1925 in science

none 1925 science 1925 The year 1925 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy and space science January 1 – Cecilia Payne completes her PhD thesis Stellar Atmospheres: a Contribution to the Observational Study of High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of StarsPayne Cecilia H. Stellar Atmospheres: a Contribution to the Observational Study of High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars Radcliffe College 1925 PhD 1925PhDT.........1P 1443459 301786588 at Radcliffe College of Harvard University, providing spectral evidence that stars are composed almost entirely of hydrogen with helium, contrary to scientific consensus at the time; however, her findings will be vindicated by 1929 and astronomer Otto Struve will describe her work as "the most brilliant PhD thesis ever written in astronomy".https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201501/physicshistory.cfm January 1, 1925: Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin and the Day the Universe Changed American Physical Society January 2015 2021-04-01 Biology July 10–21 – Scopes Trial: In a staged test case (the "Monkey Trial") in Dayton, Tennessee, John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher is accused of assigning a reading from a state-mandated textbook on Darwinian evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law, the "Butler Act". He is found guilty and fined $100, though the verdict is later overturned on a technicality.Moran Jeffrey P. The Scopes Trial: A Brief History with Documents Bedford/St. Martin's 2002 September – Official opening of Thijsse's Hof (Garden of Thijsse), the first wildlife garden in the Netherlands, in Bloemendaal near Haarlem. Approximate date – Extinction of the Bubal hartebeest in North Africa. Cartography Adams hemisphere-in-a-square projection published by American cartographer Oscar S. Adams.Cartographic Science: A Compendium of Map Projections, with Derivations Donald Fenna CRC Press Boca Raton 2006 9780849381690 https://books.google.com/books?id=8LZeu8RxOIsC&pg=PA357 357. Chemistry May – Rhenium is discovered by Walter Noddack and Ida Tacke in Berlin, the last stable, non-radioactive naturally occurring element to be found.Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements Emsley John Oxford University Press 2001 0-19-850340-7 Rhenium 358–360 https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/358 The Fischer–Tropsch process for production of hydrocarbons is first developed by Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Kohlenforschung in Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany. History of science Museum of the History of Science opens in the Old Ashmolean building in Oxford, set up by Robert Gunther based largely on the collection given by Dr Lewis Evans.Simcock, A. V. Robert T. Gunther and the Old Ashmolean Oxford Museum of the History of Science 1985 0-903364-04-2 Pharmazie-Historisches Museum der Universität Basel established by donation of the collection of pharmacist Josef Anton Häfliger. Edwin Arthur Burtt's The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science is published. Physics January – Wolfgang Pauli announces his exclusion rule.This Month in Physics History – January 1925: Wolfgang Pauli announces the exclusion principle http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200701/history.cfm APS News 16 1 American Physical Society 2011-06-25 January 2007 June – Werner Heisenberg spends time on HeligolandCarlo Rovelli Carlo Rovelli Helgoland 2020 resulting in the September publication of his seminal paper, "Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen" ("Quantum theoretical re-interpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations") in Zeitschrift für Physik. September–November – Heisenberg, Max Born and Pascual Jordan submit their papers "Zur Quantenmechanik" setting out their matrix formulation of quantum mechanics, to Zeitschrift für Physik. Technology June 13 – Charles Francis Jenkins achieves the first synchronized transmission of pictures and sound, using 48 lines, and a mechanical system. A 10-minute film of a miniature windmill in motion is sent across 5 miles from Anacostia to Washington, DC. The images are viewed by representatives of the Bureau of Standards, the U.S. Navy, the Department of Commerce and others. Jenkins calls this "the first public demonstration of radiovision". October 2 – John Logie Baird successfully transmits the first television pictures with a greyscale image, in London.R. W. Burns Television: An International History of the Formative Years London Institution of Electrical Engineers 9780852969144 264 October 22 – Julius Edgar Lilienfeld files the first patent for a form of field-effect transistor.1745175 Method and apparatus for controlling electric currents, first filed in Canada, describing a device similar to a MESFET. Granted 28 January 1930. Thomas H. Lee The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits New Cambridge University Press 2004 9780521835398 167ff November 4 – Charles F. Brannock files a patent for the Brannock Device for measuring shoe sizes."Foot-Measuring Instrument." U.S. Patent 1,682,366. late 1925 or early 1926 – Vladimir K. Zworykin demonstrates a cathode-ray tube television system using Braun tubes at the Westinghouse Electric laboratories in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Jonas Hesselman introduces the Hesselman engine. Other events Sinclair Lewis's novel Arrowsmith is published in the United States, notable in having the culture of medical science as a principal theme.http://mh.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/32/2/82 The novel Arrowsmith, Paul de Kruif (1890-1971) and Jacques Loeb (1859–1924): a literary portrait of "medical science" H. M. Fangerau Medical Humanities 32 2006 82–87 2 10.1136/jmh.2006.000230 23673799 subscription Awards Nobel Prizes Physics – James Franck, Gustav Ludwig Hertz Chemistry – Richard Adolf Zsigmondy Births January 7 – Gerald Durrell (died 1995), Indian-born British wildlife conservationist. January 30 – Douglas Engelbart (died 2013), American pioneer in human–computer interaction. February 1 – John F. Yardley (died 2001), American aeronautical engineer. February 25 – Elliott Organick (died 1985), American computer scientist and educator. February 28 – Louis Nirenberg (died 2020), Canadian-born American mathematician. March 1 – Solomon Marcus (died 2016), Romanian mathematician. March 20 – David Warren (died 2010), Australian aviation scientist. April 12 – Evelyn Berezin (died 2018), American computer scientist. May 1 – Scott Carpenter (died 2013), American astronaut. May 16 – Nancy Roman (died 2018), American astronomer. May 27 – John L. Harper (died 2009), British biologist, specializing in ecology and plant population biology. June 17 – Alexander Shulgin (died 2014), American psychopharmacologist. July 8 – Norbert Pfennig (died 2008), German microbiologist. July 26 – Joseph Engelberger (died 2015), American robotics engineer. August 10 – Stanislav Brebera (died 2012), Czech chemist. August 19 – Frederic Richards (died 2009), American biochemist and biophysicist known for solving the crystal structure of the ribonuclease S enzyme in 1967 and for defining the concept of solvent-accessible surface. September 16 – Eugene Garfield (died 2017), American pioneer of bibliometrics and scientometrics. September 27 – Robert Edwards (died 2013), British physiologist and pioneer of in vitro fertilisation, recipient of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. September 28 – Seymour Cray (died 1996), American supercomputer architect.Seymour R. Cray - American engineer https://www.britannica.com/biography/Seymour-R-Cray Encyclopedia Britannica 21 February 2018 en September 30 – Arkady Ostashev (died 1998), Soviet, Russian scientist, participant in the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite and the first cosmonaut, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Docent, laureate of the Lenin and state prizes. October 13 – Margaret Roberts (died 2013), chemist and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. October 29 – Klaus Roth (died 2015), German-born mathematician. October 31 – John Pople (died 2004), British theoretical chemist, recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. November 16 – Michel Jouvet (died 2017), French oneirologist. December 1 – Martin Rodbell (died 1998), American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. December 11 – Paul Greengard (died 2019), American neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Deaths February 3 – Oliver Heaviside (born 1850), English physicist. February 22 – Sir Clifford Allbutt (born 1836), English physician, inventor of the clinical thermometer. March 18 – Oswald Bertram Lower (born 1864), Australian lepidopterist. May 5 – Catharine van Tussenbroek (born 1852), Dutch physician. June 3 – Camille Flammarion (born 1842), French astronomer. June 22 – Felix Klein (born 1849), German mathematician. July 26 – Gottlob Frege (born 1848), German philosopher, logician and mathematician. October 31 – José Ingenieros (born 1877), Argentine polymath. References Category:20th century in science Category:1920s in science