1916 Warsaw City Council election

none Elections to the Warsaw City Council were held in July 1916 – under German occupation during World War I. It was the first modern municipal election in Warsaw, as well as the first local election in Poland after the Russian retreat.Robert E. Blobaum. A Minor Apocalypse: Warsaw during the First World War. Cornell University Press, 2017. The electorate was divided into six curiae, each with 15 seats in the council. As a pre-electoral pact was reached for four out of the six curiae, voting was held only in the Third Curia (intellectuals) and the Sixth Curia (general public). In the Sixth Curia, to which most voters belonged, the winners were the National Democracy on the Polish side and the Folkists on the Jewish side. Per Jesse Kaufmann (2015) "the election brought to the fore the question of Polish-Jewish relations and triggered an attempt on part of the occupiers to limit Jewish influence while maintaining a facade of strict impartiality". Background On July 1, 1915, the German authorities issued call for convening City Councils in occupied Poland based on Prussian model, to replace system of Citizens Committees put in place under Russian rule.Kalman Weiser, Keith Ian Weiser. Jewish People, Yiddish Nation: Noah Prylucki and the Folkists in Poland. University of Toronto Press, 2011. pp. 140-141, 144-146 On August 6, 1915, the Warsaw Citizen's Committee pl Komitet Obywatelski stołecznego miasta Warszawy overtook functions of the city government. The Warsaw Citizens Committee eventually approached the German authorities asking for elections, and on March 23, 1916, the German occupation authorities agreed that the Citizens Committee would be replaced by an elected City Council. thumb|400px|The 26 Militia DistrictsFurthermore, during the spring of 1916, the city boundaries of Warsaw were expanded with suburbs being integrated into the city – on the Vistula River left bank; Czerniaków, Siekierki, Szopy, Mokotów, Ochota, Czyste, Wola, Koło, Powązki, Bielany, Marymont, Buraków and Słodowiec, on the right bank; Golędzinów, Żerań, Szmulowizna, Bródno, Pelcowizna, Targówek, Kawęczyn, Grochów, Saska Kępa, Kamionek and Gocławek.Juliusz A. Chrościcki, Andrzej Rottermund. Atlas of Warsaw's Architecture. Arkady, 1978. p. 30 Through the incorporation of these areas into the city, the area of Warsaw grew from 32.75 square kilometres to 114.83 square kilometres. Under German rule, the city was divided into 26 militia commissariat districts. Citizens Committee draft ordinance The Warsaw Citizens Committee held several extraordinary meetings in April 1916, to discuss a draft electoral ordinance for the City Council election. The most extensive of these meetings occurred on April 16, 1916. At the meeting Piotr Drzewiecki called for a fixed quota for Jewish members of the City Council, to avoid a potential Jewish majority. Zdzisław Lubomirski, installed by the German authorities as mayor of Warsaw, called for measures to restrict the numbers of Jews that could participate in the election in order to guarantee the Polish character of the City Council. Others criticized Lubomirski's propositions, stating that such measures would cause embarrassment to Poland internationally. Samuel Dickstein, a Jewish assimilationist, rejected the argument that Jews would constitute a unified political bloc. In the end the proposals calling for restricting Jewish participation were voted down with 8 votes in favour, 15 against and 1 abstention.Glenn Dynner, François Guesnet. Warsaw. The Jewish Metropolis: Essays in Honor of the 75th Birthday of Professor Antony Polonsky. BRILL, 2015. pp. 291-292 Prussian electoral system and voter registry thumb|Decree by Imperial Electoral Commissar Jaraczewski calling on voters to register, 10 June 1916The German occupation authorities ultimately rejected the Warsaw Citizens Committee April 1916 draft electoral ordinance, and instead opted for an electoral ordinance based on the Prussian system of separate and unequal curiae. On May 28, 1916, the German occupation authorities issued a bulletin with the provisions for the election of the Warsaw City Council. The electoral regulation mixed a system of curiae with proportional election (except in the Third Curia). The new City Council would have 90 seats. Candidates had to be men over the age of 30 years, with "spotless moral and political reputation" and fluent Polish language skills.Zieliński, Konrad. The Poles and the Jews in the Local Authorities of the Kingdom of Poland during the First World War. Iggud: Selected Essays in Jewish Studies, vol. 2005, p. 123-134 Voting rights were given to men aged over 25 years. Moreover, a small number of wealthy and educated women were given the right to vote, albeit only through a male proxy. The German authorities divided the voters into six curiae, with each of the curiae being allotted 15 seats in the City Council. On June 4, 1916, Warsaw residents began entering their names in electoral rolls of the six curiae. Initially interest in the election was low, but the electoral campaign soon captured the attention of the city. All in all by late June 1916, there were a total of 82,223 registered voters.Statystyka wyborcow do wzystkich kurji, in Goniec Poranny, June 27, 1916. p. 1 CuriaNumber of registered voters% of registered votersFirst CuriaReal estate owners (landlords)5,6746.90%Second CuriaTrade or industrial license (patent) payers, i.e. representatives of heavy industry and large commercial concerns1,2831.56%Third CuriaIntellectuals, subdivided into six groups – 1st group – Roman Catholic clergy (1 seat), 2nd group – lawyers (3 seats), 3rd group – tutors, teachers and school inspectors (3 seats, with one of the seats reserved for faculty of Warsaw University), 4th group – physicians, dentists, veterinarians and pharmacists (3 seats), 5th group – engineers and technicians with higher education (3 seats, with one seat reserved for faculty of Warsaw Technical College), 6th group – students and others with higher education who did not belong to any of the other five groups of the Third Curia (2 seats)2,3452.85%Fourth CuriaTrade or industrial license (patent) payers (at a lower rate than 2d Curia members), i.e. representatives of craft-based industries, smaller merchants and small businesses16,05019.52%Fifth CuriaPayers of housing tax in Warsaw (in 1915 and 1916)5,7947.05%Sixth CuriaRegistered inhabitants of Warsaw who did not fulfill any of the criteria of the first five Curiae, i.e. the working class51,07762.12% Jesse Kauffman. Elusive Alliance. Harvard University Press, 2015. pp. 125-127, 130 The city was divided into 52 electoral districts. The 2,345 registered voters of the Third Curia were not divided into electoral districts. District Electoral Bureau Militia Commiss. First Curia % Second Curia % Fourth Curia % Fifth Curia % Sixth Curia % Total 1 Bednarska 6 1 I 95 5.6 15 0.9 54 3.2 104 6.1 1,425 84.2 1,694 2 Mazowiecka Street, Warsaw Mazowiecka pl Ulica Mazowiecka w Warszawie 12 1 I 14 0.7 101 4.9 294 14.4 270 13.2 1,363 66.7 2,169 3 Miodowa 12 2 II 52 6.4 20 2.5 107 13.2 32 4.0 597 73.9 808 4 Freta Street, Warsaw Freta fr Rue Freta 10 2 II 106 6.2 1 0.1 230 13.4 40 2.3 1,335 78.0 1,712 5 Nowomiejska Street, Warsaw Nowomiejska fr Ulica Nowomiejska (Varsovie) 10 2 II 73 4.1 24 1.4 355 20.1 102 5.8 1,208 68.6 1,762 6 Przejazd 5 3 III 74 3.3 12 0.5 464 20.9 188 8.5 1,477 66.7 2,215 7 Nowolipie Street, Warsaw Nowolipie pl Ulica Nowolipie w Warszawie 52 3 III 95 5.4 16 0.9 312 17.6 123 6.9 1,226 69.2 1,772 8 Nowolipie Street, Warsaw Nowolipie pl Ulica Nowolipie w Warszawie 14 3 III 113 4.7 36 1.5 460 19.3 224 9.4 1,546 65.0 2,379 9 Leszno Street, Warsaw Leszno pl Ulica Leszno w Warszawie 1003 III 58 5.7 7 0.7 139 13.7 12 1.2 801 78.8 1,017 10 Dzika Street, Warsaw Dzika pl Ulica Dzika w Warszawie 12 4 IV 94 3.6 56 2.1 1,225 47.0 397 15.2 835 32.0 2,607 11 Gęsia Street, Warsaw Gęsia pl Ulica Gęsia w Warszawie 20 4 IV 67 3.6 17 0.9 783 41.8 151 8.1 854 45.6 1,862 12 Muranowska 34 4 IV 89 4.1 18 0.8 872 40.4 232 10.7 950 44.0 2,161 13 Nowokarmelicka 7 5 V 88 3.3 24 0.9 657 24.3 252 9.3 1,683 62.2 2,704 14 Pawia Street, Warsaw Pawia pl Ulica Pawia w Warszawie 68 5 V 34 3.4 1 0.1 99 9.9 16 1.6 848 85.0 998 15 Stawki Street, Warsaw Stawki fr Rue Stawki 24 5 V 52 3.9 4 0.3 233 17.4 74 5.5 976 72.9 1,335 16 Młocińska 9 5 V 44 4.0 3 0.3 124 11.2 20 1.8 917 82.8 1,108 17 Icchok Lejb Perec Street, Warsaw Ceglana pl Ulica Icchoka Lejba Pereca w Warszawie 13 6 VI 117 5.4 12 0.6 281 13.0 133 6.1 1,620 74.9 2,163 18 Twarda Street, Warsaw Twarda pl Ulica Twarda w Warszawie 64 6 VI 112 5.9 7 0.4 369 19.5 126 6.7 1,276 67.5 1,890 19 Corner of Kolejowa Street, Warsaw Kolejowa pl Ulica Kolejowa w Warszawie and Karolkowa Street, Warsaw Karolkowa pl Ulica Karolkowa w Warszawie 6 VI 69 5.2 5 0.4 214 16.1 42 3.2 999 75.2 1,329 20 Grzybowska Street, Warsaw Grzybowska pl Ulica Grzybowska w Warszawie 45 7 VII 146 6.0 21 0.9 508 20.8 227 9.3 1,543 63.1 2,445 21 Ciepła Street, Warsaw Ciepła pl Ulica Ciepła w Warszawie 26 7 VII 46 2.5 11 0.6 604 33.1 81 4.4 1,084 59.4 1,826 22 Chłodna Street, Warsaw Chłodna pl Ulica Chłodna w Warszawie 44 7 VII 85 4.5 12 0.6 379 20.3 53 2.8 1,340 71.7 1,869 23 Grzybowska Street, Warsaw Grzybowska pl Ulica Grzybowska w Warszawie 45 7 VII 63 4.8 3 0.2 178 13.5 31 2.4 1,043 79.1 1,318 24 Twarda Street, Warsaw Twarda pl Ulica Twarda w Warszawie 35 8 VIII 109 4.7 49 2.1 669 29.1 244 10.6 1,231 53.5 2,302 25 Sosnowa 13 8 VIII 152 6.3 35 1.4 455 18.8 273 11.3 1,508 62.2 2,423 26 Złota Street, Warsaw Złota pl Ulica Złota w Warszawie 588 VIII 132 5.7 42 1.8 411 17.8 209 9.1 1,514 65.6 2,308 27 Koszykowa Street, Warsaw Koszykowa pl Ulica Koszykowa w Warszawie 13 9 IX 164 11.6 29 2.1 131 9.3 274 19.4 813 57.6 1,411 28 Czerniakowska Street, Warsaw Czerniakowska pl Ulica Czerniakowska w Warszawie 72 9 IX 38 3.3 1 0.1 153 13.3 15 1.3 946 82.0 1,153 29 Chmielna Street, Warsaw Chmielna pl Ulica Chmielna w Warszawie 12 10 X 113 9.1 47 3.8 227 18.3 183 14.7 671 54.1 1,241 30 Świętokrzyska 27 10 X 146 10.1 67 4.6 309 21.3 224 15.4 704 48.6 1,450 31 Jerozolimska 14 10 X 117 6.3 18 1.0 249 13.5 153 8.3 1,314 71.0 1,851 32 Nowogrodzka Street, Warsaw Nowogrodzka pl Ulica Nowogrodzka w Warszawie 41 11 XI 157 8.0 47 2.4 334 16.9 388 19.7 1,048 53.1 1,974 33 Koszykowa Street, Warsaw Koszykowa pl Ulica Koszykowa w Warszawie 63 (Market halls) 11 XI 192 9.5 24 1.2 387 19.1 227 11.2 1,194 59.0 2,024 34 Aleksandra Fredry Street, Warsaw Kotzebue pl Ulica Aleksandra Fredry w Warszawie 10 12 XII 89 8.5 81 7.7 226 21.6 130 12.4 521 49.8 1,047 35 Nowo-Miodowa 3 12 XII 151 7.0 65 3.0 536 24.9 157 7.3 1,241 57.7 2,150 36 Krucza Street, Warsaw Krucza pl Ulica Krucza w Warszawie 31 13 XIII 194 8.9 40 1.8 359 16.5 291 13.4 1,295 59.4 2,169 37 Nowy Świat 2 13 XIII 150 9.5 40 2.5 268 17.0 268 17.0 853 54.0 1,579 38 Ludna Street, Warsaw Ludna pl Ulica Ludna w Warszawie 16 13 XIII 27 3.6 4 0.5 75 10.0 23 3.1 623 82.8 752 39 Stefana Okrzei Street, Warsaw Brukowa pl Ulica Stefana Okrzei w Warszawie 2 14 XIV 102 6.9 2 0.1 223 15.0 44 3.0 1,113 75.0 1,384 40 Strzelecka Street, Warsaw Strzelecka pl Ulica Strzelecka w Warszawie 11 14 XIV 157 10.5 7 0.5 216 14.4 45 3.0 1,070 71.6 1,495 41 Brzeska Street, Warsaw Brzeska pl Ulica Brzeska w Warszawie 3 15 XV 110 5.9 10 0.5 481 25.6 84 4.5 1,194 63.5 2,179 42 Kamionkowska Street, Warsaw Kamionkowska pl Ulica Kamionkowska w Warszawie 17 15 XV 73 11.5 1 0.2 63 9.9 10 1.6 489 76.9 636 43 House of the Union of Consumer Associations, Mickiewicza Street, Mokotów 16 XVI 186 9.7 6 0.3 350 18.3 1 0.1 1,370 71.6 1,913 44 Granzow Villa pl Willa Granzowa w Warszawie, Grochów 17 XVII 93 27.2 3 0.9 93 27.2 1 0.3 152 44.4 341 45 Sawicki steelworks, Pelcowizna pl 18 XVIII 119 27.3 0 0.0 55 12.6 0 0.0 262 60.1 436 46 Górczewska Street, Warsaw Górczewska pl Ulica Górczewska w Warszawie 18, Koło-Budy 19 XIX 65 17.2 0 0.0 64 16.9 0 0.0 250 66.0 379 47 Sielce Palace Włodarczyk residence de Palais Sielce, Sielce and Czerniaków 20 XX-XXI 214 28.8 4 0.5 95 12.8 0 0.0 431 57.9 744 48 Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein factory, Wola 22 XXII 140 16.9 4 0.5 119 14.3 1 0.1 566 68.2 830 49 Kaliska, Warsaw Kaliska pl Ulica Kaliska w Warszawie 60, Ochota and Czyste 23 XXIII 123 16.3 0 0.0 125 16.5 0 0.0 508 67.2 756 50 Szczepanowski residence, Targówek 24 XXIV 149 25.5 0 0.0 143 24.4 0 0.0 293 50.1 585 51 Urbanski residence, Nowe Bródno pl 25 XXV 127 37.7 0 0.0 98 29.1 0 0.0 112 33.2 437 52 Suski residence, Gross estate, Powązki (Warsaw) Powązki ru Повонзки (район Варшавы) 26 XXVI 172 29.4 1 0.2 88 15.0 0 0.0 325 55.5 586 Przed wyborami do rady miejskiej in Kurjer Warszawski, June 6, 1916. p. 1Przed wyborami do rady miejskiej in Kurjer Warszawski, June 6, 1916. p. 4Wybory do rady miejskiej in Kurjer Warszawski, June 8, 1916. p. 1Przed wyborami do rady miejskiej in Kurjer Warszawski, June 8, 1916. p. 3דיִ וואַהל-בּיוּרעם, in yi דער מאמענט, July 13, 1916. p. 3 The newspaper Kurjer Warszawski estimated that 55.86% of the eligible voters were Polish (Christians) and 44.14% Jews. The newspaper made the following estimates for the voters of the First, Second, Fourth and Fifth curiae, CuriaChristians (%)Jews (%) I 67.53 32.47 II 57.18 42.82 IV 40.82 59.18 V 49.20 50.80 Among the Polish right-wing, there were strong concerns about the German-imposed unequal curiae electoral system, as Jews were well represented in the first five curiae. In particular the Polish right-wing was worried about the Fourth Curia (merchants and artisans) where Jews were expected to dominate the vote. The announcement of the electoral ordinance prompted a campaign of harsh attacks against Jewish candidates in Gazeta Poranna 2 Grosze pl (a newspaper linked to National Democracy). The attacks were especially targeted at the assimilationists, questioning their Polish credentials. Gazeta Poranna 2 Grosze was somewhat more conciliatory in its tone towards the Orthodox Jews, arguing that the Orthodox Jews did not get involved in Polish affairs and that they were "always remembering that this is a Polish country, not a Polish-Jewish country." The two Polish committees thumb|Leaflet of the Committee of First Curia VotersThe Central National Electoral Committee (Centralny Narodowy Komitet Wyborczy, abbreviated 'CNKW'), a coalition of right-wing forces that included the National Democratic Party, National Workers Union, the Christian Democratic Party and independents, called for a City Council that could function as City Parliament and would serve function as a model for the country. As it would be the first elected body in Poland and as the assembly of the Polish capital, they hoped the City Council would be able to function as a national council in the process of moving toward independence. Another bloc was the Central Democratic Electoral Committee (Centralny Demokratyczny Komitet Wyborczy, CDKW), a coalition of leftist and centrist parties of the "independence camp". They denounced anti-semitism but their agitation als included anti-Jewish slogans, calling to struggle against the threat posed by "Litvaks and Jewish social democracy". Launch of the Association of Jewish Voters On June 14, 1916, the Jewish parties established their own electoral committee, the Association of Jewish Voters. Before the beginning of World War I the Zionists had been the major Jewish faction in the city. But in August 1915, part of the Zionist leadership left the Kingdom of Poland. Weakened after the departure of their leaders, the Warsaw Zionists agreed to making an electoral alliance with other Jewish sectors. The Association of Jewish Voters was formed, including Orthodox Jews, Hasidim, neo-assimilationists and non-partisan independents. The following day, the assimilationists published a proclamation in the press, calling on Warsaw residents to vote according to political views and that a separate Jewish electoral campaign should be avoided, in the name of Polish patriotism. It affirmed that the electoral regulation did not provide for any separate curiae based on nationality. About one hundred individuals signed the appealed, including Samuel Dickstein, Henryk Nusbaum ru Нусбаум, Генрик, Michał Bergsohn, Kazimierz Natanson pl, Jan Natanson-Leski Jan Natanson pl Jan Natanson-Leski and Stanisław Aleksander Kempner pl.Jerzy Tomaszewski. Najnowsze dzieje Żydów w Polsce: w zarysie (do 1950 roku). Wydawn. Naukowe PWN, 1993. pp. 128-130 Polish-Jewish pact thumb|Association of Jewish Voters leaflet, in Polish and Yiddish languages, calling on Jewish residents of Warsaw to support the joint slate in the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th Curiae Largely, due to efforts by the assimilationists, there was a rapprochement between the Association of Jewish Voters and the Central Democratic Electoral Committee, and the two blocs moved towards a consensus solution on the divisions of City Council seats.Biuletyn Zydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego. Żydowski Instytut Historyczny w Polsce, 2003. p. 171 Eventually the Central National Electoral Committee got on board as well, and on June 30, 1916, an agreement was reached between the two Polish electoral committees (Central National Electoral Committee and Central Democratic Electoral Committee) and the Association of Jewish Voters. The pact divided the seats in the First, Second, Fourth and Fifth Curiae; 26 seats for the National Electoral Committee, 19 seats for the Democratic Electoral Committee and 15 seats for the Jews (12 to the Association of Jewish Voters and 3 to the Bolesław Eiger group). As the joint Polish-Jewish slate derived from this pact was the sole candidate list in the First, Second, Fourth and Fifth Curiae, no voting was conducted in these Curiae. In these negotiations, the Association of Jewish Voters had settled for a conservative number of Jewish seats. They wanted to avoid a repeat of the aftermath of the 1912 Duma election, which had been used by the National Democracy to spark Polish-Jewish conflict.Antony Polonsky. The Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History. Liverpool University Press, 2013. p. 179 In 1912, Jews in Warsaw had supported a Polish socialist candidate, and after the election there had been a backlash with boycott of Jewish businesses in the city.Tracey Hayes Norrell. For the Honor of Our Fatherland: German Jews on the Eastern Front during the Great War. Lexington Books, 2017. p. 67 The signing of the pact was celebrated with a reception, with the participation of several German Jews from the occupation administration. Jewish press outlets such as Der Hajnt lauded the pact, stating that for the first time Jews were recognized as political partners. On the Polish side, the liberal publication Nowa Gazeta (1906–1918) Nowa Gazeta pl Nowa Gazeta (1906–1918) celebrated the pact as new union of citizens and beginning of harmony between communities. Among the deputies that would be elected from the quota of the Association of Jewish Voters were Zionists (Farbstein, Poznański, Seideman), assimilationists (Eiger, Kirszrot, Weisblat, Natanson), neo-assimilationists (Berenson, Goldflam, Mutermilch), Orthodox (Dawidsohn, Prywes, Wagmajster) and independents (Szereszowski, Truskier).Marian Fuks. Żydzi w Warszawie: życie codzienne, wydarzenia, ludzie. Sorus, 1992. p. 266 Some Jewish national activists perceived the Polish-Jewish pact as a betrayal and decided to contest the Sixth Curia election in order to "save Jewish honor". A stormy meeting was held at the premises of the Association of Jewish Writers and Journalists on Tłomackie Street, during which the Jewish Popular Electoral Committee ('Folkskomitet') was founded. The committee was headed by Noach Pryłucki. For the Folkists the real percentage of Jewish voters in the first five curiae were much greater than the proportion of Jewish seats allocated through the Polish-Jewish pact (the Folkists desired that 35% of the City Council seats be allocated to Jews). The Polish-Jewish pact was also rejected by some Orthodox Jews. Third Curia election thumb|Decree by Imperial Electoral Commissar Jaraczewski to voters of the Third Curia thumb|Propaganda for Zygmunt Makowiecki's candidature in the lawyers group, published in Goniec Poranny, calling on voters to cast all of their three votes on Makowiecki thumb|City Hall (Jabłonowski Palace) where the Third Curia vote took place July 10-12, 1916 thumb|Entry ticket for Central Democratic Electoral Committee meeting held July 9, 1916 at the Philharmonic Whilst there were attempts to agree on compromise candidate lists for the Third Curia, eventually competing candidacies emerged in some groups within the curia.Wyniki w Kuryi III, in Nowa Gazeta, July 13, 1916. p. 1 The voting for the elections in the Third Curia was held July 10-12, 1916 at the City Hall (Jabłonowski Palace).Wybory do rady miejskiej, in Kurjer Warszawski, July 9, 1916. p. 6 First Group – Catholic Clergy The vote in the Catholic clergy group held under supervision of Imperial Electoral Commissar Jaraczewski on July 12, 1916.Wybory do Rady Miejskiej, in Goniec Wieczorny, July 12, 1916. p. 3 Out of 101 registered eligible voters, 70 voted.Wybory do Rady Miejskiej, in Goniec Poranny, July 13, 1916. p. 2 The election in the clergy group was calm, without competition between candidacies. 65 votes were cast in favour of Kazimierz Leon Bączkiewicz, Assessor of the Metropolitan Consistory, who was elected as the deputy in the Warsaw City Council representing the Catholic clergy. 3 votes were cast in favour of Karol Bliziński (who was elected alternate member with 65 votes), one vote for Marceli Szkopowski (who was elected alternate member with 70 votes) and one vote for Karol Wesołowski. Second Group – Lawyers The lawyers group voted on July 11, 1916. The election was overseen by Imperial Electoral Commissar Jaraczewski.Wybory do Rady Miejskiej, in Goniec Wieczorny, July 11, 1916. p. 3 Out of 427 registered voters, 369 cast their ballots. The candidatures in the fray were a democratic-independence oriented list led by Wacław Makowski de, a politically neutral list organized by Feliks Ochimowski pl and an anti-democrat list. The three elected deputies were the Goniec Poranny editor Zygmunt Makowiecki (270 votes), Makowski (252 votes) and the Central National Electoral Committee candidate Ignacy Baliński ru Балинский, Игнаций (226 votes).Wybory do Rady Miejskiej, in Goniec Poranny, July 12, 1916. p. 1 Ochimowski obtained 222 votes. Third Group – Teachers The teachers' group voted under the supervision of Deputy Imperial Electoral Commissar Dziembowski on July 11, 1916. Out of 346 registered voters, 266 cast their ballots. The two elected deputies were Michał Archichowski (227 votes) and Józef Stypiński pl (132 votes). Other candidates in the fray had been Klimek (121 votes) and Sosnowski (12 votes). In the subgroup for faculty at Warsaw University there were 32 registered voters, out of whom 30 voted. University rector Józef Brudziński was elected with 28 votes. One vote was cast for Dean Alfons Parczewski ru Парчевский, Альфонс Ипполитович (who was elected as one of the alternate members, with 32 votes) and one vote was cast for Professor Józef Mikułowski-Pomorski ar جوزيف ميكوفسكي-بومورسكي. Fourth Group – Medical On July 8, 1916, the Democratic Physicians Committee met and agreed to endorse the candidatures of Dr. Witold Chodźko and Dr. Klemens Pawlikowski.Wybory do Rady Miejskiej in Przegląd Poranny, July 9, 1916. p. 3 In the fourth group (physicians, dentists, veterinarians and pharmacists) the counting of votes cast was completed at 9 p.m. on July 10, 1916. Out of 544 eligible voters, 458 had cast their ballots. Jan Rutkowski was elected from a subgroup of pharmacists, receiving 557 votes. Among the physicians the democratic candidate Dr. Witold Chodźko was elected with 379 votes whilst the national candidate Kazimierz Chełchowski pl was elected with 224 votes. Other candidates were Dr. Bronisław Sawicki pl (182 votes), the pharmacist Władysław Żółtowski (9 votes – albeit he was elected alternate member with 650 votes), Dr. Wacław Męczkowski pl (6 votes), Dr. Kazimierz Rzętkowski pl (2 votes – albeit in the election for alternate member he was elected with 238 votes), Dr. Alf Bukowski (1 vote), Dr. Adam Kazimierz Przyborowski (1 vote) and Dr. Józef Pawiński (1 vote). Fifth Group – Engineers and Technicians The vote for the fifth group, which gathered engineers and technicians with higher education, was held under the supervision of the Deputy Imperial Election Commissar Dziembowski on July 12, 1916. Out of 293 eligible voters, 265 cast their votes. The election in the fifth group was quiet, without competition between different parties. The architect Franciszek Lilpop de was elected with 260 votes and the engineer Antoni Ponikowski was elected with 248 votes.Wybory do rady miejskiej, in Kurjer Warszawski, July 13, 1916. p. 1 The other candidates were the engineer Ignacy Radziszewski pl (19 votes, however he was elected as an alternate member of the City Council with 309 votes), the engineer J. Strassburger (2 votes) and the architect Czesław Domaniewski pl (1 vote, however he was elected alternate member with 71 votes). In the subgroup of the faculty at Warsaw Technical College there were 11 registered voters, out of whom 10 voted. All 10 votes were cast in favour of the engineer Henryk Korwin-Krukowski pl, who was elected deputy. Sixth Group – Intellectuals thumb|Entry ticket for a Central National Electoral Committee meeting for the Sixth Group of the Third Curia election, held at the Museum of Industry and Agriculture on July 9, 1916In the sixth group, which gathered students and other residents with higher education who did not belong to any of the other five groups of the Third Curia, the counting of votes cast was completed at 8 p.m. on July 10, 1916.Wynik wyborów do III-ej kurji, in Goniec Poranny, July 11, 1916. p. 2 Out of 591 eligible voters, 466 had cast their ballots. There were three candidate lists for this group – the list of the Central Democratic Electoral Committee with two candidates, the list of Władysław Studnicki which also had a democratic-independence orientation and the list of the Central National Electoral Committee with a single candidate. The democratic candidate Artur Śliwiński was elected with 312 votes. The sole Central National Electoral Committee candidate Bolesław Koskowski pl was elected with 359 votes. Studnicki got 102 votes and Bolesław Lutomski pl got 151 votes. Sixth Curia election thumb|Decree by the Imperial Electoral Commissar Jaraczewski to Sixth Curia voters in 7 electoral districts, instructing them to vote either on July 13 or July 14 depending on the first letter of their surname. thumb|Full listing of candidates of the six lists contesting in the Sixth Curia election thumb|Sixth Curia election, the most voted list in each Militia District. Pink = List I, Red = List III, Orange = List IV, Blue = List V 50,549 Warsaw residents were listed as voters of the Sixth Curia. Six candidate lists were in the fray. The Central Democratic Electoral Committee backed List I of the Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction (PPS-Frakcja). List II was put forth by the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL, Marxist Social Democracy). thumb|Lebensfragen, July 13, 1916 issue, calling for a vote for the Socialist Bloc List III thumb|Appeal in Der Moment July 13, 1916 issue, calling for a vote for List IV in the Sixth Curia election thumb|Front page of Hajnt July 13, 1916 issue, with appeal for voters to support List VI in the Sixth Curia electionThe General Jewish Labour Bund formed an electoral bloc together with the Polish Socialist Party – Left (PPS-Lewica). The Bund had encountered some difficulty to draft a list of candidates due to the requirements of age (candidates had to be at least 30 years old) and Polish language fluency. The Bund used the electoral campaign to rally against nationalism and antisemitism, arguing that antisemitism functioned as a tool used by Jewish bourgeois nationalists to defend their class interests. Bund called for Jewish cultural rights, the right to use Yiddish language in interaction with government institutions and recognition of Yiddish schools. The Poale Zion didn't contest the election but supported the Bund/PPS-Lewica socialist bloc.Edward Madigan, Gideon Reuveni. The Jewish Experience of the First World War. Springer, 2018. p. 76 List IV was put forth by the Folkskomitet. Whilst the Folkists opposed the Polish-Jewish pact, they didn't wish to sabotage it as such and thus contested only the Sixth Curia election. The Folkist electoral campaign had a confrontational tone. The Folkist press appeals called on Jewish voters to reject the assimilationists', Zionists' and Orthodox aspirations to illusory peace with the Poles. The newspapers Der Moment and Warszewer Togblat were supportive of Folkist electoral campaign, whilst on the other end of the Jewish political spectrum articles in Der Hajnt repeatedly labelled Pryłucki as an opportunist and a liar. List V was the list of the National Workers Committee. List VI was the list of the Association of Jewish Voters, which did not raise Jewish national demands in their electoral campaign (rather supporting equal civil and religious rights in general). The voting days were tumultuous, with many manifestations occurring. Deutsche Warschauer Zeitung pl reported that Sixth Curia voters were harassed by political campaigners across the city. Nowa Gazeta wrote that "[v]ery heated, sometimes passionate agitation is taking place in front of election offices, especially in working-class districts and in districts with a predominant Jewish population. Delegates of various parties distribute their proclamations by the hundreds. Also noteworthy are the large cardboard placards held on sticks. Scouts with the words "4" on their caps cause a certain sensation in Jewish districts."Ruch wyborczy in Nowa Gazeta, July 13, 1916. p. 2 Overall, the voting closed at 8 p.m. on July 14, 1916, but in some instances where voters presented late voting extended by a few minutes.Wybory do Rady Miejskiej, in Goniec Poranny, July 15, 1916. p. 2 There were two commissions to count the votes and compile the result, one led by Imperial Electoral Commissar Jaraczewski and one led by his deputy Dziembowski. Members of the commissions included Marek Borkowski, Antoni Wysocki, count Roger Łubieński, Wł. Tomaszewski, Adolf Weisblat, Dr. Witold Chodźko, Leonard Tallen-Wilczewski, Goldstein, Wacław Makowski de, Paweł Nowicki, Wł. Śląski and Tomasz Arciszewski. All in all, 36,781 valid votes were cast which represented 72% of the electorate.Wybory do rady miejskiej. Kurjer Warszawski, July 16, 1916. pp. 4-5 The invalid votes were around 1,300 in total.Wybory do Rady Miejskiej, in Goniec Wieczorny, July 15, 1916. p. 3 Pryłucki and the Folkskomitet were the big winners among the Jewish parties in the Sixth Curia election. Gazeta Poranna 2 Grosze decried the election result as an 'extreme victory' for Jewish nationalism. The four Folkists elected to the City Council were Pryłucki, Samuel Hirszhorn, B. Efron and the painter Abram Eisenberg. The sole Socialist Bloc candidate elected belonged to PPS-Lewica, leaving the Bund without representation in the City Council. Results +Results in the election for the Sixth Curia of the Warsaw City Council, 1916ListVotes%Seats wonList V – National Democracy and allies13,98838.03%7List IV – Folkskomitet8,61123.41%4List I – Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction5,91616.08%2List III – General Jewish Labour Bund and Polish Socialist Party – Left3,71110.09%1List II – Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania2,6317.15%1List VI – Association of Jewish Voters1,9245.23%0 Marian Marek Drozdowski. Warszawa w latach 1914–1939. Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk., 1991. p. 43Ergebnis der Stadtwahlen in der VI kurie. Deutsche Warschauer Zeitung, July 16, 1916. p. 5 + Results in the Sixth Curia by Electoral District District List I (PPS-Frakcja) List II (SDKPiL) List III (Bund/PPS-Lewica) List IV (Folkskomitet) List V (National Democracy) List VI (Assoc. Jewish Voters) Total 1 257 58 19 57 715 12 1,118 2 294 48 16 27 721 13 1,119 3 66 26 39 43 282 15 471 4 149 68 28 223 512 20 1,000 5 35 28 95 463 154 71 846 6 67 57 269 482 140 104 1,119 7 56 43 208 426 81 64 878 8 37 43 181 301 103 61 726 9 204 83 11 35 277 7 617 10 2 11 92 427 20 40 592 11 4 12 93 433 13 69 624 12 15 12 136 395 28 85 67113 23 13 380 654 24 66 1,160 14 60 27 195 208 73 17 580 15 9 7 208 364 31 33 652 16 107 30 70 208 147 25 58717 127 107 114 307 490 114 1,259 18 131 104 74 179 460 67 1,015 19 123 90 30 43 279 27 592 20 145 103 99 201 480 113 1,141 21 30 17 118 407 79 71 722 22 202 149 41 118 455 40 1,005 23 237 114 43 63 292 23 772 24 28 43 122 390 130 128 841 25 86 78 187 335 254 114 1,054 26 179 100 69 95 612 69 1,124 27 111 44 8 13 414 14 604 28 110 136 49 73 316 12 696 29 97 24 6 3 395 7 532 30 109 30 6 21 366 16 548 31 304 47 23 36 595 7 1,012 32 118 51 23 15 624 15 846 33 190 62 23 39 384 26 724 34 34 19 14 32 303 12 414 35 119 60 71 170 377 72 869 36 171 40 15 70 657 31 984 37 111 21 15 20 473 9 649 38 257 58 19 88 712 12 1,146 39 199 19 44 223 236 19 740 40 216 50 28 145 262 27 728 41 252 45 68 262 217 25 869 42 154 32 15 36 101 11 349 43 216 241 18 42 366 18 901 44 14 2 1 32 37 0 86 45 19 15 15 62 22 2 135 46 95 10 3 3 22 8 141 47 65 40 3 29 73 3 213 48 133 35 30 28 107 7 34049 79 38 103 42 43 11 31650 64 13 0 7 60 4 14851 33 2 1 3 14 2 5552 34 3 5 35 28 5 110Note: These numbers are provisional figures from district electoral officers cited in the July 16, 1916 issues of Kurjer Warszawski and Przegląd Wieczorny,Wynik wyborów w kurji VI in Przegląd Wieczorny, July 16, 1916. p. 1 and the totals don't fully add up with the full results cited elsewhere. + Results in the Sixth Curia election by Militia Commissariat Militia Commissariat List I % List II % List III % List IV % List V % List VI % I 551 24.63 106 4.74 35 1.56 84 3.76 1,436 64.19 25 1.12 II 250 10.79 122 5.27 162 6.99 729 31.46 948 40.91 106 4.57 III 364 10.90 226 6.77 669 20.03 1,244 37.25 601 17.99 236 7.07 IV 21 1.11 35 1.85 321 17.01 1,255 66.51 61 3.23 194 10.28 V 199 6.68 77 2.58 853 28.63 1,434 48.14 275 9.23 141 4.73 VI 381 13.29 301 10.50 218 7.61 529 18.46 1,229 42.88 208 7.26 VII 614 16.87 383 10.52 301 8.27 789 21.68 1,306 35.88 247 6.79 VIII 293 9.71 221 7.32 378 12.52 820 27.16 996 32.99 311 10.30 IX 221 17.00 180 13.85 57 4.38 86 6.62 730 56.15 26 2.00 X 510 24.38 101 4.83 35 1.67 60 2.87 1,356 64.82 30 1.43 XI 308 19.62 113 7.20 46 2.93 54 3.44 1,008 64.20 41 2.61 XII 153 11.93 79 6.16 85 6.63 202 15.74 680 53.00 84 6.55 XIII 539 19.40 119 4.28 49 1.76 178 6.41 1,842 66.28 52 1.87 XIV 415 28.27 69 4.70 72 4.90 368 25.07 498 33.92 46 3.13 XV 406 33.33 77 6.32 83 6.81 298 24.47 318 26.11 36 2.96 XVI 216 23.97 241 26.75 18 2.00 42 4.66 366 40.62 18 2.00 XVII 14 16.28 2 2.33 1 1.16 32 37.21 37 43.02 0 0.00 XVIII 19 14.07 15 11.11 15 11.11 62 45.93 22 16.30 2 1.48 XIX 95 67.38 10 7.09 3 2.13 3 2.13 22 15.60 8 5.67 XX-XXI 65 30.52 40 18.78 3 1.41 29 13.62 73 34.27 3 1.41 XXII 133 39.12 35 10.29 30 8.82 28 8.24 107 31.47 7 2.06 XXIII 79 25.00 38 12.03 103 32.59 42 13.29 43 13.61 11 3.48 XXIV 64 43.24 13 8.78 0 0.00 7 4.73 60 40.54 4 2.70 XXV 33 60.00 2 3.64 1 1.82 3 5.45 14 25.45 2 3.64 XXVI 34 30.91 3 2.73 5 4.55 35 31.82 28 25.45 5 4.55 Elected deputies The new city council was inaugurated on July 24, 1916. In his inaugural speech mayor Lubormirski called on the elected City Councilors to work for the interest of the population without "distinction of status or religion". NameCuriaProfessionAffiliationZdzisław LubomirskiLubomirski gave up his seat as he was elected as Mayor by the City Council, his seat was filled by Cels FabianiIMayorCentral National Electoral CommitteeJózef PrüfferIEngineerCentral National Electoral CommitteeAdolf Suligowski plILawyerCentral National Electoral CommitteeJózef Zawadzki (physician) Józef Zawadzki pl Józef Zawadzki (lekarz)IPhysicianCentral National Electoral CommitteeMarek BorkowskiINotaryCentral National Electoral CommitteeLeon BabińskiIPhysicianCentral National Electoral CommitteeStefan BystydzieńskiIEngineerCentral National Electoral CommitteeStanisław Libicki plILawyerCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteePiotr Pręgowski (physician) Piotr Pręgowski pl Piotr Pręgowski (lekarz)IPhysicianCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeStanisław TarczyńskiIChemistCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeKazimierz ŻukowskiIMerchantCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeJan WankeIEstate ownerCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeEdward Natanson plIEngineerAssociation of Jewish VotersLejzor-Luzer PrywesIEstate ownerAssociation of Jewish VotersRafał Szereszowski plIBank ownerAssociation of Jewish VotersPiotr DrzewieckiDrzewiecki gave up his seat as he was elected as Deputy Mayor by the City Council, his seat was filled by Wacław KirszrotIIEngineerCentral National Electoral CommitteeStanisław KarpińskiIIBank directorCentral National Electoral CommitteeFeliks PawłowskiIIMerchantCentral National Electoral CommitteeAntoni Rząd ru Ржонд, Антон МартиновичIIPhysicianCentral National Electoral CommitteeEdward Geisler plIIIndustrialistCentral National Electoral CommitteeAntoni WysockiIIDirector at K. Rudzki i S-kaCentral National Electoral CommitteeStanisław Gustaw Brun plIIMerchantCentral National Electoral CommitteeMichał ŁempickiIIEngineerCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeTeodor Toeplitz pl Teodor Toeplitz (1875–1937)IIIndustrialistCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeStanisław Śliwiński ru Сливинский, Станислав АвгустовичIIEngineerCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeStanisław PatekIILawyerCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeCezary ŁagiewskiIIEconomistCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeBolesław EigerIIIndustrialistAssociation of Jewish VotersLeon-Lejbus DawidsohnIIMerchantAssociation of Jewish VotersSzyja-Heszel Farbstein pl Joszua FarbsteinIIMerchantAssociation of Jewish VotersKazimierz Leon BączkiewiczIII (I)Roman Catholic PriestZygmunt MakowieckiIII (II)LawyerWacław Makowski deIII (II)LawyerCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeIgnacy Baliński ru Балинский, ИгнацийIII (II)LawyerCentral National Electoral CommitteeJózef BrudzińskiIII (III)Rector of the University of WarsawMichał ArchichowskiIII (III)TeacherJózef Stypiński plIII (III)TeacherCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeJan RutkowskiIII (IV)PharmacistWitold ChodźkoIII (IV)PhysicianCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeKazimierz Chełchowski plIII (IV)PhysicianCentral National Electoral CommitteeHenryk Korwin-Krukowski plIII (V)Engineer and Assistant ProfessorFranciszek Lilpop deIII (V)ArchitectAntoni PonikowskiIII (V)EngineerCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeBolesław Koskowski plIII (VI)PublicistCentral National Electoral CommitteeArtur ŚliwińskiIII (VI)WriterCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeStanisław Lipczyński plIVEngraverCentral National Electoral CommitteeIgnacy RupiewiczIVIndustrialistCentral National Electoral CommitteeAntoni HurkiewiczIVPrinterCentral National Electoral CommitteeKonrad IlskiIVPhD in Social SciencesCentral National Electoral CommitteeAntoni MencelIVLocksmith foremanCentral National Electoral CommitteeAleksander Henryk de Rosset Aleksander de Rosset pl Aleksander Henryk de RossetIVEngineerCentral National Electoral CommitteeKazimierz WąsowiczIVBricklayer foremanCentral National Electoral CommitteeWincenty SikorskiIVTaylor foremanCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeLudwik ZielińskiIVMerchantCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeSeweryn ŚwieckiIVShoemakerCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeAdolf WeisblatIVEngineerAssociation of Jewish VotersSalomon Seidenman plIVLawyerAssociation of Jewish VotersJuliusz Mutermilch plIVPhysicianAssociation of Jewish VotersLeon Berenson ru Беренсон, ЛеонIVLawyerAssociation of Jewish VotersAbram Adolf Truskier pl Adolf TruskierIVIndustrialistAssociation of Jewish VotersKonrad CzerwińskiVTraderCentral National Electoral CommitteeWacław Łypacewicz plVLawyerCentral National Electoral CommitteeWładysław PiechowskiVLawyerCentral National Electoral CommitteeCzesław BrzezińskiVLawyerCentral National Electoral CommitteeWładysław KwasieborskiVEngineerCentral National Electoral CommitteeMarjan Zbrowski pl Marian ZbrowskiVLawyerCentral National Electoral CommitteeWacław SieroszewskiVWriterCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeLudomir GrendyszyńskVWriterCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeEugeniusz Śmiarowski plVLawyerCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeLucyan KobyłeckiVBank clerkCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeMarjan Grotowski pl Marian Grotowski (fizyk)VTeacherCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeJan Antoni Rogowicz Jan Rogowicz pl Jan Antoni RogowiczVArchitectCentral Democratic Electoral CommitteeSamuel Abraham PoznańskiVRabbiAssociation of Jewish VotersSamuel GoldflamVPhysicianAssociation of Jewish VotersJoel Wegmeister plVMerchantAssociation of Jewish VotersTomasz ArciszewskiVIChairman of the Federacja Związków Zawodowych „Metalowcy” Metal Workers Trade Union pl Federacja Związków Zawodowych „Metalowcy”List I – PPS-FrakcjaGustaw Daniłowski hy Գուստավ ԴանիլովսկիVIWriterList I – PPS-FrakcjaJan KronbergVILeather Industry Workers Trade Union leaderJan Kronberg (1886–1922) was listed as Garbarz by the electoral authorities, but 'Garbarz' was his party name. He was arrested in November 1916 and exiled to Havelberg and Modlin.Krzysztof Dunin-Wąsowicz. Warszawa 1914–1918. Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk., 1989. p. 128List II – SDKPiLJózef Feliks Ciszewski Józef Ciszewski ru Цишевский, Юзеф ФеликсVIEngineerList III – PPS-LewicaNoach PryłuckiVILawyer and editorList IV – FolkskomitetBenjamin EfronVIEngineerList IV – FolkskomitetSamuel HirszhornVIEditorList IV – FolkskomitetAbram EisenbergVISculptorList IV – FolkskomitetMichał LustańskiVIJourneyman brewerList V – National Workers CommitteeStanisław TymińskiVIShoemakerList V – National Workers CommitteeStanisław NowodworskiVILawyerList V – National Workers CommitteeJan Karol SzczeblewskiVIPublicistList V – National Workers CommitteeEdmund BernatowiczVIChiselerList V – National Workers CommitteeLudwik ŚliwińskiVILocksmithList V – National Workers CommitteeJózef SzycVISaddlerList V – National Workers Committee Otwarcie Rady Miejskiej in Dziennik Zarządu Miasta Stołecznego Warszawy, July 24, 1916Przed otwarciem Rady Miejskiej, in Gazeta Poranna 2 Grosze, July 24, 1916, p. 2Wybory do rady miejskiej, in Kurjer Warszawski, July 5, 1916. pp. 1-2 Alternate members elected from the Sixth Curia election included Ludwik Gdyk pl (List V), Norbert Barlicki (PPS-Frakcja), Władysław Kowalski (born 1883) Władysław Kowalski pl Władysław Kowalski (komunista) (SDKPiL), Franciszek Fiedler Franciszek Truskier pl Franciszek Fiedler (SDKPiL) and Lucjan Rudnicki (SDKPiL).Wybory do 6-ej kurji, in Goniec Poranny, July 16, 1916. p. 3 Notes References Category:Political history of Warsaw Category:1916 elections in Europe Category:Local elections in Poland Category:Warsaw in World War I Category:1910s elections in Poland Category:1916 in Poland Category:July 1916 in Europe Category:City council elections