1876–77 United States Senate elections

none March 2026 June 2016 1876–77 United States Senate elections United States 1867 legislative no 1874–75 United States Senate elections 1874 & 1875 1878–79 United States Senate elections 1878 & 1879 Class 2 1870–71 United States Senate elections 1870 & 1871 1882–83 United States Senate elections 1882 & 1883 26 of the 76 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections) 39 Dates vary by state(And other dates for special elections) x180px Seats up Republican Party (US) Henry B. Anthony as Republican Conference Chair Henry B. Anthony - Brady-Handy.jpg March 4, 1863 Rhode Island 45 11 39 6 17 Democratic Party (US) John W. Stevenson as Democratic Caucus Chair(retired) John Stevenson.jpg March 4, 1873 Kentucky 30 14 35 5 9 Anti-Monopoly Party (US) 1 0 1 0 Independent (US) 0 1 1 1 0 Majority Party Republican Party (US) Republican Party (US) 400px Results of the elections:#0671B0 Democratic gain #92C5DE Democratic hold#CA0120 Republican gain #F48882 Republican hold#666666 Independent gain The 1876–77 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with Rutherford B. Hayes's narrow election as president due to the Compromise of 1877. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1876 and 1877, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/17th-amendment 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913) National Archives and Records Administration February 8, 2022 In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 2. Although the Republican Party maintained their Senate majority, the Democratic Party gained five seats. Results summary Senate party division, 45th Congress (1877–1879) Majority party: Republican (39) Minority party: Democratic (35) Other parties: Anti-Monopoly (1), Independent (1) Total seats: 76 Change in Senate composition Before the elections After the November 15, 1876 elections in the new state of Colorado. D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 D17 D18 D28Retired D27Retired D26Ran D25Ran D24Ran D23Ran D22Ran D21 D20 D19 D29Retired D30Retired AM1 R45Retired R44Retired R43Retired R42Retired R41Unknown R40Unknown R39Unknown Majority → R29Ran R30Ran R31Ran R32Ran R33Ran R34Ran R35Ran R36Ran R37Ran R38Ran R28 R27 R26 R25 R24 R23 R22 R21 R20 R19 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 R18 R8 R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 After the elections D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 D17 D18 D28Hold D27Hold D26Hold D25Re-elected D24Re-elected D23Re-elected D22Re-elected D21 D20 D19 D29Hold D30Hold D31Gain D32Gain D33Gain D34Gain D35Gain I1Gain AM1 R39Hold Majority → R29Re-elected R30Re-elected R31Re-elected R32Re-elected R33Re-elected R34Hold R35Hold R36Hold R37Hold R38Hold R28 R27 R26 R25 R24 R23 R22 R21 R20 R19 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 R18 R8 R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 Key: AM# Anti-Monopoly Party D# Democratic I# Independent R# Republican Race summaries Special elections during the 44th Congress In these elections, the winners were seated during 1876 or in 1877 before March 4; ordered by election date. State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Louisiana(Class 3) Vacant Senate had declined to seat rival claimants William L. McMillen and P. B. S. Pinchback.https://books.google.com/books?id=c3uyPnOiXLYC&q=senator+william+l+mcmillen+pinckney+bs+pinchback+Eustis+Marr&pg=PA483 George S. Taft 1885 U.S. Government Publishing Office Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1885 - Pages 483 - 512Senator elected January 12, 1876.Democratic gain. Democratic Party (US) James B. Eustis (Democratic) February 2020 Connecticut(Class 3) James E. English Democratic 1875 (appointed) Interim appointee retired when successor elected.New senator elected May 17, 1876.Democratic hold. Democratic Party (US) William Barnum (Democratic) February 2020 Colorado(Class 2) None (new state) Colorado admitted to the Union August 1, 1876.First senator elected November 15, 1876.Republican gain.Winner was also elected to the next term; see below. Republican Party (US) Henry M. Teller (Republican) February 2020 Colorado(Class 3) Colorado admitted to the Union August 1, 1876.First senator elected November 15, 1876.Republican gain. Republican Party (US) Jerome B. Chaffee (Republican) February 2020 Tennessee(Class 1) David M. Key Democratic 1875 (appointed) Interim appointee lost special election.New senator elected January 19, 1877 on the 74th ballot.Democratic hold. Democratic Party (US) James E. Bailey (Democratic) 55 Democratic Party (US)David M. Key (Democratic) 38 UnknownW. B. Bates (Unknown) 7 Maine(Class 2) James G. Blaine Republican 1876 (appointed) Interim appointee elected January 17, 1877.Winner was also elected to the next term; see below. Republican Party (US) James G. Blaine (Republican) 139 UnknownWilliam P. Haines (Unknown) 33 West Virginia(Class 1) Samuel Price Democratic 1876 (appointed) Interim appointee lost special election.New senator elected January 26, 1877 on the 5th ballot.Democratic hold. Democratic Party (US) Frank Hereford (Democratic) 70 Democratic Party (US)Samuel Price (Democratic) 10 UnknownHenry S. Walker (Unknown) 4 UnknownR. F. Dennis (Unknown) 1 Other 1 vote Races leading to the 45th Congress In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1877; ordered by state. All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats. State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoralhistory Alabama George Goldthwaite Democratic 1870 Incumbent retired.New senator elected in 1876.Democratic hold. Democratic Party (US) John T. Morgan (Democratic) February 2020 Arkansas Powell Clayton Republican 1870 Incumbent retired.New senator elected January 16, 1877.Democratic gain. Democratic Party (US) Augustus Garland (Democratic) 113"Eighteen Republicans voted for Garland, of whom five were colored." UnknownT. D. W. Youlee (Unknown) 8 Colorado Henry M. Teller Republican 1876 (new state) Incumbent re-elected in 1876 or 1877. Republican Party (US) Henry M. Teller (Republican) February 2020 Delaware Eli Saulsbury Democratic 1870 Incumbent re-elected in 1876. Democratic Party (US) Eli Saulsbury (Democratic) February 2020 Georgia Thomas M. Norwood Democratic 1871 (readmission) Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected January 26, 1877 on the fourth ballot.Democratic hold. Democratic Party (US) Benjamin Harvey Hill (Democratic) 114 Democratic Party (US)Thomas M. Norwood (Democratic) 85 Democratic Party (US)Herschel V. Johnson (Democratic) 6 Democratic Party (US)James M. Smith (Democratic) 5 Democratic Party (US)Charles J. Jenkins (Democratic) 1 Illinois John A. Logan Republican 1870–71 Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected January 25, 1877 on the fortieth ballot.Independent gain. Independent (US) David Davis (Independent) 101 UnknownCharles B. Lawrence (Unknown) 94 Republican Party (US)John C. Haines (Republican) 3 Republican Party (US)John A. Logan (Republican) 1 Other 1 Iowa George G. Wright Republican 1870 Incumbent retired.New senator elected January 19, 1876.Republican hold. Republican Party (US) Samuel J. Kirkwood (Republican) 108 UnknownShepard Leffler (Unknown) 37Journal of the House of Representatives of the Sixteenth General Assembly of the State of Iowa 36–37 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2881589;view=1up;seq=54 1876 Google books Kansas James M. Harvey Republican 1874 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.New elected January 31, 1877 on the seventeenth ballot.Republican hold. Republican Party (US) Preston B. Plumb (Republican) 89 Republican Party (US)David P. Lowe (Republican) 63 Republican Party (US)John Martin (Republican) 8 Republican Party (US)Thomas A. Osborn (Republican) eliminated Republican Party (US)James M. Harvey (Republican) eliminated Others 3 Kentucky John W. Stevenson Democratic 1869 Incumbent retired.New senator elected January 18, 1876.Democratic hold. Democratic Party (US) James B. Beck (Democratic) 106 Republican Party (US) William H. Wadsworth (Republican) 14 Unknown Preston (Unknown) 4 Democratic Party (US) J. Proctor Knott (Democratic) 1 Louisiana Joseph R. West Republican 1870–71 Incumbent retired.New senator elected January 10, 1877.The Tribune almanac and political register. 1874-78 J. F. Cleveland, etc. 31–33 The Tribune Association https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044014654628;view=1up;seq=553Republican hold. Republican Party (US) William P. Kellogg (Republican) February 2020 Maine James G. Blaine Republican 1876 (appointed) Interim appointee elected January 16, 1877.Winner also elected to finish the term; see above. Republican Party (US) James G. Blaine (Republican) 139 UnknownWilliam P. Haines (Unknown) 33 Massachusetts George S. Boutwell Republican 1873 (special) Incumbent lost renomination.New senator elected in 1877.Republican hold. Republican Party (US) George F. Hoar (Republican) 146 Democratic Party (US)Josiah G. Abbott (Democratic) 62 Republican Party (US)George S. Boutwell (Republican) 47 Republican Party (US)Alexander H. Rice (Republican) 19 Republican Party (US)Alexander H. Bullock (Republican) 1 Independent (US)Julius H. Seelye (Independent) 1 Republican Party (US)Paul A. Chadbourne (Republican) 1 Michigan Thomas W. Ferry Republican 1871 Incumbent re-elected in 1877. Republican Party (US) Thomas W. Ferry (Republican) February 2020 Minnesota William Windom Republican 1870 (appointed)1871 Incumbent re-elected in 1877. Republican Party (US) William Windom (Republican) February 2020 Mississippi James L. Alcorn Republican 1870 Incumbent retired or lost re-election.New senator elected in 1876.Democratic gain. Democratic Party (US) Lucius Q. C. Lamar (Democratic) February 2020 Nebraska Phineas Hitchcock Republican 1870 Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected in 1877.Republican hold. Republican Party (US) Alvin Saunders (Republican) Republican Party (US)Phineas Hitchcock (Republican) February 2020 New Hampshire Aaron H. Cragin Republican 18641870 Incumbent retired or lost re-election.New senator elected in 1876.Republican hold. Republican Party (US) Edward H. Rollins (Republican) February 2020 New Jersey Frederick T. Frelinghuysen Republican 1870–71 Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected January 24, 1877.Democratic gain. Democratic Party (US) John R. McPherson (Democratic) 41 Republican PartyCortlandt Parker (Republican) 18 Republican Party (US)George M. Robeson (Republican) 11 Republican Party (US)Frederick T. Frelinghuysen (Republican) 10 Republican Party (US)William Walter Phelps (Republican) 1 North Carolina Matt W. Ransom Democratic 1872 (special) Incumbent re-elected in 1876. Democratic Party (US) Matt W. Ransom (Democratic) February 2020 Oregon James K. Kelly Democratic 1870 Incumbent retired.Democratic hold. Democratic Party (US) La Fayette Grover (Democratic) February 2020 Rhode Island Henry B. Anthony Republican 185818641870 Incumbent re-elected in 1876. Republican Party (US) Henry B. Anthony (Republican) February 2020 South Carolina Thomas J. Robertson Republican 1868 (readmission)1870 Incumbent retired.New senator elected in 1876.Democratic gain. Democratic Party (US) Matthew Butler (Democratic) February 2020 Tennessee Henry Cooper Democratic 1870–71 Incumbent retired.New senator elected January 10, 1877.Democratic hold. Democratic Party (US) Isham G. Harris (Democratic) 77 UnknownL. L. Hawkins (Unknown) 19 Democratic Party (US)James D. Porter (Democratic) 1 Republican Party (US)Horace Harrison (Republican) 1 UnknownW. B. Bates (Unknown) 1 Texas Morgan C. Hamilton Republican 1870 (readmission)1871 Incumbent retired.New senator elected May 5, 1876 on third ballot.Democratic gain. Democratic Party (US) Richard Coke (Democratic) 68 Democratic Party (US)John Ireland (Democratic) 49 Virginia John W. Johnston Democratic 1870 (readmission)1871 Incumbent re-elected in 1877. Democratic Party (US) John W. Johnston (Democratic) February 2020 West Virginia Henry G. Davis Democratic 1871 Incumbent re-elected January 26, 1877 on the fourth ballot. Democratic Party (US) Henry G. Davis (Democratic) 60 Democratic Party (US)Charles J. Faulkner (Democratic) 19 Democratic Party (US)Gideon D. Camden (Democratic) 3 UnknownJohn Brannon (Unknown) 2 Democratic Party (US)John J. Davis (Democratic) 1 Other 1 Elections during the 45th Congress In these elections, the winners were elected in 1877 after March 4. State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Pennsylvania(Class 3) Simon Cameron Republican 18571861 (resigned)18671873 Incumbent resigned March 12, 1877.New senator elected March 20, 1877.Republican hold. Republican Party (US) J. Donald Cameron (Republican) Democratic Party (US)Andrew H. Dill (Democratic) Democratic Party (US)Hiester Clymer (Democratic) Democratic Party (US)Andrew G. Curtin (Democratic) Democratic Party (US)John Jackson (Democratic) Ohio(Class 3) John Sherman Republican 1861 (special)18661872 Incumbent resigned March 8, 1877 to become U.S. Secretary of the Treasury.New senator elected March 21, 1877.Republican hold. Republican Party (US) Stanley Matthews (Republican) 82 UnknownAlfred Ginther (Unknown) 6 Democratic Party (US)Frank H. Hurd (Democratic) 1 Taylor & Taylor 76, vol. II Blank 34 Alabama List of United States senators from Alabama January 2021 Arkansas List of United States senators from Arkansas January 2021 Colorado List of United States senators from Colorado January 2021 Colorado (initial, class 2) Colorado (initial, class 3) Colorado (regular) Connecticut (special) List of United States senators from Connecticut Delaware List of United States senators from Delaware January 2021 Georgia List of United States senators from Georgia January 2021 Illinois List of United States senators from Illinois January 2021 Iowa List of United States senators from Iowa January 2021 Kansas List of United States senators from Kansas January 2021 Kentucky List of United States senators from Kentucky January 2021 Louisiana List of United States senators from Louisiana January 2021 Louisiana (special) Louisiana (regular) Maine List of United States senators from Maine January 2021 Maine (regular) Maine (special) Massachusetts List of United States senators from Massachusetts January 2021 Michigan List of United States senators from Michigan January 2021 Minnesota List of United States senators from Minnesota January 2021 Mississippi List of United States senators from Mississippi January 2021 Nebraska List of United States senators from Nebraska January 2021 New Hampshire List of United States senators from New Hampshire January 2021 New Jersey List of United States senators from New Jersey January 2021 North Carolina List of United States senators from North Carolina January 2021 Ohio (special) List of United States senators from Ohio Oregon List of United States senators from Oregon January 2021 Pennsylvania (special) The special election in Pennsylvania was held March 20, 1877. Republican Senator Simon Cameron had been elected to the United States Senate by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in 1867 and was re-elected in 1873. Sen. Cameron resigned on March 12, 1877.CAMERON, Simon, (1799 - 1889) http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000068 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress December 22, 2013 Following the resignation of Simon Cameron, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on March 20, 1877, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. Former United States Secretary of War J. Donald Cameron, Simon Cameron's son, was elected to complete his father's term, set to expire on March 4, 1879.CAMERON, James Donald, (1833 - 1918) http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000065 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress December 22, 2013 The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows: Pennsylvania ResultsU.S. Senate Election - 20 March 1877 http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/sen/PaSen1877.pdf Wilkes University December 22, 2013 Republican Party (US) J. Donald Cameron 147 58.57 Democratic Party (US) Andrew H. Dill 92 36.65 Democratic Party (US) Hiester Clymer 1 0.40 Democratic Party (US) Andrew G. Curtin 1 0.40 Democratic Party (US) John Jackson 1 0.40 N/A Not voting 9 3.59 |- |-bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | colspan="3" align="right" | Totals | align="right" | 251 | align="right" | 100.00% |} Rhode Island List of United States senators from Rhode Island January 2021 South Carolina List of United States senators from South Carolina January 2021 Tennessee List of United States senators from Tennessee January 2021 Tennessee (regular) Tennessee (special) Texas List of United States senators from Texas May 3–5, 1876 1876 United States Senate election in Texas Texas presidential 1882 Richard Coke Democratic Party (United States) File:Richard_Coke_-_Brady-Handy_(cropped).jpg John Ireland First ballot Needed to win: Majority of votes cast jointly by the Legislature Richard Coke U.S. senator 1882–83 United States Senate elections#Texas 1870–71 United States Senate elections#Texas 1870 Members' File:John_ireland.jpg Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Morgan C. Hamilton Third ballot 49 votes40.2% 68 votes58.1% 39 votes32.0% 49 votes41.9% Democratic Party (United States) Elected U.S. Senator Incumbent Republican Morgan C. Hamilton did not run for re-election. Since his initial election in 1870, the Democratic Party had taken control of the Texas Legislature, ensuring that a Democrat would replace him. Incumbent governor Richard Coke defeated former Texas Supreme Court justice John Ireland on the third ballot. U.S. Representative John Hancock and former governor Fletcher Stockdale also ran, but they dropped out after the second round of balloting.Barr Chester Alwyn Jr. Reconstruction to Reform University of Texas Press 1971 0-292-70135-7 Austin, Texas 27–31 en 73-165911 1876 United States Senate election in Texas first ballot Richard Coke Democratic Party (United States) 49 40.2% Democratic Party (United States) John Ireland 39 32.0% John Hancock Democratic Party (United States) 29 23.8% Democratic Party (United States) Fletcher Stockdale 5 4.1% 122 100.0% 1876 United States Senate election in Texas third ballot Richard Coke Democratic Party (United States) 68 58.1% Democratic Party (United States) John Ireland 49 41.9% 117 100.0% Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Virginia List of United States senators from Virginia January 2021 West Virginia List of United States senators from West Virginia West Virginia (special) January 23–26, 1877 1877 United States Senate special election in West Virginia West Virginia presidential 1881 Frank Hereford Democratic Party (United States) File:Frank Hereford - Brady-Handy.jpg Samuel Price First ballot Needed to win: Majority of votes cast jointly by the Legislature Frank Hereford U.S. senator 1880–81 United States Senate elections 1874–75 United States Senate elections#West Virginia 1875 Members' File:Samuel Price - Brady-Handy.jpg Democratic Party (United States) Democratic Party (United States) Samuel Price Fourth ballot 21 votes24.1% 70 votes81.4% 24 votes27.6% 10 votes11.6% Democratic Party (United States) Elected U.S. Senator Henry S. Walker Democratic Party (United States) 16 votes18.4% File:Blank 1x1.png 115px 4 votes4.7%First-term Democrat Allen T. Caperton died July 26, 1876, in his second year in office. Fellow-Democrat Samuel Price was appointed August 26, 1876 to continue the term, pending a special election in which he was a candidate. Price lost the election to Democratic congressman Frank Hereford January 26, 1877 on the fourth ballot. Appointed incumbent Samuel Price and challengers Frank Hereford and Henry S. Walker, three prominent state Democrats, fought for the party's nomination over seven ballots and three sessions, without much movement in any direction. On January 26, with the Democrats unable to make a nomination, legislative Republicans broke the deadlock by throwing their support to Hereford on the floor.January 27, 1877 No more caucus. Elected two senators. Wheeling Daily Register NewspaperArchive +Democratic nominationJanuary 23, 1877 Caucus. Wheeling Daily Register NewspaperArchiveJanuary 25, 1877 Caucus Proceedings Wheeling Daily Register NewspaperArchiveJanuary 26, 1877 Caucus Proceedings Wheeling Daily Register NewspaperArchiveCandidateBallots1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7thFrank Hereford Frank Hereford (politician)21191818211818Samuel Price20202119201316Henry S. Walker 117191619182317Scattered78964613Total65666462636064Needed to win35 +House and Senate ballotingPartyCandidateHouseSenateVotes%Votes%DemocraticFrank Hereford Frank Hereford (politician)1828.6313.0DemocraticSamuel Price1523.8730.4DemocraticHenry S. Walker 1914.3626.1RepublicanJohn S. Carlile1523.8417.4DemocraticRobert F. Dennis 123.2313.0DemocraticIra J. McGinnis 111.600.0DemocraticThomas J. Farnsworth11.600.0DemocraticJohn B. Hoge11.600.0DemocraticWilliam E. Arnold 111.600.0Total6310023100Needed to win32>5012>50 +Joint Session ballotingPartyCandidateBallots1st2nd3rd4thDemocraticFrank Hereford Frank Hereford (politician)21282570DemocraticSamuel Price24232610DemocraticHenry S. Walker 11612194DemocraticJames H. Ferguson 131530DemocraticRobert F. Dennis 16671Other candidates17371Total87878786Needed to win44444444 Hereford resigned from the House January 31, 1877, thereby qualifying for the Senate. He only finished the term and left office in 1881. West Virginia (regular) January 23–26, 1877 1877 United States Senate election in West Virginia West Virginia presidential 1883 Henry G. Davis Democratic Party (United States) File:HenryGDavis.png Charles J. Faulkner First ballot Needed to win: Majority of votes cast jointly by the Legislature Henry G. Davis U.S. senator 1882–83 United States Senate elections#West Virginia 1870–71 United States Senate elections#West Virginia 1871 Members' File:Charles J. Faulkner 1806-1884 - Brady-Handy.jpg Democratic Party (United States) Democratic Party (United States) Henry G. Davis Third ballot 24 votes27.6% 60 votes69.0% 24 votes27.6% 19 votes21.8% Democratic Party (United States) Elected U.S. SenatorFirst-term Democrat Henry G. Davis was re-elected January 26, 1877 on the third ballot. +Democratic nominationCandidateBallots1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7thCharles J. Faulkner22242623252222Henry G. Davis22211918212022John Brannon 12454474Gideon D. Camden John James Davis7343142John J. Davis John James Davis45410866Scattered8653258Total65636361616464Needed to win35 +House and Senate ballotingPartyCandidateHouseSenateVotes%Votes%DemocraticHenry G. Davis2133.3626.1DemocraticCharles J. Faulkner1828.6730.4DemocraticGideon D. Camden34.8417.4DemocraticJohn Brannon 157.928.7DemocraticJohn J. Davis John James Davis1015.928.7DemocraticJohnson N. Camden11.628.7RepublicanArchibald Campbell Archibald Campbell (abolitionist)11.600.0DemocraticAlpheus F. Haymond11.600.0DemocraticDaniel D. Johnson11.600.0DemocraticDaniel Lamb 111.600.0RepublicanGeorge Loomis 111.600.0Total6310023100Needed to win32>5012>50 +Joint Session ballotingPartyCandidateBallots1st2nd3rdDemocraticHenry G. Davis242660DemocraticCharles J. Faulkner242319DemocraticJohn Brannon 111152DemocraticGideon D. Camden563DemocraticJohn J. Davis John James Davis15121Other candidates852Total878787Needed to win444444Davis would retire after this second term, in 1883. See also 1876 United States elections 1876 United States presidential election 1876–77 United States House of Representatives elections 44th United States Congress 45th United States Congress Notes References Further reading Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006 from the Wilkes University Election Statistics Project Ohio statesmen and annals of progress: from the year 1788 to the year 1900 William Alexander Taylor Aubrey Clarence Taylor 1899 State of Ohio Taylor & Taylor https://books.google.com/books?id=ztegAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA240 collapsed