-ly

English language suffix The suffix -ly in English is usually a contraction of -like, similar to the Anglo-Saxon -lice and German -lich. It is often added to an adjective to form an adverb. Origin and cognates The suffix -ly is related to the word like. They are also related to the obsolete English word lych or lich, and German Leiche, meaning "corpse"; according to the Oxford English Dictionary (entry on lich, etymology section), these words are probably descended from an earlier word that meant something like "shape" or "form". The use of like in the place of -ly as an adverb ending is seen in Appalachian English, from the hardening of the ch in "lich" into a k, originating in northern British speech.In this way, -ly in English is cognate with the common German adjective ending -lich, the Dutch ending -lijk, the Anglo-Saxon -lice, the Indonesian and Malay -lah, the Dano-Norwegian -lig, and Norwegian -leg. Though the origin of the suffix is Germanic, it may now be added to adjectives of Latin origin, as in publicly. The suffix is related to the word like and may descend from an earlier form meaning 'shape' or 'form'. The adjective to which the suffix is added may have been lost from the language, as in the case of early, in which the Anglo-Saxon word aer only survives in the poetic usage ere.The English encyclopedia Arts and sciences 1 Charles Knight 1866 https://books.google.com/books?id=d8NPAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA102 Grammatical rules and conventions It is commonly added to an adjective to form an adverb, but in some cases it is used to form an adjective, such as ugly or manly. When "-ly" is used to form an adjective, it is attached to a noun instead of an adjective (i.e., friendly, lovely). When the suffix is added to a word ending in the letter y, the y before the suffix is replaced with the letter i, as in happily (from happy). This does not always apply in the case of monosyllabic words; for example, shy becomes shyly (but dry can become dryly or drily, and gay becomes gaily). Other examples are heavily (from heavy), luckily (from lucky), temporarily (from temporary), easily (from easy), emptily (from empty), and funnily (from funny).Seely John https://books.google.com/books?id=21NZAAAAMAAJ&q=ly+suffix+ily+letter+y+happily The Oxford Guide to Writing and Speaking 1998 Oxford University Press 978-0-19-863144-6 enTimothy Rasinski https://books.google.com/books?id=y0U7DgAAQBAJ&dq=%22-ly%22+suffix+-wikipedia&pg=PA159 Starting with Prefixes and Suffixes 2017-03-01 Shell Education 978-1-61813-912-2 en Suffix -ly When the suffix is added to a word ending in double l, only y is added with no additional l; for example, full becomes fully. Note also wholly (from whole), which may be pronounced either with a single l sound (like holy) or with a doubled (geminate) l.https://books.google.com/books?id=b-k-DwAAQBAJ&dq=double+ll+-ly+suffix+fully+adverb+skilfully&pg=PA186 Cuerpo de Maestros. Inglés. Temario 2016-11-18 EDITORIAL CEP 978-84-681-8205-6 en When the suffix is added to an adjective ending in a vowel letter followed by the letter l, it results in an adverb spelled with -lly, for example, the adverb centrally from the adjective central, but without a geminated l sound in pronunciation. Other examples are actually, historically, really, carefully, especially, and usually. When the suffix is added to a word ending in a consonant followed by le (pronounced as a syllabic l), generally the mute e is dropped, the l loses its syllabic nature, and no additional l is added; this category is mostly composed of adverbs that end in -ably or -ibly (and correspond to adjectives ending in -able or -ible), such as probably, presumably, visibly, terribly, horribly and possibly, but it also includes other words such as nobly, feebly, simply, doubly, triply, quadriply and idly. However, there are a few words where this contraction is not always applied, such as brittlely. When -ly is added to an adjective ending -ic, the adjective is usually first expanded by the addition of -al. For example, there are adjectives historic and historical, but the only adverb is historically. Other examples are basically, alphabetically, scientifically, chemically, classically, and astronomically. There are a few exceptions such as publicly.Isitt David https://books.google.com/books?id=IfBZAAAAMAAJ Crazic, Menty, and Idiotal: An Inquiry Into the Use of Suffixes -al, -ic, -ly, and -y in Modern English 1983 Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis 978-91-7346-122-1 enhttps://www.lea-st-marys.lancs.sch.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Homework-Week-beginning-5th-October-2020.pdf Rules for adding suffixes –ment and -ly and the exceptions 5 October 2020 Adjectives in -ly can form inflected comparative and superlative forms (such as friendlier, friendliest, lovelier, loveliest), but most adverbs with this ending do not (a word such as sweetly uses the periphrastic forms more sweetly, most sweetly). For more details see Adverbs and Comparison in the English grammar article. Domain The Libyan domain, .ly was used for domain hacks for this suffix.https://makeawebsitehub.com/tlds/ly-domain-name-extension/ .ly Domain Name Extension 21 March 2019 Meyerson Rob https://books.google.com/books?id=GHs-EAAAQBAJ&dq=libyan+domain+hack+ly+extension&pg=PT164 Brand Naming: The Complete Guide to Creating a Name for Your Company, Product, or Service 2021-12-14 Business Expert Press 978-1-63742-156-7 en Exceptions See also -ing – the suffix used to form gerunds and present tense -ed -logy -ism References Further reading Killie Kristin 2015-01-01 Secondary grammaticalization and the English adverbial -ly suffix https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0388000114001296 Language Sciences en 47 199–214 10.1016/j.langsci.2014.10.003 11250/276923 0388-0001 free subscription Giegerich Heinz J. 2012 The morphology of -ly and the categorial status of "adverbs" in English https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/680fb68c-27ca-4805-99a9-ce0a5d630355 English Language & Linguistics en 16 3 341–359 10.1017/S1360674312000147 20.500.11820/680fb68c-27ca-4805-99a9-ce0a5d630355 56272941 1360-6743 free Nevalainen Terttu 2008 Social variation in intensifier use: constraint on -ly adverbialization in the past https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/english-language-and-linguistics/article/abs/social-variation-in-intensifier-use-constraint-on-ly-adverbialization-in-the-past1/5C51DC6155D913AE228449EECAD6DF46 English Language & Linguistics en 12 2 289–315 10.1017/S1360674308002633 122875588 1469-4379 subscription http://www.web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/why-english-adverbial-ly.pdf Why English adverbial -ly is not inflectional Arnold Zwicky 1995 External links ly Category:English grammar