1920 Haiyuan earthquake

1920 earthquake in central China 1920 Haiyuan earthquake 1920-12-16 12:05:55 iscgem912687 912687 1920 12 16 y(Gansu-Sichuan Time) 19:05 China w 7.9 y 36.50 N 105.70 E Haiyuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Republic of China 258,707–273,407 dead XIIXu Y. Liu–Zeng J. Allen M.B. Zhang W. Du P. 2020 Landslides of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake, northern China https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344188605 Landslides 18 3 935–953 10.1007/s10346-020-01512-5 221568806 >50,000 Haiyuan Fault The 1920 Haiyuan earthquake (海原大地震 Hǎiyuán dà dìzhèn) occurred in Haiyuan County, Ningxia Province, Republic of China at 19:05:53 (UTC+8) on 16 December 1920. It was also called the 1920 Gansu earthquakehttps://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World United States Geological Survey 2011-10-26 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20090901233953/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php 2009-09-01 because Ningxia was a part of Gansu Province when the earthquake occurred. It caused destruction in the Lijunbu-Haiyuan-Ganyanchi area and was assigned the maximum intensity on the Mercalli intensity scale (XII Extreme). Estimates of the death toll range from 258,707 to 273,407, making it one of the deadliest earthquakes in China and disasters in China by death toll. Tectonic setting Major left-lateral strike-slip structures occur in the Tibetan Plateau as a result of the India–Asia collision. These faults, including the Altyn Tagh, Haiyuan, Kunlun, Karakoram and Xianshuihe faults, accommodate crustal deformation within the Tibetan Plateau. One of these fault systems, the Haiyuan Fault, runs 1,000 km along the plateau's northeastern edge.Han Longfei Liu-Zeng Jing Yao Wenqian Shao Yanxiu Yuan Zhaode Wang Yan November 2021 Coseismic slip gradient at the western terminus of the 1920 Haiyuan Mw 7.9 earthquake Journal of Structural Geology 152 104442 10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104442 Earthquake The earthquake hit at 19:05:53 Gansu-Sichuan time (12:05:53 UTC),https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/3165 Significant earthquake Information National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 1972 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information 10.7289/V5TD9V7K 2024-03-21 reportedly w y 8.25海原断裂带强震发生概率的评估方 地震学报 2014 http://www.cea-igp.ac.cn/Uploads/Attach/mrbj/gxzy/lwxzg/dsycybhslw/2718016989.pdf 本文直接采用1920年海原地震的矩震级Ｗ8.25 1048,1050 2021-05-24 2021-05-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20210524172206/http://www.cea-igp.ac.cn/Uploads/Attach/mrbj/gxzy/lwxzg/dsycybhslw/2718016989.pdf live or L 7.8 yes, and was followed by a series of aftershocks for three years. The often-cited magnitude in scientific literature is ? 8.5 which has been regarded as an overestimate due to the limited technological advancements and instrumentation during the period which the earthquake occurred. On the moment magnitude scale which measures an earthquake with respect to its physical parameters, it is estimated at w y 7.9.Liu Jing Xu Jing Ou Qi Han Longfei Wang Zijun Shao Zhigang Zhang Peizhen Yao Wenqian Wang Peng 2023 Discussion on the overestimated magnitude of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake https://www.dzxb.org/en/article/doi/10.11939/jass.20220051 Acta Seismologica Sinica 45 4 579–596 10.11939/jass.20220051 The International Seismological Centre also catalogs the earthquake at w 7.9.ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1904–2018) http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php ISC 2022 International Seismological Centre Version 9.1 About 230 km mi on of surface faulting was seen from Lijunbu through Ganyanchi to Jingtai. There were over 50,000 landslides in the epicentral area and ground cracking was widespread. Some rivers were dammed; others changed course.Liu-Zeng J. Shao Y. Klinger Y. Xie K. Yuan D. Lei Z. 2015 Variability in magnitude of paleo-earthquakes revealed by trenching and historical records, along the Haiyuan fault Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 120 8301–8333 10.1002/2015JB012163 2015JGRB..120.8304L free Seiches from this earthquake were observed in two lakes and three fjords in western Norway. Field observations in the 1980s found 237 km of surface rupture along the Haiyuan Fault with a maximum horizontal offset of 6.5 m in the middle section of the rupture zone. The earthquake ruptured the section of the Haiyuan Fault between the Laohushan segment in the west and Liupanshan Thrust Fault to the east. The earthquake's epicenter is also likely near Haiyuan which is supported by the seismic intensity distribution.Ou Q. Kulikova G. Yu J. Elliott A. Parsons B. Walker R. 6 Jul 2020 Magnitude of the 1920 Haiyuan Earthquake Reestimated Using Seismological and Geomorphological Methods Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 125 8 e2019JB019244 10.1029/2019JB019244 2169-9313 free Damage and aftermath Over 73,000 people were killed in Haiyuan County. A landslide buried the village of Sujiahe in Xiji County. More than 30,000 people were killed in Guyuan County. Nearly all the houses collapsed in the cities of Longde and Huining. Damage (VI–X) occurred in seven provinces and regions, including the major cities of Lanzhou, Taiyuan, Xi'an, Xining and Yinchuan. It was felt from the Yellow Sea to Qinghai (Tsinghai) Province and from Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia) south to central Sichuan Province. Since 2003,刘百篪，张俊玲，吴建华，郭华，《1920年12月16日海原8.5级大地震的伤亡人口再评估》，《中国地震》. Chinese seismologists have calculated 258,707–273,407 to be the empirical verifiable range of death toll.1920年海原大地震死亡人数考析 张思源 西夏研究 2013 1 119 Older sources put the deaths to be 234,117国家地震局兰州地震研究所，宁夏回族自治区地震队．一九二O年海原大地震．北京：地震出版社，1980. As cited in 1920年海原大地震死亡人数考析 张思源 西夏研究 2013 1 119 or 235,502.楼宝棠，主编．中国古今地震灾情总汇[M]．北京：地震出版社，1996. As cited in 1920年海原大地震死亡人数考析 张思源 西夏研究 2013 1 119 Either way, it is one of the most fatal earthquakes in China, in turn making it one of the worst disasters in China by death toll. Many more perished because of cold: frequent aftershocks caused the survivors to fear building anything other than temporary shelters, and a severe winter killed many who had lived through the original earthquake.Close, Upton, and Elsie McCormick. "Where the Mountains Walked". National Geographic 41.5 (1922): 445–464: 451. The Sufi Jahriyya Muslim Hui leader Ma Yuanzhang and his son died in the earthquake when the roof of the Mosque they were in collapsed in Zhangjiachuan.Jonathan Neaman Lipman Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C 1997 University of Washington Press Seattle 978-0-295-97644-0 184Chinese Republican studies newsletter, Volumes 5-7 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Center for Asian Studies https://books.google.com/books?id=NNAMAQAAMAAJ 1979 34 Some of the first responders to the worst-hit towns, such as Guyuan, were soldiers from the Chinese military garrison commanded by Lu Hongtao at nearby Pingliang who arrived within days, bringing in tents and relief goods and evacuating the wounded back to Pingliang by cart. Soup kitchens were also set up by gentry, merchants and other members of Guyuan’s community to serve the needy until transportation routes were restored and the markets were replenished. In other stricken communities, such as Jingning, tents and emergency relief were provided by the magistrate working out of the county government office.Pierre Fuller Modern Erasures: Revolution, the Civilizing Mission, and the Shaping of China’s Past 2022 Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-51572-3 Cambridge 52, 67, 222 The Muslim General Ma Fuxiang was involved in relief efforts in Lanzhou during the earthquake.http://www.gs.xinhuanet.com/dfpd/2011-01/04/content_21782701.htm 马福祥--"戎马书生" – 新华网甘肃频道 2014-10-30 https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023940/http://www.gs.xinhuanet.com/dfpd/2011-01/04/content_21782701.htm 2015-09-24 dead http://dev.gansudaily.com.cn/system/2011/09/29/012201290_01.shtml 缅怀中国近代史上的回族将领马福祥将军戎马一生 2014-10-30 https://web.archive.org/web/20141030050904/http://dev.gansudaily.com.cn/system/2011/09/29/012201290_01.shtml 2014-10-30 dead http://www.gscn.com.cn/figure/system/2013/04/08/010311002.shtml 清末民国间爱国将领马福祥__中国甘肃网 2014-10-30 https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023958/http://www.gscn.com.cn/figure/system/2013/04/08/010311002.shtml 2015-09-24 dead See also List of disasters in China by death toll List of earthquakes in China List of earthquakes in 1920 References Further reading 10.1785/0120190061 Dynamic Rupture Simulations of the 1920 Ms 8.5 Haiyuan Earthquake in China Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2019 Xu Xiurong Zhang Zhenguo Hu Feng Chen Xiaofei 109 5 2009–2020 2019BuSSA.109.2009X 203134903 Chapter 1: "Networks into China's Northwest"; Chapter 2: "New Culture Lenses onto Rural Life"; and Chapter 10: "Communal Memory" in Pierre Fuller (2022). Modern Erasures: Revolution, the Civilizing Mission, and the Shaping of China's Past. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 978-1-316-51572-3 External links 912687 Category:Earthquakes in Gansu Category:Earthquakes in Ningxia Category:Earthquakes in Qinghai Haiyuan Earthquake, 1920 Haiyuan Earthquake, 1920 Category:Landslides in China Category:1920 disasters in China Category:Strike-slip earthquakes Category:December 1920 in Asia