1303 Crete earthquake

Earthquake (8 August 1303) October 2024 1303 Crete earthquake yes 8 August 1303 At about dawn Greece 8.0 (est.) IX 35.0 27.0 inline,title Greece, Rhodes, Egypt Yes Many thousands, including about 4,000 in Cretehttps://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/5940 Significant Earthquake Information National Geophysical Data Center/ World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information 1972 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information 30 March 2022 10.7289/V5TD9V7K The 1303 Crete earthquake occurred at about dawn on 8 August. It had an estimated magnitude of about 8, a maximum intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and triggered a major tsunami that caused severe damage and loss of life on Crete and at Alexandria. It badly damaged the Lighthouse of Alexandria. Tectonic setting The Hellenic arc, the most likely location for this earthquake, is an arcuate tectonic feature related to the subduction of the African plate beneath the Aegean Sea plate. It is one of the most active seismic zones in western Eurasia and has a history of large earthquakes that also affect Egypt. Damage The earthquake and the tsunami are recorded as having a devastating impact on Heraklion, Crete.Tsapanos T. M. 2003 A seismic hazard scenario for the main cities of Crete island, Greece Geophysical Journal International 153 403–408 2003GeoJI.153..403T 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01874.x 2 free Detailed information is available from reports made by representatives from Heraklion (then Candia) to the controlling Venetian administration, written on the day of the earthquake and twenty days later. They describe the extent of damage to the main public buildings of Candia and castles over the whole island. The reports mention that most of the victims were women and children, without giving numbers.Guidoboni E. Comastri A. 1997 The large earthquake of 8 August 1303 in Crete: seismic scenario and tsunami in the Mediterranean area Journal of Seismology 1 1 55–72 10.1023/A:1009737632542 https://www.academia.edu/9447864 1997JSeis...1...55G 126898422 There was massive flooding at Alexandria. Many ships were destroyed, some of them carried up to 2 mi km inland. The port city of Acre, on the Levantine coast, was also affected. Buildings were destroyed and people swept to their deaths.Papadopolous G. A. Daskalaki E. Fokaefs A. Giraleas N. 2007 Tsunami hazards in the Eastern Mediterranean: strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the East Hellenic Arc and Trench system Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7 1 57–64 http://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/29/94/03/PDF/nhess-7-57-2007.pdf 10.5194/nhess-7-57-2007 2007NHESS...7...57P free In Egypt the earthquake caused severe damage in Cairo, dislodging much of the Great Pyramid's white limestone casingDarwish M. Facing the Challenges in Structural Engineering Sustainable Civil Infrastructures 1–11 Springer 2018 978-3-319-61914-9 Rodrigues H. Variation of the Structural Dynamic Characteristics of the Great Pyramid with the Limestone Properties 10.1007/978-3-319-61914-9_1 Elnashai A. Calvi G.M. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-61914-9_1 and toppling minarets on many mosques. In Alexandria the city walls were mostly destroyed. Most notably, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the seven Wonders of the World, was badly damaged.Abdelnaby Adel E. Elnashai Amr S. October 2013 Integrity assessment of the Pharos of Alexandria during the 1303 CE earthquake Engineering Failure Analysis 33 119–138 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.04.013 Homes in Alexandria collapsed, killing many people.Badawy Ahmed Historical seismicity of Egypt Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica 1999 34 1 119–135 10.1007/BF03325564 131467239 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283839188 According to Alexis Perrey, the earthquake was felt on the entire Adriatic coast, up to Venice (about 1600 km -2 or from Heraklion).Kišpatić Mijo Potresi u Hrvatskoj Earthquakes in Croatia 1891 Tisak Dioničke tiskare Zagreb 14 https://archive.org/details/potresiuhrvatsk00kigoog 21 April 2022 hr Characteristics Earthquake Although the precise location of the epicenter is uncertain, it is generally agreed that the earthquake ruptured the eastern segment of the Hellenic arc somewhere between Crete and Rhodes. The earthquake caused damage over a wide area including Crete, the Peloponnese, Rhodes, Cairo, Acre, Damascus, Antioch, and Cyprus and was felt as far away as Constantinople (1000 km mi on semicolon) and possibly Tunis (1500 km mi on semicolon). The exact magnitude is unknown but is estimated to have been about 8.0.Papazachos B. C. 1996 Large seismic faults in the Hellenic arc Annali di Geofisica 39 5 891–903 http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/1706/1/01%20papazachos.pdf 18 July 2011 28 July 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20110718173826/http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/1706/1/01%20papazachos.pdf dead Tsunami Modeling of the tsunami predicts a maximum 9 m ft on run-up at Alexandria, with about a 40-minute delay from the time of the earthquake to the arrival of the first wave in Egypt.Hamouda A. Z. 2006 Numerical computations of 1303 tsunamigenic propagation towards Alexandria, Egyptian Coast Journal of African Earth Sciences 44 1 37–44 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.005 2006JAfES..44...37H See also 365 Crete earthquake List of earthquakes in Greece List of historical earthquakes List of tsunamis References Category:14th-century earthquakes Crete Earthquake, 1303 Category:Earthquakes in Crete Category:Kingdom of Candia Category:Megathrust earthquakes in Greece Category:Tsunamis in Egypt Category:Tsunamis in Greece Category:Great Pyramid of Giza