1448

1448 250px|thumb|June 20: Karl Knuttson is elected by nobles to be King of Sweden. 1448 Year 1448 (MCDXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. Events January–March January 6 – Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, dies at his palace, the Kärnan, in Helsingborg (now in Sweden) with no designated heir, leaving all three kingdoms with vacant thrones. Brothers Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna and Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna are selected to serve as co-regents of Sweden. https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/mobil/Artikel/7890 Bengt Jönsson (Oxenstierna) Svenskt biografiskt lexikon April 1, 2020 February 17 – The Concordat of Vienna is signed between the Holy Roman Empire (represented by the Emperor Frederick III and the Holy See.https://books.google.com/books?id=rSR48RT8PJQC&pg=PA282 282ff A History of the Papacy During the Period of the Reformation 2 Mandell Creighton 1882 Longmans, Green, and Company February 23 – Petru III becomes Prince of Moldavia for a third time when Prince Roman II dies. March 4 – The Republic of Venice offers a reward to anyone who is successful in assassinating the Albanian rebel leader Skanderbeg, with a pension of 100 gold ducats per month as a reward.Myrdal Jan 1976 Albania defiant Monthly Review Press 48 978-0-85345-356-7 March 16 – The English garrison at Le Mans in France surrenders to the French Army.Michael V.C. Alexander, Three Crises in Early English History: Personalities and Politics During the Norman Conquest, the Reign of King John, and the Wars of the Roses (Lanham MD: University Press of America, 1988) pp. 133–136. ISBN 978-0-7618-1188-6 March 19 – The Battle of Río Verde is fought as the 600-member cavalry of the Crown of Castile, is retreating from an attack led by Juan de Saavedra, against invaders from the Emirate of Granada, led by the Sultan Yusuf V. The 1,500 Granadan cavalry overwhelm the Castilians and massacre all but five of the 600 soldiers, while taking Saavedra as a prisoner of war.https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/4495-juan-arias-de-saavedra Historia Hispánica HI Iberia Ingeniería y Proyectos historia-hispanica.rah.esJoseph F. O'Callaghan, The Last Crusade in the West, Castile and the Conquest of Granada (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014) pp. 88-89 April–June April 15 – Queens' College, Cambridge is founded by Margaret of Anjou.https://www.queens.cam.ac.uk/conferences/history College History Queens' College www.queens.cam.ac.uk 2020-02-04 April 28 – The militia of francs-archers, the first regular infantry in France, is created by the ordonnance of Montil-lès-Tours during the reign of King Charles VII, directing that in each parish, the person most skilled in the use of archery would be exempt from certain obligations in return for perfecting his skills on a weekly basis and being ready to be summoned for combat.L. J. Andrew Villalon Donald J. Kagay The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus Boston Brill 2005 Questia subscription https://www.questia.com/read/109300875/the-hundred-years-war-a-wider-focus https://web.archive.org/web/20150619043410/https://www.questia.com/read/109300875/the-hundred-years-war-a-wider-focus dead June 19, 2015 90-04-13969-9Potter David Renaissance France at War: Armies, Culture and Society, c.1480–1560 Boydell Press Woodbridge, Suffolk 2008 102–103 978-1-84383-405-2 May 3 – The Treaty of Prenzlau is signed between in Germany by the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Pomerania, both principalities within the Holy Roman Empire. The treaty partitions the disputed territory of the Uckermark, with Brandenburg receiving the southern part and Pomerania the northern part, with rights for Brandenburg to receive the north if Pomerania's ruling house should become extinct.Wolf-Dieter Mohrmann, Der Landfriede im Ostseeraum während des späten Mittelalters (The neutral nation in the Baltic region during the late Middle Ages), Lassleben, 1972, p.285, 3-7847-4002-2, 978-3-7847-4002-7 May 14 – The Siege of Svetigrad is started by the Ottoman Sultan Murad II against an Albanian fortress at Svetigrad, now Kodžadžik in North Macedonia.Franco Demetrio 1539 Comentario de le cose de' Turchi, et del S. Georgio Scanderbeg, principe d' Epyr (Commentary on the affairs of the Turks, by George Skanderbeg, prince of Epyr) Altobello Salkato 99 99943-1-042-9 After two and a half months, the siege is successful in capturing the fortress. May 24 – Under an agreement with the Holy Roman Emperor, Friedrich III, the city council of Basel in Switzerland votes to expel all persons attending the Council of Basel, a group of clerics opposed to the Roman Catholic Pope. June 9 – The regency of Portugal ends as Dom Pedro, Duke of Coimbra, as King Afonso V, now 16, dismisses his uncle who had served as regent for almost 10 years after the death of King Duarte in 1738. Influenced by Afonso de Braganza, King Afonso begins nullification of all of the decrees made in his name by Dom Pedro. June 20 – The Regency period of Sweden ends with the election by Swedish nobles of Karl Knutsson Bonde as King Karl VIII.Harrison Dick Karl Knutsson: en biografi (Karl Knutsson: A Biography) 2002 Historiska media Lund sv 91-89442-58-X 8693772 13 June 27 – Venice sends Andrea Venier to negotiate with the Ottoman Empire in an attempt to have the Ottomans invade Albania.O'Connell Monique Men of empire: power and negotiation in Venice's maritime state https://books.google.com/books?id=kiYHuWp4CjUC&pg=PA124 2009 JHU Press 978-0-8018-9145-8 124– Afterwards, Venier is sent to meet with Skanderbeg to ask him to cease hostilities.Hodgkinson Harry Harry Hodgkinson (writer) Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero 1999 Centre for Albanian Studies 86 978-1-873928-13-4 June 29 – Karl VIII is crowned as King of Sweden in Uppsala Cathedral the day after being publicly hailed as king at Mora Stones. July–September July 2 – Catherine Karlsdotter, daughter of Karl Ormsson Gumsehuvud and wife of King Karl VIII of Sweden, is crowned as Queen consort of Sweden. July 23 – The League of Lezhë, made up of the armies of various Albanian principalities, defeats the forces of the Venetian Republic and the Ottoman Empire at the battle of Scutari.Schmitt Oliver Jens Das venezianische Albanien [Venetian Albania] (1392–1479) 2001 R. Oldenbourg Verlag GmbH München Munich 490 3-486-56569-9 July 25 – The Council of Basel, opposed to the Pope at Rome, moves to Lausanne and holds its first session, presided over by the antipope Felix V.Carl Joseph Hefele, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ND8gRRSJD_sC&pg=PA574 Histoire des Conciles: d'aprés les documents originaux (History of the Councils: according to the original documents) fr, Volume 11 (Paris: A. Le Clere 1876), pp. 573-574. July 29 – The War in Gotland begins in Scandinavia as an army from Sweden, commanded by Generals Magnus Gren and Birger Trolle, invades the island of Gotland, at the time ruled by Denmark.Sundberg Ulf Ulf Sundberg 1999 Medeltidens svenska krig ( Medieval Swedish Wars) sv 1st Stockholm Hjalmarson & Högberg Bokförlag 285–287 978-91-89080-26-3 The invasion is repelled by Erik of Pomerania, ruler of the island and the former King of Sweden and Denmark. July 31 – The Siege of Svetigrad ends after 10 weeks as the defenders surrender to the Ottomans.Hodgkinson Harry Harry Hodgkinson (writer) Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero 1999 Centre for Albanian Studies 102 978-1-873928-13-4 The reason for giving up is the lack of a safe water supply, either because it was contaminated from a dead animal in the castle well,Barleti Marin De Lavardin Jacques The History of George Castriot, surnamed Scanderbeg, King of Albania: containing his famous acts, his noble deeds of arms, and memorable victories against the Turks, for the faith of Christ 2024 IAPS 978-1946244406 xxiii–xxvii or because the Ottomans were able to locate and cut off the castles source of water.Frashëri Kristo Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu: jeta dhe vepra, 1405–1468 (George Kastrioti Skanderbeg: life and works, 1405–1468) https://books.google.com/books?id=vwR3PQAACAAJ&q=kristo+frasheri+skenderbeu 2002 Botimet Toena 156 sq 99927-1-627-4 August 14 – At the Battle of Oranik, Albanian forces led by Skanderbeg defeat the armies of the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire.O'Connell Monique Men of Empire: Power and Negotiation in Venice's Maritime State 2009 The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore (Md.) 978-0801891458 34 https://books.google.com/books?id=AVp6j3LVPqwC&dq=Battle+of+Oranik&pg=PA34 September 1 – After his betrothal to Dorothea of Brandenburg, Queen Dowager and widow of King Christoffer III (who died in January), German Count Christian of Oldenburg, is elected by the Danish nobility to become the new monarch, King Christian I of Denmark.Henry Bruun Christian (Christiern) I. https://www.rosekamp.dk/DBL_All/DBL_5_text.pdf Povl Engelstoft Svend Dahl Dansk Biografisk Leksikon 2. 90–94 5 Copenhagen J.H. Schultz Forlag 1934 da September 3 – Prince George of Poděbrady, leader of the Hussites in Bohemia (now the Czech Republic) captures Prague after leading 9,000 of his troops from Kutná Hora.y Poděbrad, George of 21 873–874 František Lützow Francis Lützow September 15 – At the Battle of Caravaggio, the armies of the Ambrosian Republic of Milan, led by Francesco Sforza, defeat those of the Republic of Venice, commanded by Micheletto Attendolo.Bernardino Corio and Anna Morisi Guerra, History of Milan, volume 2, (Turin: Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese, 1978) pp.45-51 ISBN 88-02-02537-1 September 16 – General Thomas Kantakouzenos of the Serbian Despotate recaptures Srebrenica and Višegrad from the Kingdom of Bosnia. led by King Stephen Thomas of Bosnia.Terzić Slavenko Vasić Milan Босна и Херцеговина од средњег века до новијег времена: међународни научни скуп 13-15 дец. 1994 (Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Middle Ages to Modern Times: International Scientific Conference 13-15 Dec. 1994) 1995 Institute of History Belgrade 98–99 978-86-7743-007-8 https://books.google.com/books?id=m2MtAQAAIAAJ sr September 30 – Leonardo III Tocco becomes the new ruler of Epirus upon the death of his father Carlo II Tocco.Donald M. Nicol, The Despotate of Epiros 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages (Cambridge University Press, 1984) p.208 October–December October 4 – Peace between Albania and Venice is established, bringing an end to the Albanian–Venetian War.Noli Fan Stilian 1947 George Castroiti Scanderbeg (1405–1468) International Universities Press 40 732882 October 10 – The Hungarian commander Ciubăr Vodă briefly becomes Prince of Moldavia after the death of Petru III, and governs until Alexăndrel of Moldavia takes the throne in December. October 20 – After three days of fighting at the Battle of Kosovo, Hungarian forces under John Hunyadi are defeated by the larger Ottoman force commanded by the Sultan Murad II.Hunyadi's campaign of 1448 and the second battle of Kosovo polje (17–20 October) Emanuel Constantin Antoche Reconfiguring the Fifteenth-Century Crusade (Ed. By Norman Housley) Palgrave Macmillan January 2017 https://www.academia.edu/31753826 (PDF) Hunyadi's campaign of 1448 10.1057/978-1-137-46281-7_8 October – Vlad the Impaler becomes reigning Prince of Wallachia for two months, before being deposed in November by Vladislav II of Wallachia. November 1 - On the day that had been scheduled for England to transfer its territory in France at Le Mans, Maine and Anjou back to French control, English diplomats Nicholas Molyneux, Osbert Mundford and Thomas Direhill meet at Le Mans with the French representatives Guilaume Cousinot II and Jean Havart. However, Fulk Eyton and Sir Matthew Gough, who had been empowered by King Henry VI of England to make the transfer, deliberately avoid attending and the English commissioners declare that no transfer will be made until just compensation will be made to Englishmen who are losing their land. Cousinot and Havart renew their demands for transfer to take place as scheduled and nothing is accomplished.William E. Baumgaertner, A Time-Line of Fifteenth Century England - 1398 to 1509 (Trafford Publishing, 2009) ISBN 9781426906381 November - In Vietnam, a rebellion led by chieftains in Tuyên Quang against King Lê Nhân Tông of the Lê dynasty was defeated.Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (Complete Annals of Dai Viet), page 414-415, Volume XI, "Nhân Tông hoàng đế" December 4 – Swedish troops attack Gotland again and climb the walls of the city's capital, Visby, making a surprise attack. Eric of Pomerania flees to the fortress of Visborg. December 15 – Jonas, a Russian bishop, is installed by the Council of Russian Bishops in Moscow, as Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus.Fennell John John Lister Illingworth Fennell A History of the Russian Church to 1488 2014 Routledge 185 978-1-317-89720-0 https://books.google.com/books?id=fBitAgAAQBAJ en The event marks the independence of the Russian Orthodox Church because the election of Jonas is made without the approval of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinoplehttp://www.pravenc.ru/text/578250.html ИОНА 5 March 2015 as this is without the consent of the Patriarch of Constantinople, it signifies the beginning of an effectively independent church structure in the Grand Duchy of Moscow. December 20 – Pope Nicholas V appoints Rudolf of Diepholt, Bishop of Utrecht, as cardinal. Date unknown Roman II flees to Poland, when an army sent by John Hunyadi, and led by Csupor de Monoszló, comes to put Petru III on the throne of Moldavia. Petru dies suddenly, and Csupor takes on the throne for two months, as Ciubăr Vodă. After a long episode of drought, flood, locust infestation and famine in Ming dynasty China since the year 1434, these natural afflictions finally wane, and agriculture and commerce return to a state of normality. The Vatican Library is founded by Pope Nicholas V. Scottish army, led by Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormond, was victorious against the English Army in the Battle of Sark.Maxwell Herbert 1902 A history of the house of Douglas from the earliest times down to the legislative union of England and Scotland Freemantle London https://archive.org/details/historyofhouseof01maxw/page/n7/mode/1up Births February 14 – Nannina de' Medici, Florentine member of the de' Medici family (d. 1493) March 20 – Marie of Savoy, Countess of Saint-Pol, Luxembourgish noble (d. 1475) July 14 – Philip, Elector Palatine (d. 1508) September 7 – Henry, Count of Württemberg-Montbéliard (1473–1482) (d. 1519) October 31 – Władysław II of Płock, Polish noble (d. 1462) November 4 – King Alphonso II of Naples (d. 1495) December 12 – John Talbot, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury, English Earl (d. 1473) date unknown Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia (d. 1478) Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1473) Suor Barbara Ragnoni, Italian painter (d. 1533) Deaths January 6 – Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (b. 1418) June 18 – Elizabeth de Beauchamp, Baroness Bergavenny, English baroness (b. 1415) September 23 – Adolph I, Duke of Cleves (b. 1373) October – Carlo II Tocco, ruler of Epirus October 12 – Zhu Quan, Prince of Ning, Chinese military commander, historian and playwright (b. 1378) October 31 – John VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1390) date unknown Petru III of Moldavia References