1864–65 United States Senate elections

none March 2026 January 2025 1864–65 United States Senate elections United States 1863 legislative no 1862–63 United States Senate elections 1862 & 1863 1866–67 United States Senate elections 1866 & 1867 Class 2 1858–59 United States Senate elections 1858 & 1859 1870–71 United States Senate elections 1870 & 1871 24 of the 72 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections) 25 Various dates 125 Seats up Races won Republican Party (US) Henry B. Anthony as Republican Conference Chair Henry B. Anthony - Brady-Handy.jpg March 4, 1863 Rhode Island 32 seats 31 33 2 9 11 Democratic Party (US) Blank2x3.svg 10 seats 10 9 1 4 3 Unconditional Unionist Party (US) 1 seat 5 4 1 1 0 Unionist Party (US) 5 seats 3 2 1 1 0 Majority Party Republican Party (US) Republican Party (US) File:1864senatemap.svg Results of the elections:#0671B0 Democratic gain #92C5DE Democratic hold#CA0120 Republican gain #F48882 Republican hold#552200ff Confederacy #000000ff Barred from being seated 390px The 1864–65 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. They occurred during the American Civil War and Abraham Lincoln's re-election. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1864 and 1865, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/17th-amendment 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913) National Archives and Records Administration February 8, 2022 In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 2. The Republican Party gained two seats. Most states in the region of the Southern United States were absent because of the Civil War. Results summary Senate party division, 39th Congress (1865–1867) Majority party: Republican (37) Minority party: Democratic (9) Other parties: Unconditional Unionist (1); Unionist (1) Vacant: (24) Total seats: 72 Change in Senate composition Before the elections V5Seceded V4Seceded V3Seceded V2 V1 V6Seceded V7Seceded V8Seceded V9Seceded V10Seceded V11Seceded D1 D2 D3 D4 UU5Ran U1 U2 U3Retired D10Ran D9Retired D8Unknown D7Retired D6 D5 UU4 UU3 UU2 UU1 R31Ran R30Ran R29Retired R28Ran R27Ran R26Retired Majority → R25Unknown R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23Ran R24Ran R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 V16 V15 V14 V13 V12 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 V17 V18 V19 V20 V21 As a result of the elections V5Seceded V4Seceded V3Seceded V2 V1 V6Seceded V7Seceded V8Seceded V9Seceded V10Seceded V11Seceded D1 D2 D3 D4 UU2 UU3 UU4 U1 U2 D9Gain D8Hold D7Re-elected D6 D5 UU1 R33Gain R32Gain R31Re-electednew party R30Hold R29Hold R28Hold R27Re-elected R26Re-elected R25Re-elected Majority → R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23Re-elected R24Re-elected R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R5 V17 V16 V15 V14 V13 V12U Loss R1 R2 R3 R4 V18 V19 V20 V21 V22 Beginning of the next Congress V6 V5 V4 V3 V2 V1 V7 V8 V9 V10 V11 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 R36Changed R37Changed UU1 V13UU Loss U1 V12D Loss D9Gain D8 D7 D6 R35New state R34New state R33 R32 R31 R30 R29 R28 R27 R26 Majority → R25 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 V18 V17 V16 V15 V14 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 V19 V20 V21 V22 V23 V24 Key: D# Democratic R# Republican UU# Unconditional Unionist U# Unionist V# Vacant Race summaries Elections during the preceding Congress Special elections were held to fill vacancies in the 38th United States Congress and two new seats created by the admission of Nevada. State Incumbent This race Senator Party Electoralhistory Results Candidates Maryland(Class 3) Thomas Holliday Hicks Union 1862 (ap. appointed)hicks Contemporaneous sources count Hicks as a border state unionist prior to his election and a Republican-Unionist afterward.Evening Journal Almanac 1864 37 Evening Journal Almanac 1865 37 Interim appointee elected as a Unionist January 11, 1864.Union gain.hicks First ballot (January 8, 1864) National Union Party (US) Thomas Holliday Hicks (Union) 67 Democratic Party (US) Samuel Hambleton (Democratic) 18 National Union Party (US) Thomas A. Spence (Union) 2 Blank 4 Delaware(Class 1) James A. Bayard Jr. 185118571863 Incumbent resigned January 29, 1864.New senator elected January 29, 1864.Democratic hold. First ballot (January 29, 1864) Democratic Party (US) George R. Riddle (Democratic) 18 Blank 8 Arkansas(Class 3) Vacant Seat vacant since July 11, 1861.Winner not seated. Fourth ballot (May 2, 1864) Unknown Elisha Baxter (Unknown) 38 UnknownWilliam M. Fishback (Unknown) 34 UnknownJesse Shortis (Unknown) 2 Arkansas(Class 2) Vacant Seat vacant since July 11, 1861.Winner not seated. Twenty-first ballot (May 5, 1864) Unknown William M. Fishback (Unknown) 41 UnknownWilliam D. Snow (Unknown) 16 UnknownSolomon Clark (Unknown) 5 UnknownL. C. White (Unknown) 5 UnknownWilliam J. Patton (Unknown) 4 Scattering 2 Louisiana(Class 3) Vacant Seat vacant since February 4, 1861.Winner not seated. First ballot (October 10, 1864) Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era) R. King Cutler (Free State Republican) 77 Conservative Party (US)Cuthbert Bullitt (Conservative Union) 20 Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)Edward H. Durell (Free State Republican) 7 Louisiana(Class 2) Vacant Seat vacant since March 14, 1861.Winner not seated. First ballot (October 10, 1864) Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era) Charles Smith (Free State Republican) 62 Conservative Party (US)Cuthbert Bullitt (Conservative Union) 35 Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)Edward H. Durell (Free State Republican) 7 Nevada2 seats None (new state) Seat created October 31, 1864. Union gain. First ballot (December 15, 1864) National Union Party (US) William M. Stewart (Union) 33 National Union Party (US)James W. Nye (Union) 23 National Union Party (US)Charles E. DeLong (Union) 23 National Union Party (US)Bernard C. Whitman (Union) 13 Independent RepublicanJohn Cradlebaugh (Independent Union) 12 Seat created October 31, 1864. Union gain. Ninth ballot (December 16, 1864) National Union Party (US) James W. Nye (Union) 29 National Union Party (US)Charles E. DeLong (Union) 16 Independent RepublicanJohn Cradlebaugh (Independent Union) 7 Virginia(Class 1) Lemuel J. Bowden Union 1863 Incumbent died January 2, 1864.Winner not seated.Union loss. First ballot (December 8, 1864) National Union Party (US) Joseph Segar (Union) 11 National Union Party (US)John C. Underwood (Union) 3 National Union Party (US)S. Ferguson Beach (Union) 1 National Union Party (US)Lewis McKenzie (Union) 1 Maine(Class 2) Nathan A. Farwell Union 1864 (ap.) appointed Appointee re-elected. First ballot (January 11, 1865) National Union Party (US) Nathan A. Farwell (Union) 118 H Maine House of Representatives; 27 S Maine Senate Democratic Party (US)William P. Haines (Democratic) 21 H Maine House of Representatives; 0 S Maine Senate Elections leading to the next Congress These senators were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1865. State Incumbent This race Senator Party Electoralhistory Results Candidates Alabama Vacant Seat vacant since March 14, 1861.Winner not seated. First ballot (November 28, 1865) Unknown Lewis E. Parsons (Unknown) 116 Scattering 4 Arkansas Vacant Seat vacant since July 11, 1861.Winner not seated. Third ballot (December 30, 1864) Unknown William D. Snow (Unknown) 35 UnknownOrville Jennings (Unknown) 23 Scattering 2 Delaware Willard Saulsbury Sr. Democratic 1858 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 24, 1865) Democratic Party (US) Willard Saulsbury (Democratic) 19 National Union Party (US)Edward G. Bradford (Union) 10 Georgia Vacant Seat vacant since March 14, 1861.No election. None. Illinois William Alexander Richardson 1863 (sp. special) Incumbent retired.Union gain. First ballot (January 4, 1865) National Union Party (US) Richard Yates (Union) 64 Democratic Party (US)James C. Robinson (Democratic) 43 Iowa James W. Grimes 1858 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 16, 1864) Republican Party (US) James W. Grimes (Republican) 128 Democratic Party (US)John D. Jennings (Democratic) 5 Democratic Party (US)James M. Love (Democratic) 1 Kansas Jim Lane 1861 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 12, 1865) Republican Party (US) Jim Lane (Republican) 82 Republican Party (US)William A. Phillips (Republican) 7 Democratic Party (US)William C. McDowell (DemocraticWilder 1875 376) 4 UnknownClaudius B. Brace (Unknown) 2 Republican Party (US)William Y. Roberts (RepublicanWilder 1875 202) 2 UnknownB. M. Hughes (Unknown) 1 Kentucky Lazarus W. Powell 1858 Incumbent retired.Democratic hold. First ballot (January 11, 1865) Democratic Party (US) James Guthrie (Democratic) 65 Unconditional Union PartyLovell Rousseau (Unconditional Union) 56 Democratic Party (US)John B. Huston (Democratic) 3 Democratic Party (US)William O. Butler (Democratic) 2 UnknownLandaff Andrews (Unknown) 1 Louisiana Vacant Seat vacant since February 4, 1861.Winner not seated. First ballot (January 9, 1865) Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era) Michael Hahn (Free State Republican) 92 Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)Charles Smith (Free State Republican) 2 Maine Nathan A. Farwell Union 1864 (ap.) appointed1865 (sp.) special Incumbent retired.Union hold. First ballot (January 11, 1865) National Union Party (US) William P. Fessenden (Union) 116 H Maine House of Representatives; 27 S Maine Senate Democratic Party (US)William P. Haines (Democratic) 23 H Maine House of Representatives; 0 S Maine Senate Massachusetts Henry Wilson 1855 (sp.) special1859 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 10 & 20, 1865) Republican Party (US) Henry Wilson (Republican) 207 H Massachusetts House of Representatives; 37 S Massachusetts Senate Republican Party (US)John A. Andrew (Republican) 12 H Massachusetts House of Representatives; 3 S Massachusetts Senate Democratic Party (US)Robert C. Winthrop (DemocraticBaum 1984 71) 4 H Massachusetts House of Representatives; 0 S Massachusetts Senate Republican Party (US)Alexander Bullock (RepublicanBaum 1984 114) 1 H Massachusetts House of Representatives; 0 S Massachusetts Senate UnknownCharles G. Loring (Unknown) 1 H Massachusetts House of Representatives; 0 S Massachusetts Senate Michigan Jacob M. Howard 1862 (sp.) special Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 5, 1865) Republican Party (US) Jacob M. Howard (Republican) 70 H Michigan House of Representatives; 27 S Michigan Senate Democratic Party (US)George V. N. Lothrop (Democratic) 27 H Michigan House of Representatives; 3 S Michigan Senate Minnesota Morton S. Wilkinson 1859 Incumbent lost renomination.Union gain. First ballot (January 10, 1865) National Union Party (US) Daniel S. Norton (Union) 46 Democratic Party (US)James George (Democratic) 13 Mississippi Vacant Seat vacant since March 14, 1861.Winner not seated. Fourth ballot (October 20, 1865) Whig Party (United States) James L. Alcorn (Whig) 74 Democratic Party (US)Samuel J. Gholson (Democratic) 33 Whig Party (United States)William Yerger (Whig) 19 New Hampshire John P. Hale 18461853 (ret. retired)1855 (sp. special)1859 Incumbent lost re-nomination.Republican hold. First ballot (June 15, 1864) Republican Party (US) Aaron H. Cragin (Republican) 201 H New Hampshire House of Representatives; 8 S New Hampshire Senate Democratic Party (US)John H. George (Democratic) 113 H New Hampshire House of Representatives; 3 S New Hampshire Senate Republican Party (US)Gilman Marston (Republican) 4 H New Hampshire House of Representatives; 0 S New Hampshire Senate UnknownIra Allen Eastman (Unknown) 1 H New Hampshire House of Representatives; 0 S New Hampshire Senate New Jersey John C. Ten Eyck Union 1858Ten Eyck was elected as an Oppositionist in 1858 and became a Unionist in 1862.Knapp 1924 16, 70 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain.Winner later unseated. First ballot (March 15, 1865) Democratic Party (US) John P. Stockton (Democratic) 40 National Union Party (US)John C. Ten Eyck (Union) 37 Scattering 4 North Carolina Vacant Seat vacant since July 11, 1861.Winner not seated. First ballot (December 5, 1865) Unknown William Alexander Graham (Unknown) 138 UnknownNathaniel Boyden (Unknown) 8 UnknownRobert P. Dick (Unknown) 7 UnknownBedford Brown (Unknown) 1 Oregon Benjamin F. Harding Union 1862 (sp. special) Incumbent retired.Union hold. Third ballot (September 15, 1864) National Union Party (US) George Henry Williams (Union) 31 National Union Party (US)Thomas H. Pearne (Union) 16 Democratic Party (US)John F. Miller (Democratic) 6 National Union Party (US)W. H. Watkins (Union) 2 Rhode Island Henry B. Anthony Union 1858 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (June 1, 1864) National Union Party (US) Henry B. Anthony (Union) 75 Democratic Party (US)George H. Browne (Democratic) 27 Scattering 2 South Carolina Vacant since November 10, 1860 when James Chesnut Jr. (D) withdrew. Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.Seat remained vacant until 1868. None. Tennessee Vacant since March 3, 1861 when Alfred O. P. Nicholson (D) withdrew. Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.Seat remained vacant until 1866. None. Texas Vacant since July 11, 1861 when John Hemphill (D) was expelled. Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.Seat remained vacant until 1870. None. Virginia John S. Carlile 1861Carlisle was elected as a Unionist and became a Democrat sometime during 1864.Greeley 1864 24 Evening Journal Almanac 1865 40 Incumbent retired.Winner not seated.Union loss. First ballot (December 9, 1864) National Union Party (US) John C. Underwood (Union) 12 National Union Party (US)S. Ferguson Beach (Union) 2 National Union Party (US)Lewis McKenzie (Union) 2 West Virginia Waitman T. Willey UnconditionalUnionist 1863 Incumbent re-elected in 1865 as a Republican.Republican gain. Republican Party (US) Waitman T. Willey (Republican) 53 votes Republican Party (US)Lee Roy Kramer (Republican) 7 votes Republican Party (US)Daniel Polsley (Republican) 6 votes Republican Party (US)Archibald Campbell (Republican) 2 votes IndependentDavid Hunter Strother (Unknown) 1 vote Special elections during the next Congress State Incumbent This race Senator Party Electoralhistory Results Candidates Maryland(Class 3) Vacant Incumbent died February 14, 1865. Union hold. First ballot (March 9, 1865) National Union Party (US) John Creswell (Union) 63 UnknownCathrill Humphries (Unknown) 2 UnknownJames E. Pilkington (Unknown) 2 UnknownA. J. Willis (Unknown) 1 Blank 25 Mississippi(Class 1) Vacant Seat vacant since March 14, 1861.Winner not seated. First ballot (October 19, 1865) Whig Party (United States) William L. Sharkey (Whig) 100 Whig Party (United States)Fulton Anderson (Whig) 26 Alabama(Class 3) Vacant Seat vacant since January 21, 1861.Winner not seated. Fourth ballot (November 28, 1865) Unknown George S. Houston (Unknown) 64 UnknownJohn Forsyth Jr. (Unknown) 28 UnknownA. B. Cooper (Unknown) 18 UnknownThomas H. Watts (Unknown) 17 North Carolina(Class 3) Vacant Seat vacant since July 11, 1861.Winner not seated. Second ballot (December 4, 1865 Unknown John Pool (Unknown) 93 UnknownThomas Samuel Ashe (Unknown) 60 UnknownWilliam N. H. Smith (Unknown) 9 UnknownNathaniel Boyden (Unknown) 1 Florida(Class 1) Vacant Seat vacant since March 14, 1861.Winner not seated. First ballot (December 28, 1865) Unknown Wilkinson Call (Unknown) 51 UnknownJames Patton Anderson (Unknown) 21 Blank 4 Florida(Class 3) Vacant Seat vacant since January 21, 1861.Winner not seated. Ninth ballot (December 28, 1865) Unknown William Marvin (Unknown) 49 UnknownJesse J. Finley (Unknown) 24 Blank 3 Alabama List of United States senators from Alabama Alabama held two elections due to the withdrawal of its senators during the Civil War. The winners were not seated by the Senate.Foner 2014 239 Alabama (regular) Alabama election presidential no 1856 United States Senate election in Alabama 1858 1868 United States Senate elections in Alabama 1868 November 28, 1865 Members of the Alabama LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Lewis E. Parsons - Brady-Handy.jpg Lewis E. Parsons 116 (96.7%) File:John Archibald Campbell - Brady-Handy.jpg John Archibald Campbell 1 (0.8%) File:John Tyler Morgan - Brady-Handy.jpg John T. Morgan 1 (0.8%) File:3x4.svg F. W. Sykes 1 (0.8%) File:Thomas Hill Watts 1860s.jpg Thomas H. Watts 1 (0.8%) Senator None (vacant from March 14, 1861) Lewis E. Parsons (not seated) Two-term Democrat Clement Claiborne Clay withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Alabama.Congressional Quarterly 1985 579 The Alabama Legislature met on November 28, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Lewis E. Parsons defeated four other candidates on the first ballot.Alabama 1866 63 Alabama (special) Alabama special election presidential no 1856 United States Senate election in Alabama 1858 1868 United States Senate elections in Alabama 1868 November 28, 1865 Members of the Alabama LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot 4th ballot File:George S. Houston - Brady-Handy.jpg George S. Houston 61 (47.3%) 64 (50.4%) File:John Forsyth Jr., newspaperman and politician (cropped).jpg John Forsyth Jr. 34 (26.4%) 28 (22.0%) File:3x4.svg A. B. Cooper 34 (26.4%) 18 (14.2%) File:Thomas Hill Watts 1860s.jpg Thomas H. Watts — 17 (13.4%) Senator None (vacant from January 21, 1861) George S. Houston (not seated) Two-term Democrat Benjamin Fitzpatrick withdrew from the Senate on January 21, 1861, following the secession of Alabama.Congressional Quarterly 1985 579 The Alabama Legislature met on November 28, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. George S. Houston defeated John Forsyth Jr. on the fourth ballot.Alabama 1866 63 Arkansas List of United States senators from Arkansas Arkansas held two special elections, in addition to the regular election for the Class 2 seat, due to the expulsion of the state's senators during the Civil War. The winners were not seated by the Senate.Taft Furber Buck 1903 298 Arkansas (Class 3 special) Arkansas special election (Class 3) presidential no 1860 United States Senate election in Arkansas 1860 1868 United States Senate elections in Arkansas 1868 May 2, 1864 Members of the Arkansas General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot 4th ballot File:Elisha Baxter.jpg Elisha Baxter 17 (23.3%) 38 (51.4%) File:William Meade Fishback.jpg William Meade Fishback 29 (39.7%) 34 (45.9%) File:3x4.svg Horace Bull Allis 7 (9.6%) — File:3x4.svg William D. Snow 5 (6.8%) — File:3x4.svg John Kirkwood 4 (5.5%) — Senator None (vacant from July 11, 1861) Elisha Baxter (not seated) One-term Democrat Charles B. Mitchel was expelled from the Senate on July 11, 1861.Congressional Quarterly 1985 580 The Arkansas General Assembly met on May 2, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Elisha Baxter defeated William Meade Fishback on the fourth ballot.Arkansas 1870 64–65 Arkansas (Class 2 special) Arkansas special election (Class 2) presidential no 1860 United States Senate election in Arkansas 1860 1864 United States Senate election in Arkansas 1864 May 3–5, 1864 Members of the Arkansas General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot 21st ballot File:William Meade Fishback.jpg William Meade Fishback 41 (56.2%) File:3x4.svg William D. Snow 16 (21.9%) File:3x4.svg Solomon Clark 5 (6.8%) File:3x4.svg L. C. White 5 (6.8%) File:3x4.svg William J. Patton 4 (5.5%) Senator None (vacant from July 11, 1861) William Meade Fishback (not seated) Three-term Democrat William K. Sebastian was expelled from the Senate on July 11, 1861.Congressional Quarterly 1985 580 The Arkansas General Assembly met from May 3–5, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. William Meade Fishback defeated William D. Snow on the 21st ballot.Arkansas 1870 86–87 Arkansas (regular) Arkansas election presidential no 1864 United States Senate special elections in Arkansas 1864 (special) 1868 United States Senate elections in Arkansas 1868 December 30, 1864 Members of the Arkansas General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot 3rd ballot File:3x4.svg William D. Snow 21 (35.0%) 35 (58.3%) File:3x4.svg Orville Jennings 10 (16.7%) 23 (38.3%) File:3x4.svg John Kirkwood 11 (18.3%) — File:Colonel James M. Johnson (Colorized).jpg James M. Johnson 8 (13.3%) — File:OliverPSnyder.jpg Oliver P. Snyder 6 (10.0%) — File:Portrait of 8th Governor of Arkansas Isaac Murphy.jpg Isaac Murphy 3 (5.0%) — Senator None (vacant from July 11, 1861) William Meade Fishback (not seated) William Meade Fishback was elected in 1864, but was not seated by the Senate.Taft Furber Buck 1903 298 The Arkansas General Assembly met on December 30, 1864, to hold an election for the next term. William D. Snow defeated Orville Jennings on the third ballot.Arkansas 1870 299 Delaware Two elections were held in Delaware, due to the resignation of James A. Bayard, Jr. Delaware (special) 1864 United States Senate special election in Delaware Delaware special election presidential no 1863 United States Senate election in Delaware 1863 1869 United States Senate election in Delaware 1869 January 29, 1864 Members of the Delaware General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:George R. Riddle - Brady-Handy.jpg George R. Riddle Democratic Party (United States) 18 (69.2%) File:NOTA Option Logo 3x4.svg Blank 000000 8 (30.8%) Senator James A. Bayard Jr. Democratic Party (United States) George R. Riddle Democratic Party (United States) Three-term Democrat James A. Bayard Jr. resigned on January 29, 1864.Congressional Quarterly 1985 582 The Delaware General Assembly met on January 29, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Democratic candidate George R. Riddle was elected on the first ballot.Resignation of Mr. Bayard https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85025007/1864-02-02/ed-1/?sp=3 Alexandria Gazette February 2, 1864 The Union members of the legislature cast blank ballots.From the Capitol https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84038112/1864-02-02/ed-1/?sp=2 Delaware State Journal February 2, 1864 Delaware (regular) 1865 United States Senate election in Delaware Delaware election presidential no 1858 United States Senate election in Delaware 1858 1870 United States Senate election in Delaware 1870 January 24, 1865 Members of the Delaware General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Willard Saulsbury, Sr. - Brady-Handy.jpg Willard Saulsbury Sr. Democratic Party (United States) 19 (65.5%) File:Edward Green Bradford.jpg Edward Green Bradford Union 10 (34.5%) Senator Willard Saulsbury Sr. Democratic Party (United States) Willard Saulsbury Sr. Democratic Party (United States) One-term Democrat Willard Saulsbury Sr. was elected in 1858.Congressional Quarterly 1985 582 The Delaware General Assembly met on January 24, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Saulsbury defeated Union candidate Edward Green Bradford on the first ballot.General News https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030213/1865-01-28/ed-1/?sp=4 New York Daily Tribune January 28, 1865 Florida (specials) List of United States senators from Florida Florida held two special elections due to the withdrawal of its senators during the Civil War. The winners were not seated by the Senate.Davis 1913 429 Florida (Class 1 special) Florida special election (Class 1) presidential no 1857 United States Senate election in Florida 1857 1868 United States Senate special elections in Florida 1868 (special) December 28, 1865 Members of the Florida LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Wilkinson Call - Brady-Handy.jpg Wilkinson Call 51 (67.1%) File:James Patton Anderson.jpg James Patton Anderson 21 (27.6%) Senator None (vacant from March 14, 1861) Wilkinson Call (not seated) Two-term Democrat Stephen Mallory withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Florida.Congressional Quarterly 1985 583 The Florida Legislature met on December 29, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Wilkinson Call defeated James Patton Anderson on the first ballot.Florida 1865 108 Florida (Class 3 special) Florida special election (Class 3) presidential no 1856 United States Senate election in Florida 1858 1868 United States Senate special elections in Florida 1868 (special) December 28, 1865 Members of the Florida LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot 9th ballot File:Florida Governor William Marvin.jpg William Marvin 21 (28.4%) 49 (64.5%) File:Brigadier General Jesse J. Finley.jpg Jesse J. Finley 10 (13.5%) 24 (32.4%) File:3x4.svg B. D. White 23 (31.1%) — File:3x4.svg Edward Hopkins 13 (17.6%) — File:3x4.svg James A. Wiggins 7 (9.4%) — Senator None (vacant from January 21, 1861) William Marvin (not seated) One-term Democrat David Levy Yulee withdrew from the Senate on January 21, 1861, following the secession of Florida.Congressional Quarterly 1985 583 The Florida Legislature met on December 29, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. William Marvin defeated Jesse J. Finley on the ninth ballot.Florida 1865 108–115 Georgia List of United States senators from Georgia Georgia election presidential no 1858 United States Senate election in Georgia 1858 1871 United States Senate elections in Georgia 1871 No election Senator None (vacant from March 14, 1861) None Two-term Democrat Robert Toombs withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Georgia. The Georgia General Assembly did not hold an election for the next term, and the seat remained vacant until 1871.Congressional Quarterly 1985 583 Illinois List of United States senators from Illinois Illinois election presidential no 1863 United States Senate special election in Illinois 1863 (special) 1871 United States Senate election in Illinois 1871 January 4, 1865 Members of the Illinois General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Richard Yates Governor LOC.jpg Richard Yates Sr. Union 64 (59.8%) File:JamesCarrollRobinson (Higher Quality, Crop).jpg James Carroll Robinson Democratic Party (United States) 43 (40.2%) Senator William A. Richardson Democratic Party (United States) Richard Yates Sr. Union Incumbent Democrat William A. Richardson was elected in 1863.Congressional Quarterly 1985 585 The Union members of the legislature held a caucus in advance of the election. Richard Yates Sr. defeated Elihu B. Washburne with 38 votes to Washburne's 22; John M. Palmer and John A. Logan each had two votes.Bitter Senatorial Contest in Illinois https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83016751/1865-01-13/ed-1/?sp=6 Weekly Pioneer and Democrat January 13, 1865 The Illinois General Assembly met on January 4, 1865, to hold an election for the next term.Illinois 1865 99 Yates defeated Democratic candidate James Carroll Robinson on the first ballot. Iowa List of United States senators from Iowa Iowa election presidential no 1858 United States Senate election in Iowa 1858 1870 United States Senate election in Iowa 1870 January 16, 1864 Members of the Iowa General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Hon. James W. Grimes, Iowa - NARA - 528410 (cropped) (1).jpg James W. Grimes Republican Party (United States) 128 (95.5%) File:3x4.svg John D. Jennings Democratic Party (United States) 5 (3.7%) Senator James W. Grimes Republican Party (United States) James W. Grimes Republican Party (United States) One-term Republican James W. Grimes was elected in 1858.Congressional Quarterly 1985 586 Republicans won a landslide victory in the 1863 state elections. The upcoming senatorial election was an issue during the campaign. Grimes was broadly popular with the public, and the Republican members of the incoming legislature were pledged to vote for his re-election.Clark 1912 130–31 The Iowa General Assembly met on January 16, 1864, to hold an election for the next term. Grimes defeated Democratic candidate John D. Jennings on the first ballot. One Democratic member voted for James M. Love.The Legislature [...] https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87058318/1864-01-21/ed-1/?sp=2 Iowa Transcript January 21, 1864Clark 1912 131 Kansas List of United States senators from Kansas Kansas election presidential no 1861 United States Senate elections in Kansas 1861 1867 United States Senate special election in Kansas 1867 (special) January 12, 1865 Members of the Kansas LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:JHLane.jpg Jim Lane Republican Party (United States) 82 (83.7%) File:William Addison Phillips (Kansas Congressman).jpg William A. Phillips RepublicanWilder 1875 322 7 (8.14%) Senator Jim Lane Republican Party (United States) Jim Lane Republican Party (United States) One-term Republican Jim Lane was elected in 1861. Lane's controversial leadership split the Kansas Republican Party in 1862, leading Anti-Lane Republicans to organize the Union Party.Socolofsky 2001 83The Kansas Union Party bore no relation to the National Union Party. Although Lane's term would not end for more than a year, anti-Lane legislators met on February 9, 1864, to hold an election for the next term, in an attempt to force his departure. Thomas Carney was elected on the first ballot with 68 votes, to three spoilt votes and 27 abstentions.Blackmar 1904 293 Lane's allies protested that the early election was illegal,Socolofsky 2001 87 but a crisis was averted when Carney declined the office.Blackmar 1904 293 Lane's popularity rebounded following the attempted election, as the Union Party's fortunes similarly declined. The senator was credited with the successful response to Price's Missouri Expedition in September 1864, which saw fighting along the Kansas-Missouri border. Republicans swept the 1864 elections in Kansas; the large Republican legislative majority and Lane's recently burnished military record virtually assured his re-election.Blackmar 1904 295–97 The Kansas Legislature met again on January 12, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Lane defeated William A. Phillips on the first ballot.Kansas 1865 44 Kentucky 1865 United States Senate election in Kentucky List of United States senators from Kentucky Kentucky election presidential no 1858 United States Senate election in Kentucky 1858 1868 United States Senate special election in Kentucky 1868 (special) January 11, 1865 Members of the Kentucky General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:James Guthrie, 1860s - NARA (cropped).jpg James Guthrie Democratic Party (United States) 65 (51.2%) File:Maj. Gen. Lovell Harrison Rousseau LOC cwpb.07108 (1).jpg Lovell Rousseau Unconditional Union Party 56 (44.1%) Senator Lazarus W. Powell Democratic Party (United States) James Guthrie Democratic Party (United States) One-term Democrat Lazarus W. Powell was elected in 1858.Congressional Quarterly 1985 587 The Kentucky General Assembly met on January 11, 1865, to hold an election for the next term.Kentucky 1865 93 Democratic candidate James Guthrie defeated Unconditional Union candidate Lovell Rousseau on the first ballot.Signs of Progress: The Recent Election of a U.S. Senator from Kentucky https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84026845/1865-01-16/ed-1/?sp=1 Daily Intelligencer January 16, 1865 Louisiana List of United States Senators from Louisiana Louisiana held two special elections, in addition to the regular election for the Class 2 seat, due to the withdrawal of its senators during the Civil War. The winners were not seated by the Senate.Taft Furber Buck 1903 306 Louisiana (Class 3 special) Louisiana special election (Class 3) presidential no 1854–55 United States Senate elections 1854–55 1868 United States Senate special elections in Louisiana 1868 (special) October 10, 1864 Members of the Louisiana State LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:3x4.svg R. King Cutler Free State Republican 77 (74.0%) File:Portrait of Cuthbert Bullitt (sketch after Jouett).jpg Cuthbert Bullitt Conservative Union 20 (19.2%) File:Edward H. Durell, U.S. District Court Judge.jpg Edward Henry Durell Free State Republican 7 (6.7%) Senator None (vacant since February 4, 1861) R. King Cutler (not seated) Free State Republican One-term Democrat John Slidell resigned from the Senate on February 4, 1861, following the secession of Louisiana.Congressional Quarterly 1985 588 The Louisiana State Legislature met on October 10, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. R. King Cutler defeated Cuthbert Bullitt and Edward Henry Durell on the first ballot.Hahn 1865 3 Cutler and Durell were Free State Republicans, while Bullitt was a Conservative Unionist.Summers 1983 51, 54 Louisiana (Class 2 special) Louisiana special election (Class 2) presidential no 1854–55 United States Senate elections 1854–55 1868 United States Senate special elections in Louisiana 1868 (special) October 10, 1864 Members of the Louisiana State LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:3x4.svg Charles Smith Free State Republican 62 (59.6%) File:Portrait of Cuthbert Bullitt (sketch after Jouett).jpg Cuthbert Bullitt Conservative Union 35 (33.6%) File:Edward H. Durell, U.S. District Court Judge.jpg Edward Henry Durell Free State Republican 7 (6.7%) Senator None (vacant since March 14, 1861) Charles Smith (not seated) Free State Republican Two-term Democrat Judah P. Benjamin withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Louisiana.Congressional Quarterly 1985 588 The Louisiana State Legislature met on October 10, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Charles defeated Cuthbert Bullitt and Edward Henry Durell on the first ballot.Hahn 1865 3 Smith and Durell were Free State Republicans, while Bullitt was a Conservative Unionist.Summers 1983 51, 54 Louisiana (regular) Louisiana election presidential no 1864 United States Senate special elections in Louisiana 1864 (special) 1868 United States Senate special elections in Louisiana 1868 (special) January 9, 1865 Members of the Louisiana State LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Governor Michael Hahn, by John Genin.jpg Michael Hahn Free State Republican 92 (97.9%) File:3x4.svg Charles Smith Free State Republican 2 (2.1%) Senator None (vacant since March 14, 1861) Michael Hahn (not seated) Free State Republican Free State Republican Charles Smith was elected in 1864, but was not seated by the Senate.Taft Furber Buck 1903 306 The Louisiana State Legislature met on January 9, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Michael Hahn defeated Smith on the first ballot.Legislature https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83016710/1865-01-10/ed-1/?sp=2 New Orleans Tribune January 10, 1865 Both candidates were Free State Republicans.Summers 1983 51 Maine List of United States Senators from Maine Maine held two elections due to the resignation of William P. Fessenden. Maine (regular) Maine election presidential no 1859 United States Senate special election in Maine 1859 1870 United States Senate special election in Maine 1870 (special) January 11, 1865 Members of the Maine LegislatureMajority in both houses needed to win 130x130px House Senate File:Hon. Wm. Pitt Fessenden of Maine.png William P. Fessenden Union 116 (83.4%) 27 (100.0%) 3x4.svg William P. Haines Democratic Party (United States) 23 (16.5%) — Senator Nathan A. Farwell Union William P. Fessenden Union Incumbent Unionist Nathan A. Farwell was appointed in 1864.Evening Journal Almanac 1865 36 The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 11, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Union candidate William P. Fessenden defeated Democratic candidate William P. Haines on the first ballot.A Glimpse of the Capitol https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83016025/1865-01-13/ed-1/?sp=2 Portland Daily Press January 13, 1865 Legislature of Maine https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83016025/1865-01-13/ed-1/?sp=2 Portland Daily Press January 13, 1865 Maine (special) 1865 United States Senate special election in Maine Maine election presidential no 1859 United States Senate special election in Maine 1859 1870 United States Senate special election in Maine 1870 (special) January 11, 1865 Members of the Maine LegislatureMajority in both houses needed to win 130x130px House Senate File:Hon. Nathan Farwell, Me - NARA - 526657 (cropped).jpg Nathan A. Farwell Union 118 (84.9%) 27 (100.0%) 3x4.svg William P. Haines Democratic Party (United States) 21 (15.1%) — Senator Nathan A. Farwell Union Nathan A. Farwell Union Incumbent Unionist Nathan A. Farwell was appointed in 1864.Evening Journal Almanac 1865 36 The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 11, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Farwell defeated Democratic candidate William P. Haines on the first ballot. Maryland (specials) List of United States senators from Maryland Maryland held two elections due to the deaths of James Pearce and Thomas Holliday Hicks. Maryland (1864 special) 1864 Maryland special election presidential no 1860 United States Senate election in Maryland 1860 1865 United States Senate special election in Maryland 1865 January 8, 1864 Members of the Maryland General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Thomas H. Hicks, Md - NARA - 525674 (cropped).jpg Thomas Holliday Hicks Union 67 (73.6%) File:3x4.svg Samuel Hambleton Democratic Party (United States) 18 (19.8%) Senator Thomas Holliday Hicks Unionist politician (American Civil War) Thomas Holliday Hicks Union Incumbent Unionist Thomas Holliday Hicks was appointed in 1862 to fill the vacancy created by the death of James Pearce.Evening Journal Almanac 1864 37 The Union members of the legislature held a caucus in advance of the election. Hicks, a recent convert to abolitionism, was opposed by radical candidate Thomas A. Spence. Hicks defeated Spence on the first ballot.Maryland https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030213/1864-01-11/ed-1/?sp=4 New York Daily Tribune January 11, 1864 The Maryland General Assembly met on January 8, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Hicks defeated Democratic candidate Samuel Hambleton on the first ballot.Maryland 1864 15–16 Maryland (1865 special) 1865 Maryland special election presidential no 1864 United States Senate special election in Maryland 1864 1866–67 United States Senate elections 1866–67 March 9, 1865 Members of the Maryland General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:John Angel James Creswell, sitting.jpg John Creswell Union 63 (67.7%) File:NOTA Option Logo 3x4.svg Blank 000000 25 (26.9%) Senator Vacant John Creswell Union Hicks died in office on February 14, 1865.Congressional Quarterly 1985 590 The Union members of the legislature held a caucus in advance of the election. John Cresswell was nominated on the first ballot with 43 votes to 22 for other candidates.J. A. Cresswell has been nominated [...] https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85025007/1865-03-09/ed-1/?sp=1 Alexandria Gazette March 9, 1865 Creswell, an Unconditional Unionist and protege of the Radical leader Henry Winter Davis, was opposed by supporters of Montgomery Blair, the leader of the Conservative Unionists. The Conservatives attempted to form a coalition with the Maryland Democratic Party for the senatorial election, but the Democratic legislators declined to support Blair, instead casting blank votes all through the proceedings.Baker 1973 134–35 The Maryland General Assembly met on March 9, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Creswell was elected on the first ballot.Maryland 1865 387 Massachusetts 1865 United States Senate election in Massachusetts List of United States senators from Massachusetts Massachusetts election presidential no 1859 United States Senate election in Massachusetts 1858 1871 United States Senate election in Massachusetts 1871 January 10 & 20, 1865 Members of the Massachusetts General CourtMajority in both houses needed to win 130x130px House Senate File:Henry Wilson, VP of the United States (3x4 cropped).jpg Henry Wilson Republican Party (United States) 207 (92.0%) 37 (92.5%) File:John Albion Andrew by Darius Cobb.jpg John Albion Andrew Republican Party (United States) 12 (5.3%) 3 (7.5%) Senator Henry Wilson Republican Party (United States) Henry Wilson Republican Party (United States) Two-term Republican Henry Wilson was re-elected in 1859. Wilson, a radical Republican, faced a challenge by John Albion Andrew, the moderate Republican governor of Massachusetts. The rift between Andrew and Wilson's Senate colleague, Charles Sumner, threatened to split the Massachusetts Republican Party, to the benefit of conservatives in the Republican–Union coalition. Andrew's candidacy attracted minimal support from Republicans, however; his allies' efforts to unseat Wilson were half-hearted, and few Republican legislators were prepared to oppose the popular incumbent.Baum 1984 184 The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 10 and 20, 1865, respectively, to hold an election for the next term. Wilson defeated Andrew and Robert C. Winthrop on the first ballot.Massachusetts 1865 12Massachusetts United States Senator: Re-election of Hon. Henry Wilson https://www.nytimes.com/1865/01/21/archives/massachusetts-united-states-senator-reelection-of-hon-henry-wilson.html New York Times January 21, 1865 Michigan 1865 United States Senate election in Michigan List of United States senators from Michigan Michigan election presidential no 1862 United States Senate special election in Michigan 1862 (special) 1871 United States Senate election in Michigan 1871 January 5, 1865 Members of the Michigan LegislatureMajority in both houses needed to win 130x130px House Senate File:Jacob M. Howard - Brady-Handy.jpg Jacob M. Howard Republican Party (United States) 70 (72.2%) 27 (30.0%) File:George V. N. Lothrop - Leslie.png George V. N. Lothrop Democratic Party (United States) 27 (27.8%) 3 (10.0%) Senator Jacob M. Howard Republican Party (United States) Jacob M. Howard Republican Party (United States) Incumbent Republican Jacob M. Howard was elected in 1862.Congressional Quarterly 1985 591 The Republican members of the legislature held a caucus on January 4, 1865.The Senatorial Caucus https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83016318/1865-01-11/ed-1/?sp=2 Lansing State Republican January 11, 1865 Howard defeated Austin Blair on the first ballot with 56 votes to Blair's 42.May 1964 71 The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 5, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Howard defeated Democratic candidate George V. N. Lothrop on the first ballot.May 1964 71 Minnesota List of United States senators from Minnesota Minnesota election presidential no 1859 United States Senate election in Minnesota 1859 1871 United States Senate special election in Minnesota 1871 (special) January 10, 1865 Members of the Minnesota LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Daniel S. Norton - Brady-Handy.jpg Daniel Sheldon Norton Union 46 (78.0%) File:3x4.svg James George Democratic Party (United States) 13 (22.0%) Senator Morton S. Wilkinson Republican Party (United States) Daniel Sheldon Norton Union One-term Republican Morton S. Wilkinson was elected in 1859.Congressional Quarterly 1985 591 The Republican members of the legislature held a caucus on January 9, 1865. The War Democrats who had supported Lincoln in the recent presidential election were invited to attend the gathering, which was called the Union caucus.Hubbard Holcombe 1908 125 Wilkinson, a radical Republican, faced opposition from conservative Republicans and War Democrats in the Union coalition.Dell 1975 341 Several candidates challenged Wilkinson for the nomination, including Henry Adoniram Swift, the Republican former governor; William Windom, the Republican U.S. representative; Daniel Sheldon Norton, the War Democratic state senator; and Henry M. Rice, the Democratic former U.S. senator. Sheldon defeated Wilkinson on the 32nd ballot.Hubbard Holcombe 1908 125–26 The Minnesota Legislature met on January 10, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Norton defeated Democratic candidate James George on the first ballot.Hubbard Holcombe 1908 126 Mississippi Mississippi held two elections due to the withdrawal of its senators during the Civil War. The winners were not seated by the Senate.Foner 2014 239 Mississippi (regular) Mississippi election presidential no 1859 United States Senate election in Mississippi 1859 1870 United States Senate elections in Mississippi 1870 October 19–20, 1865 Members of the Mississippi LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot 4th ballot File:Gen. James Lusk Alcorn, C.S.A - NARA - 529033 (cropped).jpg James L. Alcorn Whig Party (United States) 40 (32.2%) 74 (58.7%) File:3x4.svg Samuel J. Gholson Democratic Party (United States) 21 (16.9%) 33 (26.2%) File:3x4.svg William Yerger Whig Party (United States) 26 (21.0%) File:JohnWCWatson.jpg John William Clark Watson Whig Party (United States) 19 (15.3%) — File:Brig. Genl. Edward Cary Walthall.jpg Edward C. Walthall 10 (8.1%) — File:3x4.svg William S. Featherston DemocraticHarris 1967 118n55 6 (5.4%) — Senator None (vacant from March 14, 1861) James L. Alcorn (not seated) Whig Party (United States) Two-term Democrat Albert G. Brown withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Mississippi.Congressional Quarterly 1985 590 Mississippi conservatives attempted to resurrect the Whig Party during presidential Reconstruction. Pre-war Whigs controlled both chambers of the Mississippi Legislature following the first post-war elections. A resolution requiring candidates for the state's vacant Senate seats to oppose recognizing the civil and political rights of freedpeople was defeated when the legislature met in October 1865. The Whig majority believed that the Republican-controlled Congress would refuse to seat pre-war secessionists elected from the former Confederacy, and that further resistance to emancipation would only prolong Reconstruction.Harris 1967 45, 117–19 The legislature met on October 19 and 20, 1865, to hold an election for the next term.Mississippi 1866 35–40 The Democratic legislators supported Samuel J. Gholson, a former secessionist and a Confederate veteran. The Whig members were united in opposition to Gholson, but split their votes between several candidates on the first ballot. William Yerger was the preferred candidate of Whigs from the Mississippi Delta, while Whigs from the interior counties were divided between John William Clark Watson and James L. Alcorn, a prewar unionist who later served in the Confederate States Army. Watson withdrew before the fourth ballot, allowing Alcorn to consolidate his supporters. Alcorn defeated Gholston and Yerger on the fourth ballot.Harris 1967 118–19 Mississippi (special) Mississippi special election presidential no 1859 United States Senate election in Mississippi 1859 1870 United States Senate elections in Mississippi 1870 October 19, 1865 Members of the Mississippi LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Mr. Sharkey, Member of Congress, US - NARA - 528322.jpg William L. Sharkey Whig Party (United States) 100 (79.4%) File:3x4.svg Fulton Anderson Whig Party (United States) 26 (20.6%) Senator None (vacant from March 14, 1861) William L. Sharkey (not seated) Whig Party (United States) One-term Democrat Jefferson Davis withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Mississippi.Congressional Quarterly 1985 590 The Mississippi Legislature met on October 19, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term.Mississippi 1866 34 William L. Sharkey defeated Fulton Anderson on the first ballot. Both candidates were Whigs.Harris 1967 118 Nevada (special) List of United States Senators from Nevada Nevada special election presidential no 1866–67 (Class 3) →1868–69 (Class 1) December 15–16, 1864 Members of the Nevada LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot 9th ballot File:William M. Stewart - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg William Morris Stewart Union 33 (63.5%) File:James W. Nye - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg James W. Nye Union 23 (44.2%) 29 (55.8%) File:3x4.svg Charles E. DeLong UnionAngel 1881 86 23 (44.2%) 16 (30.8%) File:John Cradlebaugh.jpg John Cradlebaugh Independent UnionAngel 1881 86 12 (23.1%) 7 (13.5%) File:3x4.svg Bernard C. Whitman UnionDemonstration at Dayton https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84022046/1864-10-28/ed-1/?sp=3 Gold Hill Daily News October 28, 1864 Enthusiasm at Dayton https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84022046/1864-10-31/ed-1/?sp=3 Gold Hill Daily News October 31, 1864 13 (25.0%) — Senator William Morris Stewart (Class 1)James W. Nye (Class 3) Union Nevada elected two senators following its admission on October 31, 1864. The Union PartyFrom Our Carson Correspondent https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84022046/1864-10-12/ed-1/?sp=3 Gold Hill Daily News October 12, 1864 The Union State Convention assembled yesterday ... The Result https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84022046/1864-11-09/ed-1/?sp=2 Gold Hill Daily News November 9, 1864 won a landslide victory in the first state elections, electing the governor, U.S. representative, all but two seats in the Nevada Legislature. The overwhelming Union majority in the legislature ensured that two Unionists would be chosen as the state's first U.S. senators.Bowers 2013 26 The Nevada Legislature met on December 15 and 16, 1864, to hold elections for both seats. Members voted for two candidates, with 27 votes necessary for election. William Morris Stewart was elected on the first ballot; no other candidate had a majority, requiring several additional rounds of voting.Nevada 1865 34 On subsequent rounds, each member cast one vote. James W. Nye defeated Charles E. DeLong on the ninth ballot.Nevada 1865 40 New Hampshire 1864 United States Senate election in New Hampshire List of United States senators from New Hampshire New Hampshire election presidential no 1859 United States Senate election in New Hampshire 1859 1870 United States Senate election in New Hampshire 1870 June 15, 1864 Members of the New Hampshire General CourtMajority in both houses needed to win 130x130px House Senate File:Aaron H. Cragin (US Senator from New Hampshire).jpg Aaron H. Cragin Republican Party (United States) 201 (63.0%) 8 (72.7%) File:3x4.svg John H. George Democratic Party (United States) 113 (35.4%) 3 (27.3%) Senator John P. Hale Republican Party (United States) Aaron H. Cragin Republican Party (United States) Two-term Republican John P. Hale was re-elected in 1859.Congressional Quarterly 1985 594 The Republican members of the legislature held a caucus on June 9, 1864. Hale's age, long tenure in office, and clashes with Lincoln's cabinet led several challengers to enter the race prior to the caucus.Sewell 1965 217–19 Hale finished a distant third place on the informal first ballot and lost votes on each subsequent round. Aaron H. Cragin defeated Gilman Marston on the fourth ballot.Adams Ben Candidate for U.S. Senator https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84023819/1864-06-18/ed-1/?sp=4 Dollar Weekly Mirror and New Hampshire Journal of Agriculture June 18, 1864 The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on June 15, 1864, to hold an election for the next term. Cragin defeated Democratic candidate John H. George on the first ballot.New Hampshire 1864 27, 100 Sewell 1965 220 New Jersey List of United States senators from New Jersey New Jersey election presidential no 1858 United States Senate election in New Jersey 1858 1866 United States Senate special election in New Jersey 1866 (special) March 15, 1865 Members of the New Jersey General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:John P. Stockton - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg John P. Stockton Democratic Party (United States) 40 (49.4%) File:John C. Ten Eyck - Brady-Handy.jpg John C. Ten Eyck Union 37 (45.7%) Senator John C. Ten Eyck Union John P. Stockton Democratic Party (United States) One-term Unionist John C. Ten EyckKnapp 1924 70 was elected in 1858 United States Senate election in New Jersey.Congressional Quarterly 1985 595 The New Jersey General Assembly met on March 15, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Democratic candidate John P. Stockton defeated Ten Eyck with a plurality on the first ballot. One Unionist and three Democrats voted for other candidates. Stockton was later unseated by the Senate.Knapp 1924 144–46 North Carolina List of United States senators from North Carolina North Carolina held two elections due to the expulsion of its senators during the Civil War. The winners were not seated by the Senate.Foner 2014 239 North Carolina (regular) North Carolina election presidential no 1858 United States Senate election in North Carolina 1858 1868 United States Senate special elections in North Carolina 1868 (special) December 4, 1865 Members of the North Carolina General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:William Alexander Graham - Brady-Handy (cropped 3x4).jpg William Alexander Graham 138 (89.6%) File:Nathaniel Boyden - Brady-Handy.jpg Nathaniel Boyden 8 (5.2%) Senator None (vacant from July 11, 1861) William Alexander Graham (not seated) One-term Democrat Thomas Bragg was expelled from the Senate on July 11, 1861.Congressional Quarterly 1985 597 The North Carolina General Assembly met on December 4, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. William Alexander Graham defeated Nathaniel Boyden on the first ballot.North Carolina 1865 51 North Carolina (special) North Carolina special election presidential no 1861 United States Senate election in North Carolina 1861 1868 United States Senate special elections in North Carolina 1868 (special) December 4–5, 1865 Members of the North Carolina General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot 2nd ballot File:Senator John Pool.jpg John Pool 80 (50.0%) 93 (57.0%) File:Thomas Samuel Ashe - Brady-Handy.jpg Thomas Samuel Ashe 47 (29.4%) 60 (36.8%) File:William Nathan Harrell Smith (cropped with signature).jpg William N. H. Smith 2 (1.2%) 9 5.5% File:BedfordBrown (cropped).jpg Bedford Brown 22 (13.8%) — Senator None (vacant from July 11, 1861) John Pool (not seated) One-term Democrat Thomas L. Clingman was expelled from the Senate on July 11, 1861.Congressional Quarterly 1985 597 The North Carolina General Assembly met on December 4 and 5, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. John Pool defeated Thomas Samuel Ashe on the second ballot.North Carolina 1865 52, 59 Oregon List of United States senators from Oregon Oregon election presidential no 1862 United States Senate special election in Oregon 1862 (special) 1870 United States Senate election in Oregon 1870 September 15, 1864 Members of the Oregon Legislative AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot 3rd ballot File:George Henry Williams, Brady-Handy bw photo portrait, ca1870-1880.jpg George Henry Williams Union 27 (49.1%) 31 (56.4%) File:3x4.svg Thomas H. Pearne Union 20 (36.4%) 16 (29.1%) File:3x4.svg John F. Miller Democratic Party (United States) 6 (10.9%) 6 (10.9%) Senator Benjamin F. Harding Union George Henry Williams Union Incumbent UnionistDell 1975 292 Benjamin F. Harding was elected in 1862.Congressional Quarterly 1985 599 The radical faction gained control of the Oregon Union Party in 1864, naming War Democrat-turned-abolitionist George Henry Williams chairman of the Union State Executive Committee. The radical drift of the Union Party left the formerly-influential Harding politically homeless. Harding and other regular War Democrats considered rejoining the Oregon Democratic Party, but the Democratic state convention refused to moderate its opposition to the war. The Union Party won a landslide victory in the state elections, retaining control of the Oregon Legislative Assembly.Dell 1975 292 The legislature met in joint session on September 15, 1864, to hold an election for the next term. Williams defeated Thomas H. Pearne on the third ballot.Oregon 1864 26–27 Woodward 1913 233The Oregon Senatorial Election https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84022770/1864-09-24/ed-1/?sp=2 Washington Standard September 24, 1864 Rhode Island List of United States senators from Rhode Island Rhode Island election presidential no 1858 United States Senate election in Rhode Island 1858 1870 United States Senate election in Rhode Island 1870 June 1, 1864 Members of the Rhode Island General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Henry B. Anthony - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg Henry B. Anthony Union 75 (72.1%) File:George Huntington Browne.jpg George H. Browne Democratic Party (United States) 27 (26.0%) Senator Henry B. Anthony Union Henry B. Anthony Union One-term UnionistDell 1975 291 Henry B. Anthony was elected in 1858.Rhode Island 1916 156 The Rhode Island General Assembly met in joint session on June 1, 1864, to hold an election for the next term. Anthony defeated Democratic candidate George H. Browne on the first ballot.Rhode Island 1864 106Rhode Island Senator https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83026172/1864-06-02/ed-1/?sp=3 Daily National Intelligencer June 2, 1864 South Carolina List of United States senators from South Carolina South Carolina held two elections due to the withdrawal and expulsion of its senators during the Civil War. The winners were not seated by the Senate.Foner 2014 239 South Carolina (regular) South Carolina election presidential no 1858 United States Senate election in South Carolina 1858 1868 United States Senate special elections in South Carolina 1868 (special) October 30, 1865 Members of the South Carolina General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Benjamin Franklin Perry.jpg Benjamin Franklin Perry 109 (76.2%) File:John-lawrence-manning.jpg John Lawrence Manning 24 (16.8%) Senator None (vacant from July 11, 1861) Benjamin Franklin Prescott (not seated) One-term Democrat James Chesnut Jr. was expelled from the Senate on July 11, 1861.Congressional Quarterly 1985 601 The South Carolina General Assembly met in joint session on October 30, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Benjamin Franklin Perry defeated John Lawrence Manning on the first ballot.South Carolina 1865 41 South Carolina (special) South Carolina election presidential no 1857 United States Senate special election in South Carolina 1857 1868 United States Senate special elections in South Carolina 1868 (special) October 31–November 1, 1865 Members of the South Carolina General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot 2nd ballot File:John-lawrence-manning.jpg John Lawrence Manning 33 (23.4%) 95 (65.5%) File:3x4.svg T. N. Dawkins — 50 (34.5%) File:3x4.svg J. B. Campbell 32 (22.7%) — File:William Henry Trescot2.jpg William Henry Trescot 24 (17.0%) — File:Francis Wilkinson Pickens (cropped).jpg Francis Wilkinson Pickens 22 (15.6%) — File:WilliamWatersBoyce.jpg William W. Boyce 19 (13.5%) — File:Benjamin Faneuil Dunkin.png Benjamin Faneuil Dunkin 11 (7.8%) — Senator None (vacant from November 11, 1860) John Lawrence Manning (not seated) Democrat John H. Hammond withdrew from the Senate on November 11, 1860.Congressional Quarterly 1985 601 The South Carolina General Assembly met in joint session from October 30 to November 1, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. John Lawrence Manning defeated T. N. Dawkins on the third ballot.South Carolina 1865 42, 53 Tennessee List of United States senators from Tennessee Tennessee held two elections due to the expulsion and resignation of its senators during the Civil War. Tennessee (regular) One-term Democrat Alfred O. P. Nicholson was expelled from the Senate on July 11, 1861.Congressional Quarterly 1985 602 The Tennessee General Assembly met in joint session on May 4, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Joseph S. Fowler defeated William H. Wisener on the fourth ballot.Tennessee 1865 117–21 Alexander 1950 76 Tennessee (special) Tennessee special election presidential no 1857 United States Senate election in Tennessee 1857 1867 United States Senate election in Tennessee 1867 May 4, 1866 Members of the Tennessee General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot 5th ballot File:Senator David T. Patterson.jpg David T. Patterson Union 31 (39.2%) 52 (57.1%) File:Horace Maynard - Brady-Handy (3x4 cropped).jpg Horace Maynard Union 36 (45.6%) 38 (41.8%) File:3x4.svg Absalom A. Kyle UnionAlexander 1950 25 11 (13.9%) — Senator None (vacant from March 4, 1862) David T. Patterson Union Democrat Andrew Johnson resigned from the Senate on March 4, 1862.Congressional Quarterly 1985 602 The Tennessee General Assembly met in joint session on May 4, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. The governor of Tennessee, Parson Brownlow, supported Horace Maynard, even though his fellow Methodist minister, Nathaniel Green Taylor, was also a candidate. David T. Patterson defeated Maynard on the fifth ballot. Both candidates were Unionists; Patterson, a wartime Southern Unionist, later joined the Democratic Party, while Maynard ran successfully for the U.S. House of Representatives as a Radical later in 1865.Tennessee 1865 113–16 Alexander 1950 76–77, 81 Texas May 2026 Virginia List of United States senators from Virginia Virginia held two elections due to the death of Lemuel J. Bowden. The winners were not seated by the Senate.Taft Furber Buck 1903 310 Virginia (special) Virginia special election presidential no 1863 United States Senate election in Virginia 1863 1870 United States Senate special elections in Virginia 1870 (special) December 8, 1864 Members of the Restored Virginia General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Joseph Segar.jpg Joseph Segar Union 11 (68.8%) File:John Curtiss Underwood.jpg John Curtiss Underwood Union 3 (18.8%) 3x4.svg S. Ferguson Beach UnionVirginia https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030213/1863-05-28/ed-1/?sp=4 New York Daily Tribune May 28, 1863 1 (6.2%) File:Hon. Lewis McKenzie of Va. (cropped).tif Lewis McKenzie UnionMcPherson 1866 124 1 (6.2%) Senator Lemuel J. Bowden Unionist politician (American Civil War) Joseph Segar Union Bowden died on January 2, 1864, less than a year into his six-year term.Congressional Quarterly 1985 604 The Restored Virginia General Assembly met on December 8, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Union candidate Joseph Segar defeated John Curtiss Underwood, S. Ferguson Beach, and Lewis McKenzie on the first ballot.Virginia 1865 20 Maddex 1970 38 Virginia (regular) Virginia election presidential no 1861 United States Senate special elections in Virginia 1861 (special) 1870 United States Senate special elections in Virginia 1870 (special) December 9, 1864 Members of the Restored Virginia General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:John Curtiss Underwood.jpg John Curtiss Underwood Union 12 (75.0%) 3x4.svg S. Ferguson Beach Union 2 (12.5%) File:Hon. Lewis McKenzie of Va. (cropped).tif Lewis McKenzie UnionMcPherson 1866 124 2 (12.5%) Senator John S. Carlile Unionist politician (American Civil War) John Curtiss Underwood Union One-term Unionist John S. Carlile was elected in 1861.Congressional Quarterly 1985 604 The Restored Virginia General Assembly met on December 9, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Union candidate John Curtiss Underwood defeated S. Ferguson Beach and Lewis McKenzie on the first ballot.Virginia 1865 21 Maddex 1970 38 West Virginia Incumbent Waitman T. Willey was re-elected by the legislature to his first full term as United States Senator, with Willey being elected as a Republican. Willey would serve his term until 1871. January 31, 1865 1865 United States Senate election in West Virginia West Virginia presidential 1871 Waitman Willey Republican Party (United States) File:Waitman T. Willey - Brady-Handy.jpg First ballot Needed to win: Majority of votes cast jointly by the Legislature69 votes cast; 35 votes needed Waitman Willey U.S. senator 1870–71 United States Senate elections 1862–63 United States Senate elections#West Virginia 1863 Members' Republican Party (United States) Unconditional Union Waitman Willey 53 votes76.8% Willey was the only candidate to be formally nominated, though attempted nominations were made of Archibald Campbell and House Speaker Lee Roy Kramer. Campbell's nomination was promptly withdrawn, and Kramer declined his.Journal of the House of Delegates of West Virginia for the Session Commencing January 17, 1865 West Virginia Legislature 1865 Wheeling 57 +PartyCandidate1st BallotVotes%RepublicanWaitman Willey5376.8RepublicanLee Roy Kramer710.1RepublicanDaniel Polsley68.7RepublicanArchibald Campbell22.9RepublicanDavid Hunter Strother11.4Total69100Needed to win35>50 See also 1864 United States elections 1864 United States presidential election 1864–65 United States House of Representatives elections 38th United States Congress 39th United States Congress Notes References Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov Bibliography Primary sources Alabama Journal [...] of the House of Representatives [...] 1866 none Montgomery https://archive.org/details/alabama-house-journal-1865-1866/HJ_1865_1866 Arkansas Journal of the Senate [...] 1870 none Little Rock https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_Senate_of_Arkansas/ss9MAQAAMAAJ Evening Journal Almanac The Evening Journal Almanac: 1864 1864 none Albany https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ5AAQAAMAAJ Evening Journal Almanac The Evening Journal Almanac: 1865 1865 none Albany https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ5AAQAAMAAJ Florida Journal of the Proceedings of the House of Representatives 1865 none Tallahassee https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112073605682&seq=7 Greeley Horace The Tribune Almanac and Political Register for 1864 1864 none New York https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435054392600&seq=1 Hahn Michael Letter of the Governor of the State of Louisiana [...] Index to the Miscellaneous Documents of the Senate of the United States [...] 1865 none Washington https://www.google.com/books/edition/Senate_Documents/IPRUAAAAcAAJ Illinois Journal of the House of Representatives [...] 1865 none Springfield https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.15553498&seq=7 Kansas House Journal [...] 1865 none Topeka https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015065191465&seq=3 Kentucky Journal [...] of the Senate [...] 1865 none Frankfurt, KY https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_Senate_of_the_Commonwealt/IFFBAQAAMAAJ Maryland Journal of the Proceedings of the House of Delegates [...] 1864 none Annapolis https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000850/html/am850--1.html Maryland Journal of the Proceedings of the House of Delegates [...] 1865 none Annapolis https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000753/html/am753--1.html Massachusetts Journal of the House of Representatives [...] 1865 none Boston https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2881899&seq=7 Mississippi Journal of the Senate [...] 1866 none Jackson https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.74684423&seq=5 Nevada Journal of the Assembly [...] 1865 none Carson City https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_Assembly_of_the_Legislatu/4rd4_r7HF14C New Hampshire Journal of the Honorable Senate [...] 1864 none Concord https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.095661702&seq=7 North Carolina Journal of the Senate of the General Assembly [...] 1865 none Raleigh https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nc01.ark:/13960/t52f8qg9m&seq=1 McPherson Edward A Political Manual for 1866 [...] 1866 none Washington D.C. https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Political_Manual_for_1866_to_1869/068-AQAAMAAJ Oregon Journal of the Proceedings of the House [...] 1864 none Portland, OR https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.095879834&seq=1 Rhode Island Acts and Resolves Passed at the May Session of the General Assembly [...] 1864 none Providence https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d022796183&seq=1 South Carolina Journal of the House of Representatives [...] 1865 none Columbia https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044089925408&seq=1 Tennessee House Journal 1865 none Nashville https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112110908990&seq=1 Virginia Journal of the House of Delegates [...] 1865 none Alexandria https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.78113889&seq=7 Secondary sources Alexander Thomas B. Political Reconstruction in Tennessee 1950 Russell and Russell New York https://archive.org/details/politicalreconst00alex Angel Myron History of Nevada 1881 none Oakland, CA https://archive.org/details/historyofnevada00ange Baker Jean H. The Politics of Continuity: Maryland Political Parties from 1858 to 1870 1973 Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore https://archive.org/details/politicsofcontin0000bake Baum Dale The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848–1876 1984 University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill https://archive.org/details/civilwarpartysys0000baum Blackmar Frank Wilson Goodspeed Weston Arthur The Province and the States [...] 1904 7 Western Historical Association Madison, WI State of Kansas https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlk96C4IH5sC Bowers Michael W. The Sagebrush State: Nevada's History, Government, and Politics 4th 2013 University of Nevada Press Reno https://archive.org/details/sagebrushstatene0000bowe Clark Dan Ebert History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa: A Study in American Politics 1912 PhD University of Iowa Iowa City https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_of_Senatorial_Elections_in_Iowa/jXJDAAAAIAAJ Congressional Quarterly Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections 2nd 1985 Congressional Quarterly Washington D.C. 978-0-87187-339-2 https://archive.org/details/congressionalqua0000unse Davis William Watson The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida 1913 Columbia University New York https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Civil_War_and_Reconstruction_in_Flor/9yNWHrnbPJsC Dell Christopher Lincoln and the War Democrats: The Grand Erosion of Conservative Tradition 1975 Farleigh Dickenson University Press Rutherford, NJ https://archive.org/details/lincolnwardemocr0000dell Foner Eric Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–77 2014 HarperPerennial New York Revised 978-0-06-235451-8 https://archive.org/details/reconstructionam0000fone_q8w6 Harris William C. Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi 1967 Louisiana State University Press Baton Rouge https://archive.org/details/presidentialreco0000harr Hubbard Lucius F. Holcombe Return I. Minnesota in Three Centuries 3 1908 Publishing Society of Minnesota Mankato, MN https://archive.org/details/minnesotainthree03hubb Knapp Charles Merriam New Jersey Politics during the Period of Civil War and Reconstruction 1924 W. F. Humphrey Geneva, NY https://www.google.com/books/edition/New_Jersey_Politics_During_the_Period_of/hOMMAAAAYAAJ Maddex Jack P. Jr. The Virginia Conservatives, 1869–1879: A Study in Reconstruction Politics 1970 University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill https://archive.org/details/virginiaconserva00jack May George S. Michigan and the Civil War Years, 1860–1866: A Wartime Chronicle 1964 Michigan Civil War Centennial Observance Commission [Lansing] https://archive.org/details/michigancivilwar0000geor_u7y3 Rhode Island Manual, with Rules and Orders, for the Use of the General Assembly [...] 1916 none Providence https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx4-W3DSewsC Sewell Richard H. John P. Hale and the Politics of Abolition 1965 Harvard University Press Cambridge https://archive.org/details/johnphalepolitic0000sewe Socolofsky Homer E. Kansas Governors 2001 University Press of Kansas Lawrence 978-0-7006-3170-4 https://books.google.com/books?id=vWDDEAAAQBAJ Summers Mark W. The Moderates' Last Chance: The Louisiana Election of 1865 Louisiana History 24 1 Winter 1983 49–69 https://www.jstor.org/stable/4232240 Taft George S. Furber George P. Buck George M. Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1885 1903 Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Compilation_of_Senate_Election_Cases_fro/prMzAQAAMAAJ Wilder Daniel W. The Annals of Kansas 1875 none Topeka https://books.google.com/books?id=-o8-AAAAYAAJ Woodward Walter Carleton The Rise and Early History of Political Parties in Oregon, 1843–1868 1913 J. K. Gill Company Portland, OR https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Rise_and_Early_History_of_Political/XSWiAAAAMAAJ