1988 Canadian federal election

none September 2023 1988 Canadian federal election Canada parliamentary no no no 75.3%Voter Turnout at Federal Elections and Referendums http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=ele&dir=turn&document=index&lang=e 4 September 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240904113356/https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=ele&dir=turn&document=index&lang=e 21 November 1988 live Elections Canada 11 January 2014 () Opinion polling for the 1988 Canadian federal election 1984 Canadian federal election 1984 33rd Canadian Parliament 1993 Canadian federal election 1993 34th Canadian Parliament 295 seats in the House of Commons 148 November 21, 1988 x160px Brian Mulroney 1987 crop (brightened).jpg 120 120 160 0 0 CA PC nohash Brian Mulroney June 11, 1983 CA PC name Charlevoix 211 seats, 50.03% 203 169Includes Beaver River MP John Dahmer, who died five days after the election, before being sworn in, with the seat being lost in the subsequent by-election. 34 5,667,543 43.02% 7.01 pp John Turner, 1987 (cropped).jpg 120 120 160 0 0 CA Liberal nohash John Turner June 16, 1984 CA Liberal name Vancouver Quadra 40 seats, 28.02% 38 83 45 4,205,072 31.92% 3.89 pp Ed Broadbent 1980 (cropped).jpg 120 120 160 0 0 CA NDP nohash Ed Broadbent July 7, 1975 CA NDP name Oshawa 30 seats, 18.81% 32 43 11 2,685,263 20.38% 1.57 pp 350px Results by electoral district 350px Results by province and territory Prime Minister Prime Minister after election Brian Mulroney CA PC name Brian Mulroney CA PC name Cdn1988.PNG The Canadian parliament after the 1988 election The 1988 Canadian federal election was held on November 21, 1988, to elect members to the House of Commons of Canada of the 34th Parliament of Canada following the dissolution of the House on October 1.Journals : Senate Journals, 33rd Parliament, 2n... - Canadian Parliamentary Historical Resources https://parl.canadiana.ca/view/oop.SOC_3302_129_01/5 parl.canadiana.ca Canadian Parliamentary Historical Resources 30 April 2025 It was an election largely fought on a single issue, the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement (CUSFTA); the Progressive Conservative Party campaigned in favour of it, whereas the Liberal Party and the New Democratic Party (NDP) campaigned against it. The incumbent Progressive Conservative Party, led by Brian Mulroney, was reelected with a second majority government, although based on less than half the votes cast. Mulroney was the party's first leader since John A. Macdonald to win a second consecutive majority government.Conservative Prime Minister Robert Borden won two majority governments, but the second majority he won in 1917 was when he was leader of the Unionist Party, a party composed of pro-conscription Conservatives and Liberals. Additionally, this election was the last election in which the Progressive Conservatives would poll over 40 per cent of the vote, as this would not recur until 2025, under the banner of the Conservative Party of Canada. The Liberal Party experienced a recovery after its 1984 wipeout, more than doubling its seat count. The New Democratic Party won its largest number of seats up to the time (they would beat the 1988 record in 2011). The election was the last won by the Progressive Conservatives, the last until 2011 in which a right-of-centre party formed a majority government, and the most recent where a right-of-centre party won the most seats in Quebec during a federal election. It is also the most recent election in which only three parties were elected to Parliament. With Mulroney winning a majority, the agreement was passed into law, even though a majority of the voters had voted for parties opposing free trade."The New Life of Brian Mulroney". The Walrus, Ira Wells, Apr. 19, 2018 Background Brian Mulroney led the Progressive Conservative Party to a landslide majority government victory in the 1984 federal election. In subsequent years, scandals and patronage damaged his polling numbers. However, in his fourth year in office in 1988, his popularity began to recover; a poll a few days before the election call showed the Progressive Conservatives ahead of the Liberal Party and New Democratic Party.Azzi Stephen Election of 1988 https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/election-1988-feature Canadian Encyclopedia 4 September 2024 live https://archive.today/20240904114235/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/election-1988-feature 27 February 2022 28 September 2008 The Liberal Party led by John Turner suffered a heavy defeat in the 1984 election. Despite this, Turner stayed on as leader and was preparing to campaign for the second election. However, the Liberal Party was in financial and political disarray; by 1986 the party was heavily in debt. Turner's office experienced significant staff turnover, and some former aides were willing to recount stories of the office's disfunction to the press, resulting in one journalist referring to Turner's leadership as a "reign of error".Clarkson 1989 31 Some pundits believed the Liberals would permanently drop to third place. In 1987, Mulroney reached an agreement on free trade with the United States. Turner's Liberal Party and Ed Broadbent's New Democratic Party opposed the agreement; Turner believed that the agreement would Americanize Canada. Mulroney used his large majority to pass the bill through the House of Commons; however, the Liberal-dominated Senate demanded an election before they would pass it. The election was called on October 1.Farnsworth Clyde H. 1 Canadian Pact Voted By Senate https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/20/business/canadian-pact-voted-by-senate.html 10 April 2023 https://archive.today/20230410175413/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/20/business/canadian-pact-voted-by-senate.html live The New York Times subscription 27 February 2022 20 September 1988 Campaign The Liberals had some early struggles, notably during one day in Montreal where three different costs were given for the proposed Liberal daycare program.Clarkson 1989 30 When asked by reporters about the incident, Turner's chief of staff responded using vulgar language. The campaign was also hampered by a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) report that stated there was a movement in the backroom to replace Turner with Jean Chrétien, even though Turner had passed a leadership review in 1986 with 76.3 per cent of delegates rejecting a leadership convention.Clarkson 1989 30 Turner strongly campaigned against free trade, arguing that it would cost many Canadian jobs. His October 24 and 25 debate performances led to growing Liberal support, with polls suggesting a Liberal government; a week after the debate, the Liberals were six points ahead of the PCs. The Liberal surge prompted the PCs to stop the relatively calm campaign they had been running and instead run a more negative campaign, capitalizing on the perceived lack of public confidence in Turner and his perceived inability to lead the Liberal Party, arguing that he only opposed free trade because of political opportunism. The PCs' poll numbers started to rebound. Opinion polling Opinion polling for the 1988 Canadian federal election thumb|750px|left|Graph of opinion polls conducted National results The Progressive Conservatives won a reduced but strong majority government with 169 seats, and the free trade agreement would go into effect on January 1, 1989. Mulroney was the first Conservative prime minister since John A. Macdonald to win more than one majority. In an ironic reversal of most prior federal elections, the PCs owed their majority to their success in Quebec, where they achieved the best result in party history by winning 63 of 75 seats. Despite the Liberals more than doubling their seat count from 38 to 83, the results were considered a disappointment for Turner, after polls in mid-campaign predicted a Liberal victory. This second election loss sealed Turner's fate; he would resign in 1990 and was succeeded by Jean Chrétien, who proved to be a more effective leader and when in government, accepted free trade with the United States and did not overturn CUSFTA. Despite the New Democratic Party enjoying their best result at the time (winning 43 seats), Ed Broadbent resigned as leader in 1989. Some NDP members were disappointed by the fact that they did not become the Official Opposition. center|300pxPartyParty leader# ofcandidatesSeatsPopular vote1984Dissol.Elected% change#%Change CA PC row Progressive Conservative Brian Mulroney295211203169-19.9% 5,667,543 43.02%-7.02pp CA Liberal row Liberal John Turner294403883+107.5% 4,205,072 31.92%+3.89pp CA NDP row New Democratic Party Ed Broadbent295303243+34.4% 2,685,26320.38%+1.57pp CA Reform row-name Preston Manning72*--*275,7672.09%* CA Christian Heritage row-name Ed Vanwoudenberg63*--* 102,533 0.78%* CA Rhinoceros (historical) row-name Cornelius the First74---- 52,1730.40%-0.39pp CA Green row-name Seymour Trieger68---- 47,228 0.36% +0.14pp CA CoR row-name Elmer Knutson51---- 41,342 0.31%-0.68pp CA Libertarian row-name Dennis Corrigan88---- 33,135 0.25% +0.06pp CA Independent rowNo affiliation100--- 24,5160.19%-0.12pp CA Independent rowIndependent5514--22,9820.17%-0.01pp CA PCC row-name Gilles Gervais58---- 7,467 0.06%-0.21pp CA Communist row-name George Hewison51--- - 7,066 0.05%-0.01pp CA Social Credit row-name Harvey Lainson9----3,4070.03%-0.10pp    Vacant5 Total1,573282282295+4.6%13,175,494100%  Note: "% change" refers to change from previous election Vote and seat summaries Ternary plots - shift of electoral support (1984-1988) 350 200 yes center Electoral districts identified by colours of winning parties File:Ternary CA1984.svg 1984 Ternary plot of 1984 results File:Ternary CA1988.svg 1988 Ternary plot of 1988 results Popular vote #ddd 600px 410px PC #9999ff 43.02 Liberal #F08080 31.92 NDP #F4A460 20.38 Reform CA Reform 2.09 Others #DCDCDC 2.59 Seat totals #ddd 600px 410px PC #9999ff 57.29 Liberal #F08080 28.14 NDP #F4A460 14.58 A number of unregistered parties also contested the election. The Western Canada Concept party, led by Doug Christie, fielded three candidates in British Columbia. The Western Independence Party ran one candidate in British Columbia, seven in Alberta, and three in Manitoba (although one of the Manitoba candidates appears to have withdrawn before election day). The Liberal candidate in Etobicoke-Lakeshore, Emmanuel Feuerwerker, withdrew from the race, resulting in the Liberals not running a candidate in all 295 ridings during this election. The Marxist–Leninist Party fielded candidates in several ridings. The moribund Social Credit Party fielded nine candidates, far short of the 50 required for official recognition. However, the Chief Electoral Officer allowed the party's name to appear on the ballot by virtue of its half-century history as a recognized party. It would be the last time that the party, which had been the third-largest in Canada at its height, would fight an election under its own name. The party was deregistered before the 1993 election after it failed to nominate enough candidates to keep its registration. Seats which changed hands Defeated MPs PartyRidingMPFirst electedDefeated byPartyCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameBurin—St. George'sJoe Price1984Roger SimmonsCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameCardiganPat Binns1984Lawrence MacAulayCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameCharlottetownThomas McMillan1979George ProudCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameCape Breton Highlands—CansoLawrence O'Neil1984Francis LeBlancCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameDartmouthMichael Forrestall1965Ron MacDonaldCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameHalifaxStewart McInnes1984Mary ClancyCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameSouth West NovaGerald Comeau1984Coline CampbellCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameMiramichiBud Jardine1984Maurice DionneCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameMonctonDennis Cochrane1984George RideoutCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameRestigouche—ChaleurAl Girard1984Guy ArseneaultCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameGatineau—La LièvreClaudy Mailly1984Mark AssadCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameLasalle (contested LaSalle—Émard)Claude Lanthier1984Paul MartinCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameCharlevoix (contested Laurier—Sainte-Marie)Charles Hamelin1984Jean-Claude MalepartCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameEssex-KentJames Eber Caldwell1984Jerry PickardCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameEtobicoke NorthBob Pennock1984Roy MacLarenCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameHaldimand—NorfolkBud Bradley1979Bob SpellerCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameHamilton WestPeter Peterson1984Stan KeyesCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameKentElliott Hardey1984Rex CrawfordCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameKingston and the IslandsFlora MacDonald1972Peter MillikenCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameLambton—MiddlesexSidney Fraleigh1984Ralph FergusonCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameLeeds—GrenvilleJennifer Cossitt1982 by-electionJim JordanCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameLondon EastJim Jepson1984Joe FontanaCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameNepean—Carleton (contested Nepean)William Tupper1984Beryl GaffneyCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameNipissingMoe Mantha Sr.1984Bob WoodCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameOttawa—Carleton (contested Ottawa South)Barry Turner1984John ManleyCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameOttawa WestDavid Daubney1984Marlene CatterallCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameParkdale—High ParkAndrew Witer1984Jesse FlisCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameSault Ste. MarieJim Kelleher1984Steve ButlandCA NDP colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameScarborough WestReg Stackhouse1984Tom WappelCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameYork—Scarborough (contested Scarborough—Agincourt)Paul McCrossan1984Jim KarygiannisCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameTimmins—ChapleauAurèle Gervais1984Cid SamsonCA NDP colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameWelland (contested Welland—St. Catharines—Thorold)Allan Pietz1984Gilbert ParentCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameWillowdaleJohn Oostrom1984Jim PetersonCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameSaint BonifaceLéo Duguay1984Ron DuhamelCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameMackenzieJack Scowen1984Vic AlthouseCA NDP colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameSaskatoon West (contested Saskatoon—Clark's Crossing)Ray Hnatyshyn1974Chris AxworthyCA NDP colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameThe Battlefords—Meadow LakeJohn Kenneth Gormley1984Len TaylorCA NDP colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameEdmonton EastWilliam Lesick1984Ross HarveyCA NDP colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameKootenay EastStan Graham1984Sid ParkerCA NDP colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameKootenay West (contested Kootenay West—Revelstoke)Robert Brisco1984 (1974)Lyle KristiansenCA NDP colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameMission—Port Moody (contested Mission—Coquitlam)Gerry St. Germain1983 by-electionJoy LanganCA NDP colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameNanaimo—Alberni (contested Nanaimo—Cowichan)Ted Schellenberg1984David StupichCA NDP colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameOkanagan—Similkameen (contested Okanagan—Similkameen—Merritt)Fred King1979Jack WhittakerCA NDP colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameEsquimalt—Saanich (contested Saanich—Gulf Islands)Patrick Crofton1984Lynn HunterCA NDP colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameWestern ArcticDave Nickerson1984Ethel BlondinCA Liberal colour&nameCA NDP colour&nameSt. John's EastJack Harris1987 by-electionRoss ReidCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameCA NDP colour&nameBroadview—GreenwoodLynn McDonald1982 by-electionDennis MillsCA Liberal colour&nameCA NDP colour&nameHamilton MountainMarion Dewar1987 by-electionBeth PhinneyCA Liberal colour&nameCA NDP colour&nameKenora—Rainy RiverJohn Edmund Parry1984Bob NaultCA Liberal colour&nameCA NDP colour&nameOttawa CentreMike Cassidy1984Mac HarbCA Liberal colour&nameCA NDP colour&nameThunder Bay—NipigonErnie Epp1984Joe ComuzziCA Liberal colour&nameCA NDP colour&nameWinnipeg North CentreCyril Keeper1984David WalkerCA Liberal colour&nameCA NDP colour&nameWinnipeg NorthDavid Orlikow1962Rey PagtakhanCA Liberal colour&nameCA Liberal colour&nameOutremontLucie Pépin1984Jean-Pierre HogueCA Progressive Conservative colour&name Open seats that changed hands PartyCandidateIncumbent retiring from the HouseRidingWon byPartyCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameMorrissey JohnsonMorrissey JohnsonBonavista—Trinity—ConceptionFred MifflinCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameGordon LankMelbourne GassMalpequeCatherine CallbeckCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameJean GauvinRoger ClinchGloucesterDoug YoungCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameReg JewellGeorge HeesNorthumberlandChristine StewartCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameJack ArthurJack EllisPrince Edward—HastingsLyle VancliefCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameEric J. CameronNorman WarnerStormont—DundasBob KilgerCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameSedluk Bryan PearsonThomas SulukNunatsiaqJack Iyerak AnawakCA Liberal colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameValerie KordybanLorne McCuishPrince George—Bulkley ValleyBrian GardinerCA NDP colour&nameCA Progressive Conservative colour&nameGeoff YoungAllan McKinnonVictoriaJohn F. BrewinCA NDP colour&nameCA Independent colour&nameN/ATony RomanYork NorthMaurizio BevilacquaCA Liberal colour&name New seats Old ridingNew ridingNew seat won byPartyMississauga NorthMississauga EastAlbina GuarnieriCA Liberal colour&nameMississauga NorthMississauga WestRobert HornerCA Progressive Conservative colour&name Results by province Party nameBCABSKMBONQCNBNSPENLNTYKTotal    Progressive Conservative Seats:12 25 4 7 46 63 5 5 -2 - - 169 Popular vote:35.3 51.8 36.4 36.9 38.2 52.7 40.4 40.9 41.5 42.2 26.4 35.3 43.0     Liberal Seats:1 -- 5 43 12 5 6 4 5 2 -83 Vote:20.4 13.7 18.2 36.5 38.9 30.3 45.4 46.5 49.9 45.0 41.4 11.3 31.9     New Democratic Party Seats:19 1 10 2 10 - - - - - - 1 43 Vote:37.0 17.4 44.2 21.3 20.1 14.4 9.3 11.4 7.5 12.4 28.3 51.4 20.38 Total seats32 26 14 14 99 75 10 11 4 7 2 1 295 Parties that won no seats: CA Reform row-name Vote:4.8 15.4   3.3                 2.1 CA Christian Heritage row-name Vote:  1.1     1.4             2.0 0.8 CA Rhinoceros (historical) row-name Vote:          1.2             0.4 CA Green row-name Vote:                        0.4 CA CoR row-name Vote:            4.3           0.3 CA Libertarian row-name Vote:                        0.3 CA PCC row-name Vote:          0.2             0.1 CA Communist row-name Vote:                        0.1 CA Social Credit row-name Vote:                        xx CA Independent row Other Vote:                        0.4 xx - less than 0.05% of the popular vote. Note: Parties that captured less than 1% of the vote in a province are not recorded. Election milestones Until the 2011 federal election, the 1988 election was the most successful in the New Democratic Party's history. The party dominated in British Columbia and Saskatchewan, won significant support in Ontario and elected its first (and, until the 2008 election, only) member from Alberta. This is the most recent election in which the New Democrats won the most seats in British Columbia and Saskatchewan. This was the second election contested by the Green Party, and it saw a more than 50 per cent increase in its vote, but it remained a minor party. The election was the last for Canada's Social Credit Party. The party won no seats, and won an insignificant portion of the popular vote. The party attempted to fight the 1993 election, but lost its registration after being unable to field enough candidates. This was the first election for the newly founded Reform Party which for this vote only contested seats in Western Canada. It was led by Preston Manning, who was himself a one time Socred candidate and the son of longtime Alberta Social Credit premier Ernest Manning. Reform won no seats and a negligible percentage of the vote. However, Deborah Grey would win the first seat for Reform, Beaver River in Alberta, in a by-election held four months later. Grey, who had finished a distant fourth running in the same riding in the general election, succeeded rookie Progressive Conservative MP John Dahmer, who died of pancreatic cancer before taking office. For the Progressive Conservatives, this was the last federal election they would ever win. A centre-right party would not win government until 2006, and a conservative party would not win over 40 per cent of the vote until 2025. Notes Number of parties: 11 First appearance: Christian Heritage Party, Reform Party Final appearance: Confederation of Regions Party, Social Credit Party Final appearance before hiatus: Communist Party (returned in 2000), Rhinoceros Party (returned in 2006) 10 closest ridings London-Middlesex, ON: Terry Clifford (PC) def. Garnet Bloomfield (Lib) by 8 votes Northumberland, ON: Christine Stewart (Lib) def. Reg Jewell (PC) by 28 votes Hamilton Mountain, ON: Beth Phinney (Lib) def. Marion Dewar (NDP) by 73 votes York North, ON: Maurizio Bevilacqua (Lib) def. Micheal O'Brien (PC) by 77 votes Rosedale, ON: David MacDonald (PC) def. Bill Graham (Lib) by 80 votes London East, ON: Joe Fontana (Lib) def. Jim Jepson (PC) by 102 votes Haldimand—Norfolk, ON: Bob Speller (Lib) def. Bud Bradley (PC) by 209 votes Hillsborough, PE: George Proud (Lib) def. Thomas McMillan (PC) by 259 votes Cariboo—Chilcotin, BC: Dave Worthy (PC) def. Jack Langford (NDP) by 269 votes Vancouver Centre, BC: future Prime Minister Kim Campbell (PC) def. Johanna Den Hertog (NDP) by 269 votes See also Canada Politics 1911 Canadian federal election, an election similarly contested over free trade with the United States. 2025 Canadian federal election, another election in which trade relations with the United States were a major campaign issue List of Canadian federal general elections List of political parties in Canada Articles on parties' candidates in this election: 15em Independents Confederation of Regions Commonwealth Communist Green Libertarian Liberal New Democrats Progressive Conservative Rhinoceros References Notes Party platforms New Democratic Party of Canada Meeting the Challenge: Ed Broadbent and the New Democrats speak up for average Canadians 1988 New Democratic Party of Canada 66068520 https://www.poltext.org/sites/poltext.org/files/plateformesV2/Canada/CAN_PL_1988_NDP_en.pdf Liberal Party of Canada This is more than an Election, it's your Future 1988 Liberal Party of Canada https://www.poltext.org/sites/poltext.org/files/plateformesV2/Canada/CAN_PL_1988_LIB_en.pdf 51242562 Further reading Argyle Ray Turning Points: The Campaigns that Changed Canada 2004 and Before 2004 White Knight Publications Toronto 978-0-9734186-6-8 https://archive.org/details/turningpointscam0000argy registration pp. 401–428. Leyton-Brown David Canadian Annual Review of Politics and Public Affairs, 1988 1995 University of Toronto Press Toronto 978-0-8020-5849-2 LeDuc Lawrence Pammett Jon H. McKenzie Judith L. Turcotte André Dynasties and Interludes: Past and Present in Canadian Electoral Politics 2010 Dundurn Press Toronto 978-1-55488-886-3 https://archive.org/details/dynastiesinterlu0000unse registration Johnston Richard Blais André Brady Henry E. Crête Jean André Blais Henry E. Brady Letting the People Decide: Dynamics of a Canadian Election 1992 Stanford University Press Stanford, Calif. 978-0-8047-2078-6 https://archive.org/details/lettingpeopledec0000unse registration Fraser Graham Graham Fraser Playing for Keeps: the Making of the Prime Minister, 1988 1989 McClelland & Stewart Toronto 978-0-7710-3208-0 https://archive.org/details/playingforkeepsm0000fras Frizzell Alan Pammett Jon H. Westell Anthony The Canadian General Election of 1988 1989 Dundurn Press Toronto 978-0-88629-089-4 https://archive.org/details/canadiangenerale0000friz registration Frizzell Alan Pammett Jon H. Westell Anthony The Canadian General Election of 1988 1989 Dundurn Press Toronto 978-0-88629-089-4 https://archive.org/details/canadiangenerale0000friz registration The Liberals: Disoriented in Defeat Clarkson Stephen Government reports Canada, Chief Electoral Officer Thirty-Fourth General Election, 1988: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer 1988 Queen's Printer Ottawa https://archive.org/details/micro_IA40243223_1098 Canada, Chief Electoral Officer Thirty-Fourth General Election, 1988: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer - Respecting Election Expenses 1988 Queen's Printer Ottawa https://archive.org/details/31761115530156 External links https://archive.today/20130115170810/http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/archives/5thedition/peopleandsociety/politicalgeography/mcr4167?w=4&h=4&l=2&r=0&c=0 Riding map el Election 1988, by Stephen Azzi CBC Archives: Betting On Free Trade 1988 (excerpt from the English leaders debate 1988 Federal Category:November 1998 in Canada