1995 in science

none 1995 science 1995 The year 1995 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below. Astronomy and space exploration February – Project Phoenix begins looking for extraterrestrial transmissions using the Parkes Observatory radio telescope in New South Wales, Australia, the largest telescope in the Southern Hemisphere. February 8 – Asteroid 6349 Acapulco is discovered by Masahiro Koishikawa. March 22 – Cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov returns after setting a record for 438 days in space. July 23 – Comet Hale–Bopp is discovered by Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp independently. October 6 – 51 Pegasi b: Didier Queloz and Michel Mayor of the University of Geneva at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence announce the first definitive detection of an extrasolar planet orbiting an ordinary main sequence star (51 Pegasi)Mayor, Michael Queloz, Didier A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star Nature 378 6555 1995 355–359 10.1038/378355a0 1995Natur.378..355M 4339201 and the first "hot Jupiter". December 7 – NASA's Galileo Probe enters Jupiter's atmosphere. December 18 - 28 Hubble observes its first deep field The "Big Ear" at the Ohio State University Radio Observatory ends its full-time search for extraterrestrial intelligence radio survey, having run continuously for 22 years, beginning in 1973. Richard P. Binzel devises the original of what will become the Torino Scale for categorizing the impact hazard associated with near-Earth objects."A Near-Earth Object Hazard Index" presented at a United Nations conference and published in its proceedings, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 822 (1997). The first brown dwarf – Teide 1 – is discovered.http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2009-174 Spitzer Telescope Observes Baby Brown Dwarf Jet Propulsion Laboratory Biology March 24 – Patrick Callaerts and colleagues publish the first classic demonstration of the role of the PAX6 gene in the development of eyes.Halder Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila Science 267 1788–1792 1995 5205 10.1126/science.7892602 7892602 1995Sci...267.1788H Georg Callaerts Patrick Gehring Walter J. The genome of Haemophilus influenzae is the first genome of a free living organism to be sequenced. Sudden oak death, the tree disease caused by the plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum, is first observed, in California, United States.Hansard Carolyn Introduced Species Summary Project Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum) http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Phytophthora_ramorum.htm Columbia University Computer science January 27 – Prodigy (online service) offers access to the World Wide Web.https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/31/business/company-news-prodigy-sees-quick-growth-from-internet-web-service.html COMPANY NEWS; Prodigy Sees Quick Growth from Internet Web Service The New York Times 31 January 1995 Lewis Peter H. March 1 – The first Yahoo! Search interface is founded. March 25 – Ward Cunningham loads the first wiki software, WikiWikiWeb, in Oregon. April 30 – The United States government stops funding the NSFNET, making the Internet a wholly privatized system.http://www.cybertelecom.org/notes/nsfnet.htm Cybertelecom :: NSFNET cybertelecom.org 2023-05-14 2012-08-25 https://web.archive.org/web/20120825030617/http://www.cybertelecom.org/notes/nsfnet.htm dead May 23 – The Java programming language is announced to the world. June 8 – Danish/Greenlandic/Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf releases the first version of the scripting language PHP, which in 15 years will be used as the server-side language on 75% of all Web servers.Announce: Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools) Lerdorf Rasmus 1995-06-08 comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi https://groups.google.com/group/comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi/msg/cc7d43454d64d133 2012-06-08 July 16 – Amazon.com, incorporated a year earlier by Jeff Bezos in Washington (state) as an online bookstore, sells its first book, Douglas Hofstadter's Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought.http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-corporateTimeline History & Timeline 2012-07-02Ann Byers 2006 Jeff Bezos: the founder of Amazon.com The Rosen Publishing Group https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz43wixr2IcC&pg=PA47 46–47 9781404207172 November 22 – Toy Story, the first feature film created using only computer-generated imagery, is released in theaters in the United States. Andy Harter and colleagues devise Virtual Network Computing. Earth sciences Bruce Luyendyk first proposes the name Zealandia for a southern continent. Mathematics May – Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is published in Annals of Mathematics.Wiles Andrew Andrew Wiles 1995 Modular elliptic curves and Fermat's Last Theorem http://math.stanford.edu/~lekheng/flt/wiles.pdf Annals of Mathematics 141 3 443–551 0003-486X 37032255 10.2307/2118559 2118559 0823.11029 2013-05-15 2011-05-10 https://web.archive.org/web/20110510062158/http://math.stanford.edu/%7Elekheng/flt/wiles.pdf dead; Richard Taylor (mathematician) Richard Taylor Andrew Wiles 1995 Ring-theoretic properties of certain Hecke algebras Annals of Mathematics 141 3 553–572 http://math.stanford.edu/~lekheng/flt/taylor-wiles.pdf 10.2307/2118560 37032255 2118560 0823.11030 2013-05-15 2017-03-09 https://web.archive.org/web/20170309154750/http://math.stanford.edu/~lekheng/flt/taylor-wiles.pdf dead Medicine January 30 – Workers from the National Institutes of Health announce the success of clinical trials testing the first preventive treatment for sickle cell anaemia. December 6 – The United States Food and Drug Administration approves Saquinavir, the first protease inhibitor to treat HIV/AIDS. Within 2 years of its approval, annual deaths from AIDS in the United States fall from over 50,000 to approximately 18,000.HIV Surveillance --- United States, 1981--2008 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6021a2.htm November 8, 2013 live https://web.archive.org/web/20131109001606/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6021a2.htm November 9, 2013 Neuroscience The RELN gene and Reelin protein are discovered by Gabriella D'Arcangelo and colleagues, solving the mystery behind the formation of "inverted cortical layers" in the brain of reeler mutant mice, and sparking an avalanche of research into the Reelin's role in neurodevelopment. Physics March 2 – Top quark discovery announced.Abe, F. et al (CDF Collaboration) 1995 Observation of Top Quark Production in AntiprotonProton Collisions with the Collider Detector at Fermilab Physical Review Letters 74 14 2626–2631 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2626 10057978 1995PhRvL..74.2626A hep-ex/9503002 119451328Abachi, S. et al (DØ Collaboration) 1995 Search for High Mass Top Quark Production in ProtonAntiproton Collisions at s = 1.8 TeV Physical Review Letters 74 13 2422–2426 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2422 10057924 1995PhRvL..74.2422A hep-ex/9411001 119392677T. M. Liss P. L. Tipton 1997 The Discovery of the Top Quark http://www.hep.uiuc.edu/home/tml/SciAmTop.pdf Scientific American 277 3 54–59 10.1038/scientificamerican0997-54 1997SciAm.277c..54L Spring – M-theory is conjectured by Edward Witten. Psychology Elizabeth Loftus describes the "Lost in the mall technique" as a demonstration that confabulations can be created through suggestions to experimental subjects.Loftus E. F. Pickrell, J. E. 1995 The formation of false memories Psychiatric Annals 25 12 http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/Papers/Py104/loftusmem1.pdf 720–725 2011-02-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20081203033217/http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/Papers/Py104/loftusmem1.pdf 2008-12-03 dead 10.3928/0048-5713-19951201-07 Organisations The first SampTA conference for mathematicians, engineers and applied scientists is held in Riga, Latvia.SampTA1995 Sampta95 link Awards Nobel Prizes Physics – Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines Chemistry – Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland Medicine – Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric Wieschaus Peace – Joseph Rotblat Turing Award – Manuel Blum Wollaston Medal for Geology – George P. L. Walker Enshrinement in the Panthéon, Paris – Pierre and Marie Curie Spinoza Prize first awarded in the Netherlands. Deaths January 30 – Gerald Durrell (b. 1925), British wildlife conservationist. March 24 – Joseph Needham (b. 1900), English biochemist and writer on the history of science and technology in China. April 2 – Hannes Alfvén (b. 1908), Swedish astrophysicist. June 23 – Jonas Salk (b. 1914), American medical researcher. August 11 – Alonzo Church (b. 1903), American mathematician. September 13 – A. E. Wilder-Smith (b. 1915), British organic chemist. December 2 – Mária Telkes (b. 1900), Hungarian-American scientist and inventor December 14 – Constance Tipper (b. 1894), English metallurgist. December 18 – Nathan Rosen (b. 1909), American-born Israeli physicist. References 1990s Science Category:20th century in science Category:1990s in science