swiss scientific journalist and natural philosopher.https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf Biographical Index, Part Two July 2006 The Royal Society of Edinburgh 0 902 198 84 X Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 736 2019-03-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf 2016-03-04 dead June – William Higgins (born 1763), Irish chemist.http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/William_Higgins.aspx William Higgins Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography Encyclopedia.com 18 March 2019 July 25 – John Gough (born 1757), blind English natural philosopher. October 6 – Bernard Germain Étienne (born 1756), French naturalist. Maria Angela Ardinghelli (born 1730), Italian mathematician and physicist. John Templeton (born 1766), "father of Irish botany". References Category:19th century in science Category:1820s in science