1692 Northwestern Europe earthquake

Earthquake 1692 Ardennes earthquake yes 18 September 1692 Belgium 6.0–6.5 Ms 50.61 5.825 inline,title Modern-day Belgium, France, Netherlands, Germany, England VII-VIII 14:00-15:00 WET The 1692 Verviers earthquake, also known as the 1692 Ardennes earthquake, occurred in the east of Belgium on 18 September 1692 measuring around 6.2Yeates Robert https://books.google.com/books?id=aQUgAwAAQBAJ&dq=Faults+in+the+English+channel+1692&pg=PT289 Active Faults of the World Cambridge University Press 2012 Cambridge, UK 6.10 European Rift System and the 1356 Basel Earthquake 9781107375604 on the Richter scale. Parish records and historical accounts strongly indicate the earthquake's epicenter was northwest of Verviers, and the event was widely felt across Western Europe in modern-day Belgium, England, Germany, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France. The largest amount of damage occurred in the northwestern environs of Verviers, then part of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. Researchers at the Royal Observatory of Belgium have considered this the strongest known earthquake in Western Europe north of the Alps, Petermans Toon Devleeschouwer Xavier Pouriel Frank Rosset Philippe http://publi2-as.oma.be/record/1567/files/SE_Brussels_Petermans.pdf International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment paper 424 Mapping the local seismic hazard in the urban area of Brussels, Belgium Nottingham, UK The Geological Society of London 6–10 September 2006 1–2 which occurred as part of a sequence of quakes from the Lower Rhine Graben in September 1692. Earthquake thumb|"Aardbeeving" by Simon Fokke.|leftContemporaneous accounts of the earthquake and its destruction across Belgium and other countries enable scientists to approximate its epicenter, magnitude, and intensity as it spread outwards. During a Thursday afternoon between 14:00 and 15:00, Thierry Camelbeek 10 Tremblements de terre et enregistrement géologique dans l'ouest de l'Europe Royal Observatory of Belgium http://www.agbp.fr/uploads/default/files/camelbeeck_2011.pdf Association de géologues du bassin de Paris 2011 the hills just northwest of Verviers were suddenly struck by destructive-level shaking.Alexandre Pierre Kushman David Camelbeek Thierry 2002 Le trembelment de terre du 18 september 1692 dans le nord de l'Ardennes. Impact sur le patrimoine architectural. https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/80033/1/Alexandre%20Kusman%20Camelbeeck%201692%20%28Perpignan%29.pdf Actes de Vlèmes Rencontres du Groupe APS "Archéosismicité & Vulnérabilité, Environnement, bâti ancien et société" Groupe APS Perpignan, France 1–2 The villages of Soiron, Herve, Ensival, and Walhorn were closest to the epicenterAlexandre Pierre Kushman David Petermans Toon Camelbeek Thierry December 2008 The 18 September 1692 Earthquake in the Belgian Ardenne and Its Aftershocks https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226094712 Historical Seismology Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences 2 213–215 10.1007/978-1-4020-8222-1_10 978-1-4020-8221-4 ResearchGate and accounts of "extensive" to "complete" destruction of houses in SoironTalwani Pradeep https://books.google.com/books?id=sORSAwAAQBAJ Intraplate Earthquakes 2014-04-24 Cambridge University Press 978-1-139-91668-4 223–226 demonstrate an earthquake intensity of VIII (Severe) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale for the area. 200px 200px 200 right Dutch mathematician Christiaan Huygens felt the earthquake in his mansion at Hofwijck.Populations would have experienced "considerable damage or partial collapses" in buildings like homes and churches in addition to falling walls, columns, and monuments along with overturned furniture like barrels and bookshelves.The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale U.S. Geological Survey https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/modified-mercalli-intensity-scale 2022-02-18 United States Geological Survey In Liège, level VII-VIII shaking toppled chimneys, towers, and rooftops.Lambert J. 1989 Siésme de 18 / 09 / 1692 (Boirs, Dalhem, Belgique) http://infoterre.brgm.fr/rapports/RR-30545-FR.pdf Macrosismicité de la France – Fiches signalétique des siésmes de forte intensité 1 37 Infoterre.brgm.fr Shockwaves quickly radiated across Belgium and damaged numerous large buildings far from the epicenter in Flanders and Hainaut Province.Alexandre Pierre Kushman David Camelbeek Thierry 2002 Le trembelment de terre du 18 september 1692 dans le nord de l'Ardennes. Impact sur le patrimoine architectural. https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/80033/1/Alexandre%20Kusman%20Camelbeeck%201692%20%28Perpignan%29.pdf Actes de Vlèmes Rencontres du Groupe APS "Archéosismicité & Vulnérabilité, Environnement, bâti ancien et société" Groupe APS Perpignan, France 6 One person is recorded to have died in Mons, which experienced VII-intensity shaking. Netherlands The quake was felt more in regions around the Ardennes like the Duchy of Brabant than in places like Brussels or Antwerp.Bögner Josef https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=1Hc5AAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA106&hl=en Das Erdbeben und seine Erscheinungen: nebst einer chronologischen Uebersicht der Erderschütterungen im mittleren Deutschland vom 8. Jahrhundert bis auf die neueste Zeit und ihres Zusammenhanges mit vulkanischen Erscheinungen in entfernten Ländern 1847 Brönner 107–108 de In Roermond, the vaults of the Minderbroederklooster collapsed. The Dutch mathematician Christiaan Huygens felt the earthquake in Hofwijck and recounted: "At half past two in the afternoon, while I was reading a book, I had suddenly and not without alarm felt an earthquake. The house clearly shook, moved back and forth, so that in the dining room paintings were beaten against the gilded leather on the walls.The stone floor where I stood lifted slightly and fell again, several times for 10 to 12 seconds."Christiaan Huygens, Aardbeving (1692) https://adcs.home.xs4all.nl/Huygens/19/meteores2-v.html 2022-02-23 adcs.home.xs4all.nl Huygens presumed the quake must have been caused by an exploding gunpowder reserve in Dunkirk.Vermij Rienk https://books.google.com/books?id=KhMHEAAAQBAJ&dq=Christiaan+huygens+Duinkerke&pg=PA12 Thinking on Earthquakes in Early Modern Europe Taylor & Francis 2020 Abingdon-on-Thames 12 9781000258738 A tower in Amsterdam left tilted by the earthquake inspired a woodcut by Simon Fokke, titled "Aardbeeving" or "Earthquake." England left|thumb|295x295px|English author Thomas Doolittle viewed earthquakes as divine messages. Shaking was felt throughout southern England. Dover was closest to the epicenter and felt the first shockwaves, and to the west a portion of Castle Saltwood collapsed.Ernst Adolf von Hoff Karl http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8e4OAAAAQAAJ Chronik der Erdbeben und Vulcan-Ausbrüche 1840 344 German Robert Dickman, the minister at St. Pete's Church in Colchester, recounted: "...on Thursday 8 September 1692 [sic] there happened about two of ye Clock in the afternoon for ye space of a minute of more there was a universall earthquake all over England, France, Holland, and some parts of Germany and particularly it was attested to me by the Masons that were then plaistering the Steeple of St Peter in this towne and uppon the upper most scaffold of the steeple parted so wide in ye midst that they could have put their hand in the crack or cleft and immediately shut up close again, without any damage to the workmen (who expected all would have fallen down) or to the steeple itself. Most of the houses here and elsewhere shook and part of a chimney fell down on North Hill, and very many who were sensible of it were taken at ye same time with a giddynes in their head, for some short time, in witness of what is here related I have here set my hand."15 February 2017 HISTORY: How the earth moved for Colchester...SIX times. Daily Gazette Standard Essex County https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/15093296.history-how-the-earth-moved-for-colchestersix-times/ The earthquakes left a strong impression on London author Thomas Doolittle, who felt inspired by his and others' experiences to write Earthquakes Explained and Practically Improved. Due to differences in the Old Style and New Style of dates, Doolittle (and many other sources) record the event as occurring on 8 September 1692 (with Doolittle noting its similar date to an earthquake described by Josephus that struck Jerusalem during the reign of Vespasian).Doolittle Thomas https://books.google.com/books?id=rHdmAAAAcAAJ Earthquakes Explained and Practically Improved: Occasioned by the Late Earthquake on Sept. 8. 1692. in London, Many Other Parts in England, and Beyond Sea 1693 John Salusbury at the Rising Sun over against the Royal Exchange in Cornhill Such seismic theophany reoccurs in English literature and recollections about the earthquake, but all sources on continental Europe date the main event as occurring on Thursday, 18 September 1692 at around 2 o'clock in the afternoon.https://books.google.com/books?id=ucC-0oZpFUQC&dq=Maximilian+lefrancq&pg=PA323 Bulletin de la Commission Historique du Département du Nord 1883 323 fr France thumb|During the quake, the church at Linselles moved "like a swing" and the bell tower run 10 times. Lille, 198 kilometers from Verviers in the French Bishopric of Cambrai,How far is Lille from Verviers Around the World 360 https://www.aroundtheworld360.com/distance/verviers_be/lille_fr/ 2022-04-05 aroundtheworld360.com experienced Level VI-VII shaking. Félix Vincre, the parish clerk at Linselles, was in the attic of the clergy house near a cemetery when it shook so much he believed it would collapse. Two others in a barn across the cemetery saw the parish church move "like a swing" and the bell tower rung ten times. Mineral springs in northeastern France behaved differently during the earthquake. Paris experienced level IV-intensity shaking but little damage. Germany German-speaking sources felt the main quake and the aftershocks. Aftershocks Researchers from Royal Observatory of Belgium have determined there were seven significant aftershocks of the earthquake from 1692 to 1694, many of them occurring in the area of modern North Rhine-Westphalia. Two large aftershocks followed the main event on the same day, each one large enough to be felt over 135 kilometers from Liege to Essen. The third aftershock occurred on the 20 September, and was felt widely in Frankfurt.Alexandre Pierre Kushman David Petermans Toons Camelbeek Thierry December 2008 The 18 September 1692 Earthquake in the Belgian Ardenne and Its Aftershocks https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226094712 Historical Seismology 226 Another aftershock was felt in Maastricht on 18 December, and violent shaking was observed at a church tower in Den Bosch.Historie.Roermond.net https://www.historieroermond.nl/aardbeving/aardbeving.htm 2022-02-19 historieroermond.nl Cultural effects Architectural heritages in Verviers and surrounding regions were significantly affected by the earthquakes.Talwani Pradeep https://books.google.com/books?id=RSFGAwAAQBAJ&dq=roermond+earthquake+1692+vaults+collapse&pg=PA207 Intraplate Earthquakes 2014-04-24 Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04038-0 207 Sermons and piety were inspired in the more religious populations. Regional tectonics The earthquake and its aftershocks became a sequence of earthquakes that struck the Lower Rhine Graben in late 1692. Eastern Belgium is part of the Lower Rhine Graben, a system of faults which also run through the English Channel, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Germany. Most of these are NW-SE dipping normal faults that are capable of producing damaging earthquakes a few times a century. One of these faults near Verviers, known as the Graben de la Minerie but also the Verviers or Ostend fault, shows signs of recent geological activity. A fault scarp also exists near Verviers. Alexandre Pierre David Kushman Petermans Toon Thierry Camelbeek https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295694054 The 1692 Earthquake in the Belgian Ardennes and its Geological Context Final Meeting of the SAFE European Project Paris 5–6 April 2004 3–4 It is unknown if the epicenter was north or south of the Vesdre River. References Category:1690s earthquakes Category:1692 in Europe Category:1692 disasters Verviers