1790–91 United States House of Representatives elections

House elections for the 2nd U.S. Congress January 2026 January 2025 1790–91 United States House of Representatives elections United States 1777 legislative no 1788–89 United States House of Representatives elections 1788 & 1789 1792–93 United States House of Representatives elections 1792 & 1793 1st_United_States_Congress#House_of_Representatives_3 2nd United States Congress#House_of_Representatives_3 All 67 seats in the United States House of Representatives2 more seats were added by the admission of new states after the start of this Congress 34 April 27, 1790 – October 11, 1791"excl" Excluding states that joined during the Second Congress and a very late run-off election in MA 6. x180px Portrait of Jonathan Trumbull Jr.jpg Jonathan Trumbull Jr. Pro-Administration Party (US) CT AL T 37 seats 39Party Divisions of the House of Representatives, 1789 to Present US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives https://history.house.gov/Institution/Party-Divisions/Party-Divisions/ 2024-06-30 history.house.gov en"late" Includes the late election from Kentucky who was admitted to the union after the 2nd Congress had started to meet, and did not hold their elections for U.S. representatives until June 1791Including three Chesapeake members who were Pro-Administration 2 Anti-Administration Party (US) James Madison by Gilbert Stuart 1804.jpeg James Madison VA 5 T 28 seats 30"late"Including three Chesapeake members who were Anti-Administration 2 1790–91 US House election.svg 350px Results:#bef3beff Pro-Administration hold #008000ff Pro-Administration gain#c8f38bff Anti-Administration hold #91e718ff Anti-Administration gain#f23c0eff Chesapeake gain#808080ff Undistricted territory Speaker Frederick Muhlenberg Pro-Administration Party (US) Jonathan Trumbull Jr. Pro-Administration Party (US) The 1790–91 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between April 27, 1790, and October 11, 1791. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before or after the first session of the 2nd United States Congress convened on October 24, 1791. This was the first midterm election cycle, which took place in the middle of President George Washington's first term. The size of the House increased to 67 seats after the new state of Vermont elected its first representatives. While formal political parties still did not exist, coalitions of pro-Washington (Pro-Admin.) representatives and anti-Administration representatives each gained two seats as a result of the addition of new states to the union. Speaker Frederick Muhlenberg was succeeded by Jonathan Trumbull Jr., who became the 2nd Speaker of the House.Jenkins Jeffrey A. Fighting for the Speakership: The House and the Rise of Party Government 2013 Princeton University Princeton, N. J. 26–27 https://archive.org/details/fightingforspeak0000jenk/page/26/mode/2up Retirements Either five or six incumbents did not seek re-election. Anti-Administration Maryland 4: William Smith retired. Virginia 6: Isaac Coles retired. Aedanus Burke, a U.S. representative from South Carolina's 2nd congressional district, either retired or lost re-election but it is not known. Pro-Administration Pennsylvania at-large: George Clymer retired. Pennsylvania at-large: Henry Wynkoop retired. Pennsylvania at-large: Thomas Scott retired. Election summaries In this period, each state fixed its own date for congressional general elections, as early as April 27, 1790 (in New York) and as late as October 11, 1791 (in Pennsylvania). Elections to a Congress took place both in the even-numbered year before and in the odd-numbered year when the Congress convened. In some states, the congressional delegation was not elected until after the legal start of the Congress (on the 4th day of March in the odd-numbered year). The first session of this Congress was convened in Philadelphia on October 24, 1791. Kentucky and Vermont became states during the 2nd Congress, adding two seats each.1 191 The legislation admitted Vermont was passed at the end of the 1st Congress taking effect on March 4, 1791, the first day of the 2nd Congress, so that Vermont was represented from the start of the Congress, while Kentucky was unrepresented until the 2nd session. center|frameless|440x440px #00CC22 Pro-Administration #CCFF66 Anti-Administration State Type Date Totalseats Pro-Administration Anti-Administration Seats Change Seats Change New York Districts April 27–29, 1790 6 4 1 2 1 New Hampshire At-large August 30, 1790 3 3 1 0 1 Virginia Districts September 1, 1790 10 2 1 8 1 Connecticut At-large September 20, 1790 5 5 0 Maryland MixedMaryland had six representatives elected by the whole state electorate, who had to choose one candidate from each district. October 4, 1790 6 3 1 3 1 Massachusetts Districts October 4, 1790add Massachusetts required a majority for electionitional trials were required in 4 districts, held between November 26, 1790, and April 2, 1792. 8 7 1 1 1 South Carolina Districts October 12, 1790 5 3 1 2 1 Rhode Island At-large October 19, 1790 1 1 0 Delaware At-large November 8, 1790 1 1 0 Georgia District January 3, 1791 3 0 3 New Jersey At-large January 26, 1791 4 4 0 North Carolina Districts January 28, 1791 5 2 3 Late elections (after the March 4, 1791, beginning of the term) Vermont Districts July 13, 1791A majority was required for election, which was not met in one of the districts necessitating a second election on September 6, 1791 2 0 2 2 Pennsylvania Districts October 11, 1791 8 4 2 4 2 Kentucky Districts June 1, 1792 2 0 2 2 Total 67 3956.5% 3 3043.5% 1 House seats #ddd 600px 650px Pro-Admin Pro-Administration Party (US) 56.52 Anti-Admin Anti-Administration Party (US) 43.48 Change in composition End of the last Congress A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A V P P PMajority → P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Beginning of the next Congress A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A P P P PMajority → P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Key: A Anti-Administration P Pro-Administration V Vacant Special elections List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives There were special elections in 1790 and 1791 during the 1st United States Congress and 2nd United States Congress. New states and newly ratified states are not included as special elections. Elections are sorted by date then district. 1st Congress |- ! VA 9 X | Theodorick Bland | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | | Incumbent died June 1, 1790.New member elected in July 1790.Anti-Administration hold.Winner was later elected to the next term; see below. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) William B. Giles (Anti-Admin.) 54.5% Pro-Administration Party (US)Thomas Edmunds (Pro-Admin.) 45.5% |- ! CT AL X | Pierpont Edwards | | Pro-Administration | 1790 | | Predecessor declined election.New member elected December 16, 1790.Pro-Administration hold.Winner had already been elected to the next term; see below. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Jeremiah Wadsworth (Pro-Admin.) 48.6% Pro-Administration Party (US)Amasa Learned (Pro-Admin.) 23.9% Pro-Administration Party (US)Benjamin Huntington (Pro-Admin.) 13.2% UnknownTapping Reeve (Unknown) 8.1% UnknownStephen M. Mitchell (Unknown) 4.1% UnknownJames Davenport (Unknown) 1.5% UnknownJohn Chester (Unknown) 0.7% |} 2nd Congress |- ! NY 1 X | colspan=3 | Vacant | | Rep.-elect James Townsend (Pro-Admin.) died May 24, 1790.New member elected April 26–28, 1791.Anti-Administration gain. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Thomas Tredwell (Anti-Admin.) 26.2% Pro-Administration Party (US)John Vanderbilt (Pro-Admin.) 19.2% Pro-Administration Party (US)Henry Peters (Pro-Admin.) 14.5% Anti-Administration Party (US)Ezra L'Hommedieu (Anti-Admin.) 14.2% Anti-Administration Party (US)Stephen Carman (Anti-Admin.) 14.1% Pro-Administration Party (US)Isaac Ledyard (Pro-Admin.) 11.8% |- ! CT AL X | Roger Sherman | | Pro-Administration | 1790 | | Incumbent-and-Representative-elect resigned March 31, 1791, to become U.S. Senator.New member elected September 19, 1791.Pro-Administration hold. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Amasa Learned (Pro-Admin.) February 2020 |- ! MD 3 X | William Pinkney | | Pro-Administration | 1790 | | Incumbent resigned.New member elected October 26–29, 1791 and seated February 5, 1792.Anti-Administration gain. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) John Francis Mercer (Anti-Admin.) Unopposed |} Connecticut 1790 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut List of United States representatives from Connecticut Connecticut elected all five of its representatives at-large on a general ticket on September 20, 1790. |- ! rowspan=5 | Connecticut AL X5 seats | Roger Sherman | | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected.Winner declined to serve and a new member would later be elected in a special election. | nowrap rowspan=5 | Pro-Administration Party (US) Roger Sherman (Pro-Admin.) 2,969 votes Pro-Administration Party (US) Pierpont Edwards (Pro-Admin.) 2,239 votes Pro-Administration Party (US) James Hillhouse (Pro-Admin.) 2,035 votes Pro-Administration Party (US) Jonathan Sturges (Pro-Admin.) 1,730 votes Pro-Administration Party (US) Jonathan Trumbull Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 1,720 votes Pro-Administration Party (US)Tapping Reeve (Pro-Admin.) 1,672 votes Pro-Administration Party (US)Jeremiah Wadsworth (Pro-Admin.) 1,658 votes Pro-Administration Party (US)Amasa Learned (Pro-Admin.) 1,463 votes Pro-Administration Party (US)Stephen M. Mitchell (Pro-Admin.) 1,435 votes Pro-Administration Party (US)Benjamin Huntington (Pro-Admin.) 1,372 votes UnknownJohn Chester (Unknown) 881 votes Pro-Administration Party (US)James Davenport (Pro-Admin.) 786 votes Tufts University Tufts Digital Collations and Archives A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 March 22, 2018 Connecticut 1790 U.S. House of Representatives https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:ct.congress.1790 August 20, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200820125340/https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:ct.congress.1790 dead , citing The Connecticut Gazette (New London, CT). October 22, 1790. |- | Benjamin Huntington | | Pro-Administration | 1788 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Pro-Administration hold. |- | Jonathan Sturges | | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. |- | Jonathan Trumbull Jr. | | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. |- | Jeremiah Wadsworth | | Pro-Administration | 1788 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Pro-Administration hold.Winner declined to serve; the incumbent was re-elected in a special election. |} There were two subsequent special elections. The first was held to fill the vacancy left by Pierpont Edwards (Pro-Admin.) declining to serve and was won by Jeremiah Wadsworth (Pro-Admin.). The second was held September 19, 1791, to fill the vacancy left by Roger Sherman (Pro-Admin.)'s election to the Senate and was won by Amasa Learned (Pro-Admin.). Delaware 1790 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware List of United States representatives from Delaware https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/4f16c318x Delaware 1790 U.S. House of Representatives elections.lib.tufts.edu"m1" |- ! Delaware AL X | John Vining | | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) John Vining (Pro-Admin.) 50.3% Pro-Administration Party (US)Joshua Clayton (Pro-Admin.) 28.9% UnknownThomas Duff 20.8% |} Georgia 1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia List of United States representatives from Georgia Georgia switched to a conventional district system for the Second Congress. At the time, the districts were not numbered, but are retroactively renumbered as the Georgia 1 R, Georgia 2 R, and Georgia 3 R respectively here. Mapping Early American Elections: 2nd Congress: Georgia 1791 https://earlyamericanelections.org/maps/meae.congressional.congress02.ga.county.html Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University 2019 earlyamericanelections.org 7 March 2025 |- ! Georgia 1 X"Southern (or Eastern) District" | James Jackson | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Anti-Administration hold.Election was subsequently successfully challenged, and the seat was declared vacant. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Anthony Wayne (Anti-Admin.) 50.4% Anti-Administration Party (US)James Jackson (Anti-Admin.) 49.5% Others 0.2% |- ! Georgia 2 X"Middle District" | Abraham Baldwin | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Abraham Baldwin (Anti-Admin.) 56.2% Anti-Administration Party (US)Thomas P. Carnes (Anti-Admin.) Anti-Administration Party (US)James Jackson (Anti-Admin.) 1.2% UnknownJohn Jones (Unknown) 0.3% |- ! Georgia 3 X"Northern (or Western) District" | George Mathews | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Anti-Administration hold. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Francis Willis (Anti-Admin.) 66.5% Anti-Administration Party (US)George Mathews (Anti-Admin.) 33.5% |} Kentucky Kentucky was admitted during the 2nd Congress and elected its first representatives in 1792. Maryland 1790 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland List of United States representatives from Maryland Under Maryland law for the election for the 1st and 2nd Congresses "candidates were elected at-large but had to be residents of a specific district with the statewide vote determining winners from each district."March 2025 In Maryland, two local factions briefly emerged, the Chesapeake and Potomac (or Potowmack) "parties". The Potomac faction, consisting of individuals from the small counties of southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore, aimed to maintain their status by curbing the increasing influence of the city of Baltimore and the more populous counties. To do so, they supported the development of the federal city and a canal on the Potomac River to secure their economic future. Conversely, the Chesapeake faction advocated for Baltimore's growth. Their strategy involved improving the Susquehanna River to channel the lucrative wheat trade from western Maryland and Pennsylvania through Baltimore. They also believed that political representation should reflect population growth patterns rather than be defined by the counties. They feared that a canal on the Potomac River would undermine Baltimore's prosperity by diverting trade to competitors like Georgetown, the proposed federal city, and Alexandria.Ridgway Whitman H. Community Leadership in Maryland, 1790-1840: A Comparative Analysis of Power in Society University of North Carolina Press 2018 9781469648040Renzulli L. Marx Maryland: the Federalist Years Fairleigh Dickinson University Press 1973 9780838679036 149–155 Temporarily setting aside differences at the national level, the "Chesapeake Ticket" was formed to punish incumbents who had supported the Potomac location for the proposed federal city. A "Potomac Ticket" was organized and led by Governor Smallwood. Turnout in Baltimore was around 99%, and almost every ballot was cast for the Chesapeake Ticket. Statewide, the ticket won an overwhelming majority, securing all six seats. This victory threatened the county-based rural oligarchy, prompting the House of Delegates to transition from a mixed system to a district-based system on December 19, 1790. Under this new system, all of Baltimore's votes would go to just one representative, Harford County was grouped with Kent and Cecil Counties, and Anne Arundel County was grouped with Prince George's County and Annapolis. With the base of the Chesapeake "party" split between three districts, the Chesapeake faction would disappear. The political pattern created by this division would, however, "linger on indefinitely." |- ! Maryland 1 X | Michael J. Stone | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Pro-Administration gain. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Philip Key (Chesapeake; Pro-Admin.) 56.8% Anti-Administration Party (US)Michael J. Stone (Potomac; Anti-Admin.) 43.2% |- ! Maryland 2 X | Joshua Seney | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Joshua Seney (Chesapeake; Anti-Admin.) 57.1% UnknownJames Tilghman (Potomac) 42.9% |- ! Maryland 3 X | Benjamin Contee | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Pro-Administration gain.Winner later resigned due to questions of eligibility due to his residence and was replaced in a special election by John Francis Mercer (Anti-Admin.).http://artandhistory.house.gov/house_history/bioguide-front/2.pdf Second Congress (membership roster) March 8, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130306182456/http://artandhistory.house.gov/house_history/bioguide-front/2.pdf March 6, 2013 dead | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) William Pinkney (Chesapeake; Pro-Admin.) 61.6% Anti-Administration Party (US)Benjamin Contee (Potomac; Anti-Admin.) 38.4% |- ! Maryland 4 X | William Smith | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | | Incumbent retired.Anti-Administration hold. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Samuel Sterett (Chesapeake; Anti-Admin.) 100% |- ! Maryland 5 X | George Gale | | Pro-Administration | 1789 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Pro-Administration hold. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) William Vans Murray (Chesapeake; Pro-Admin.) 56.4% Pro-Administration Party (US)George Gale (Potomac; Pro-Admin.) 43.6% |- ! Maryland 6 X | Daniel Carroll | | Pro-Administration | 1789 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Anti-Administration gain. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Upton Sheredine (Chesapeake; Anti-Admin.) 55.5% Pro-Administration Party (US)Daniel Carroll (Potomac; Pro-Admin.) 44.5% |} Massachusetts 1790–1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts List of United States representatives from Massachusetts Massachusetts law required a majority for election. This condition was met in four of the eight districts, the remaining four required between 2 and 9 ballots for election. |- ! Massachusetts 1 X | Fisher Ames | | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Fisher Ames (Pro-Admin.) 75.1% Anti-Administration Party (US)Benjamin Austin (Anti-Admin.) 16.1% Anti-Administration Party (US)Thomas Dawes (Anti-Admin.) 8.8% |- ! Massachusetts 2 X | Benjamin Goodhue | | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Benjamin Goodhue (Pro-Admin.) 88.8% Anti-Administration Party (US)Samuel Holten (Anti-Admin) 11.2% |- ! Massachusetts 3 X | Elbridge Gerry | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Elbridge Gerry (Anti-Admin.) 60.4% Pro-Administration Party (US)Nathaniel Gorham (Pro-Admin.) 39.6% |- ! Massachusetts 4 X | Theodore Sedgwick | | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Theodore Sedgwick (Pro-Admin.) 75.0% Pro-Administration Party (US)Samuel Lyman (Pro-Admin.) 16.3% Scattering 8.7% |- ! Massachusetts 5 X | George Partridge | | Pro-Administration | 1788 | | Incumbent resigned August 14, 1790.Pro-Administration hold. | nowrap | First ballot (October 4, 1790) Pro-Administration Party (US)Shearjashub Bourne (Pro-Admin.) 41.8% UnknownThomas Davis (Unknown) 37.3% UnknownJoshua Thomas (Unknown) 20.9% Second ballot (November 26, 1790) Pro-Administration Party (US) Shearjashub Bourne (Pro-Admin.) 65.3% UnknownJoshua Thomas (Unknown) 27.2% UnknownThomas Davis (Unknown) 7.5% |- ! Massachusetts 6 X | George LeonardRedistricted from the 7th district | | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | First ballot (October 4, 1790) UnknownWalter Spooner (Unknown) 25.5% Anti-Administration Party (US)Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 22.6% Pro-Administration Party (US)George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 22.3% Pro-Administration Party (US)Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 16.7% Pro-Administration Party (US)David Cobb (Pro-Admin.) 12.9% Second ballot (November 26, 1790) UnknownWalter Spooner (Unknown) 24.8% Anti-Administration Party (US)Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 28.4% Pro-Administration Party (US)Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 25.7% Pro-Administration Party (US)George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 12.5% Pro-Administration Party (US)David Cobb (Pro-Admin.) 8.6% Third ballot (January 25, 1791) Anti-Administration Party (US)Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 33.9% UnknownWalter Spooner (Unknown) 28.3% Pro-Administration Party (US)Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 24.0% Pro-Administration Party (US)George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 8.5% Pro-Administration Party (US)David Cobb (Pro-Admin.) 5.3% Fourth ballot (April 4, 1791) UnknownWalter Spooner (Unknown) 38.8% Anti-Administration Party (US)Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 38.8% Pro-Administration Party (US)Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 15.7% Pro-Administration Party (US)George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 5.3% Pro-Administration Party (US)David Cobb (Pro-Admin.) 1.5% Fifth ballot (July 18, 1791) Anti-Administration Party (US)Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 42.3% Pro-Administration Party (US)George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 29.3% Pro-Administration Party (US)Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 21.8% UnknownWalter Spooner (Unknown) 6.6% Sixth ballot (September 8, 1791) Anti-Administration Party (US)Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 42.2% Pro-Administration Party (US)George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 41.6% Pro-Administration Party (US)Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 16.2% Seventh ballot (November 11, 1791) Pro-Administration Party (US)George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 45.6% Anti-Administration Party (US)Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 32.0% Pro-Administration Party (US)Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 22.5% Eighth ballot (December 26, 1791) Pro-Administration Party (US)George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 45.0% Anti-Administration Party (US)Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 31.6% Pro-Administration Party (US)Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 22.2% Ninth ballot (April 2, 1792) Pro-Administration Party (US) George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 55.6% Anti-Administration Party (US)Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 27.7% Pro-Administration Party (US)Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 16.7% |- ! Massachusetts 7 X | Jonathan GroutRedistricted from the 8th district | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Pro-Administration gain. | nowrap | First ballot (October 4, 1790) Pro-Administration Party (US)Jonathan Grout (Anti-Admin.) 39.1% Pro-Administration Party (US)Artemas Ward (Pro-Admin.) 39.0% UnknownJohn Sprague (Unknown) 14.5% UnknownNathan Tyler (Unknown) 7.4% Second ballot (November 26, 1790) Pro-Administration Party (US) Artemas Ward (Pro-Admin.) 56.6% Anti-Administration Party (US)Jonathan Grout (Anti-Admin.) 43.4% |- ! Massachusetts 8 X | George ThatcherRedistricted from the 6th district | | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | First ballot (October 4, 1790) Pro-Administration Party (US)George Thatcher (Pro-Admin.) 37.2% UnknownWilliam Lithgow (Unknown) 22.3% Pro-Administration Party (US)Nathaniel Wells (Pro-Admin.) 16.1% UnknownJosiah Thatcher (Unknown) 9.2% UnknownWilliam Martin (Unknown) 4.9% UnknownArthur Noble (Unknown) 3.6% UnknownDaniel Davis (Unknown) 1.8% Pro-Administration Party (US)Peleg Wadsworth (Pro-Admin.) 1.5% Second ballot (November 26, 1790) Pro-Administration Party (US)George Thatcher (Pro-Admin.) 49.8% Pro-Administration Party (US)Nathaniel Wells (Pro-Admin.) 31.0% UnknownWilliam Lithgow (Unknown) 14.8% Scattering 4.4% Third ballot (January 25, 1791) Pro-Administration Party (US)George Thatcher (Pro-Admin.) 49.1% UnknownWilliam Lithgow (Unknown) 39.7% Pro-Administration Party (US)Nathaniel Wells (Pro-Admin.) 11.2% Fourth ballot (April 4, 1791) Pro-Administration Party (US) George Thatcher (Pro-Admin.) 52.3% UnknownWilliam Lithgow (Unknown) 41.1% Pro-Administration Party (US)Nathaniel Wells (Pro-Admin.) 6.6% |} New Hampshire 1790 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire List of United States representatives from New Hampshire |- ! rowspan=3 | New Hampshire AL X3 seats on a general ticket | Abiel Foster | | Pro-Administration | 1789 (special) | | Incumbent lost re-election.Pro-Administration hold. | rowspan=3 nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Samuel Livermore (Pro-Admin.) 25.1% Pro-Administration Party (US) Jeremiah Smith (Pro-Admin.) 13.1% Pro-Administration Party (US) Nicholas Gilman (Pro-Admin.) 11.8% Anti-Administration Party (US)John S. Sherburne (Anti-Admin.) 11.1% Pro-Administration Party (US)Abiel Foster (Pro-Admin.) 8.5% Pro-Administration Party (US)James Sheafe (Pro-Admin.) 7.8% Pro-Administration Party (US)Nathaniel Peabody (Pro-Admin.) 7.0% Others 15.5% |- | Samuel Livermore | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | | Incumbent re-elected as Pro-Administration. |- | Nicholas Gilman | | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |} New Jersey 1791 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey List of United States representatives from New Jersey "m1" |- ! rowspan=4 | New Jersey AL X4 seats on a general ticket | Elias Boudinot | | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. | rowspan=4 nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Abraham Clark (Pro-Admin.) 19.9% Pro-Administration Party (US) Jonathan Dayton (Pro-Admin.) 13.8% Pro-Administration Party (US) Elias Boudinot (Pro-Admin.) 13.7% Pro-Administration Party (US) Aaron Kitchell (Pro-Admin.) 8.8% Pro-Administration Party (US)Lambert Cadwalader (Pro-Admin.) 7.0% Anti-Administration Party (US)James Linn (Anti-Admin.) 5.5% Pro-Administration Party (US)Thomas Sinnickson (Pro-Admin.) 5.1% UnknownRobert Hoops (Unknown) 4.9% Pro-Administration Party (US)Thomas Henderson (Pro-Admin.) 3.7% UnknownJohn Witherspoon (Unknown) 2.7% Pro-Administration Party (US)John Beatty (Pro-Admin.) 2.3%Others UnknownJohn Sheppard (Unknown) 1.9% UnknownJoseph Ellis (Unknown) 1.7% UnknownRobert Ogden (Unknown) 1.5% Pro-Administration Party (US)James Schureman (Pro-Admin.) 1.5% UnknownJohn Harring (Unknown) 1.1% UnknownJohn Hugg (Unknown) 1.1% |- | Lambert Cadwalader | | Pro-Administration | 1789 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Pro-Administration hold. |- | James Schureman | | Pro-Administration | 1789 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Pro-Administration hold. |- | Thomas Sinnickson | | Pro-Administration | 1789 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Pro-Administration hold. |} New York 1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York List of United States representatives from New York New York's districts were not numbered at the time, therefore the numbering here is retroactive. |- ! New York 1 X | William Floyd | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Pro-Administration gain.Winner died May 24, 1790, before the start of the 2nd Congress. A special election was then held (see above). | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) James Townsend (Pro-Admin.) 35.5% Pro-Administration Party (US)John Vanderbilt (Pro-Admin.) 19.6% Anti-Administration Party (US)William Floyd (Anti-Admin.) 19.1% Anti-Administration Party (US)Thomas Tredwell (Anti-Admin.) 17.0% Anti-Administration Party (US)Ezra L'Hommedieu (Anti-Admin.) 8.8% |- ! New York 2 X | John Laurance | | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) John Laurance (Pro-Admin.) 98.4% Anti-Administration Party (US)Melancton Smith (Anti-Admin.) 1.6% |- ! New York 3 X | Egbert Benson | | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Egbert Benson (Pro-Admin.) 60.8% Anti-Administration Party (US)Theodorus Bailey (Anti-Admin.) 39.2% |- ! New York 4 X | John Hathorn | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Anti-Administration hold. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Cornelius C. Schoonmaker (Anti-Admin.) 52.1% Pro-Administration Party (US)Peter Van Gaasbeck (Pro-Admin.) 43.7% Anti-Administration Party (US)John Hathorn (Anti-Admin.) 3.5% Anti-Administration Party (US)Christopher Tappen (Anti-Admin.) 0.8% |- ! New York 5 X | Peter Silvester | | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Peter Silvester (Pro-Admin.) 58.4% Anti-Administration Party (US)John Livingston (Anti-Admin.) 41.6% |- ! New York 6 X | Jeremiah Van Rensselaer | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Pro-Administration gain. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) James Gordon (Pro-Admin.) 59.0% Anti-Administration Party (US)Jeremiah Van Rensselaer (Anti-Admin.) 41.0% |} North Carolina List of United States representatives from North Carolina North Carolina ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789, and elected its representatives after admission. 1st Congress 1790 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina |- ! North Carolina 1 X"Roanoke division" | colspan=3 rowspan=5 | State ratified the ConstitutionNovember 21, 1789. | | First member elected March 24, 1790.Anti-Administration win.Winner was later elected to the next term; see below. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) John B. Ashe (Anti-Admin.) 48.9% Anti-Administration Party (US)Nathaniel Macon (Anti-Admin.) 41.5% UnknownStephen Moore (Unknown) 8.9% UnknownParsonsSource does not give first name (Unknown) 0.7% |- ! North Carolina 2 X"Edenton and New Bern division" | | First member elected March 24, 1790.Anti-Administration win.Winner was later elected to the next term; see below. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Hugh Williamson (Anti-Admin.) 73.9% UnknownStephen Cabarrus (Unknown) 26.0% |- ! North Carolina 3 X"Cape Fear division" | | First member elected March 24, 1790.Anti-Administration win.Winner later lost re-election to the next term; see below. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Timothy Bloodworth (Anti-Admin.) 98.4% UnknownBenjamin Smith (Unknown) 1.6% |- ! North Carolina 4 X"Yadkin division" | | First member elected March 24, 1790.Pro-Administration win.Winner was later elected to the next term; see below. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) John Steele (Pro-Admin.)"nr" Source does not give numbers of votes or has incomplete data UnknownJoseph MacDowell (Unknown) UnknownWaightstill Avery (Unknown) |- ! North Carolina 5 X"Western division" | | First member elected March 24, 1790.Pro-Administration win.District covered areas that were ceded to in May 1790 to form the Southwest Territory, but member retained seat for the remainder of term. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) John Sevier (Pro-Admin.)"nr" |} 2nd Congress 1791 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina Due to the cession of North Carolina's trans-Appalachian territory to form the Southwest Territory, the territory of the old North Carolina 5 C was lost. North Carolina retained the same number of Representatives, and so it redistricted for the Second Congress. |- ! North Carolina 1 X"Yadkin Division" | John SteeleRedistricted from the 4th district | | Pro-Administration | 1790 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) John Steele (Pro-Admin.) 87.3% Anti-Administration Party (US)Joseph MacDowell (Anti-Admin.) 12.7% |- ! North Carolina 2 X"Centre Division" | colspan=3 | None (new district) | | New seat.Anti-Administration gain. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Nathaniel Macon (Anti-Admin.)"nr" Anti-Administration Party (US)Alexander Mebane (Anti-Admin.) |- ! North Carolina 3 X | John Baptista AsheRedistricted from the 1st district | | Anti-Administration | 1790 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Jonathan B. Ashe (Anti-Admin.)"nr" |- ! North Carolina 4 X"Albemarle Division" | Hugh WilliamsonRedistricted from the 2nd district | | Anti-Administration | 1790 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Hugh Williamson (Anti-Admin.)Changed from Pro-Administration to Anti-Administration between the 1st and 2nd Congresses Anti-Administration Party (US)Charles Johnson (Anti-Admin.) |- ! North Carolina 5 X"Cape Fear Division" | Timothy BloodworthRedistricted from the 3rd district | | Anti-Administration | 1790 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Pro-Administration gain. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) William B. Grove (Pro-Admin.) 65.2% Anti-Administration Party (US)Timothy Bloodworth (Anti-Admin.) 34.6% Pro-Administration Party (US)Benjamin Smith (Pro-Admin.) 0.2% |} Pennsylvania 1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania Pennsylvania had elected its Representatives at-large in the 1st Congress, but switched to using districts in the 2nd Congress. Five incumbents ran for re-election, four of whom won, while three others retired leaving three open seats. Two districts had no incumbents residing in them, while one (the PA 8 C) had a single representative who declined to run for re-election and one (the PA 2 C) had three incumbents, only one of whom ran for re-election. Wilkes University Elections Statistics Project |- ! Pennsylvania 1 X | Thomas FitzsimonsRedistricted from the PA AL C | | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Thomas Fitzsimons (Pro-Admin.) 85.1% Anti-Administration Party (US)Charles Thomson (Anti-Admin.) 14.9% |- ! rowspan=3 | Pennsylvania 2 X | Frederick MuhlenbergRedistricted from the PA AL C | | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. | rowspan=3 nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Frederick Muhlenberg (Pro-Admin.)"nr" Anti-Administration Party (US)Amos Greg (Anti-Admin.) Unknown"Dr." Jones (Unknown)Lampi Philip Pennsylvania 1791 U.S. House of Representatives, District 2 https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/vt150k188 A New Nation Votes American Antiquarian Society May 22, 2024 |- | George ClymerRedistricted from the PA AL C | | Pro-Administration | 1788 | | Incumbent retired.Pro-Administration loss. |- | Henry WynkoopRedistricted from the PA AL C | | Pro-Administration | 1788 | | Incumbent retired.Pro-Administration loss. |- ! Pennsylvania 3 X | Peter MuhlenbergRedistricted from the PA AL C | | Anti-Administration | 1788 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Pro-Administration gain. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Israel Jacobs (Pro-Admin.) 61.2% Anti-Administration Party (US)Peter Muhlenberg (Anti-Admin.) 38.8% |- ! Pennsylvania 4 X | Daniel HiesterRedistricted from the PA AL C | | Anti-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Daniel Hiester (Anti-Admin.) 100% |- ! Pennsylvania 5 X | colspan=3 | None (new district) | | New seat.Pro-Administration gain. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) John W. Kittera (Pro-Admin.) 100% |- ! Pennsylvania 6 X | colspan=3 | None (new district) | | New seat.Anti-Administration gain. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Andrew Gregg (Anti-Admin.) 51.2% Pro-Administration Party (US)John Allison (Pro-Admin.) 18.3% Anti-Administration Party (US)James McLean (Anti-Admin.) 10.9% Pro-Administration Party (US)Thomas Johnston (Pro-Admin.) 10.3% Anti-Administration Party (US)William Montgomery (Anti-Admin.) 9.3% |- ! Pennsylvania 7 X | Thomas HartleyRedistricted from the PA AL C | | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Thomas Hartley (Pro-Admin.) 71.1% Anti-Administration Party (US)William Irvine (Anti-Admin.) 28.9% |- ! Pennsylvania 8 X | Thomas ScottRedistricted from the PA AL C | | Pro-Administration | 1788 | | Incumbent retired.Anti-Administration gain. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) William Findley (Anti-Admin.) 65.2% Pro-Administration Party (US)John Woods (Pro-Admin.) 34.8% |} Rhode Island List of United States representatives from Rhode Island 1st Congress August 1790 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island Rhode Island ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. It elected its representatives after admission. |- ! Rhode Island AL X | colspan=3 | State ratified the U.S. Constitution May 29, 1790. | | First member elected August 31, 1790.Pro-Administration win.Winner was later elected to the next term; see below. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Benjamin Bourne (Pro-Admin.) 72.7% UnknownJob Comstock (Unknown) 23.2% UnknownJames Sheldon (Unknown) 3.4%"m1" Only candidates with at least 1% of the vote listed |} 2nd Congress October 1790 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island Rhode Island held elections for the 2nd Congress on October 18, 1790, about six weeks after elections for the 1st Congress due to the state's late ratification of the Constitution. |- ! Rhode Island AL X | Benjamin Bourne | | Pro-Administration | August 1790 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Benjamin Bourne (Pro-Admin.) 56.6% UnknownPaul Mumford (Unknown) 33.0% UnknownJames Sheldon (Unknown) 10.1% |} South Carolina 1790 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina List of United States representatives from South Carolina |- ! South Carolina 1 X"Charleston Division" | William L. Smith | | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) William L. Smith (Pro-Admin.)"nr" |- ! South Carolina 2 X"Beaufort Division" | Aedanus Burke | | Anti-Administration | 1788 | | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.Pro-Administration gain. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Robert Barnwell (Pro-Admin.)"nr" |- ! South Carolina 3 X"Georgetown Division" | Daniel Huger | | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Daniel Huger (Pro-Admin.)"nr" |- ! South Carolina 4 X"Camden Division" | Thomas Sumter | | Anti-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Thomas Sumter (Anti-Admin.)"nr" |- ! South Carolina 5 X"Ninety-Six Division" | Thomas Tudor Tucker | | Anti-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Thomas Tudor Tucker (Anti-Admin.)"nr" |} Vermont 1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont List of United States representatives from Vermont Vermont was admitted at the end of the First Congress, with the admission taking effect at the start of the Second Congress. Vermont was entitled to elect two representatives. Vermont law at the time required a majority to win an office. In the Vermont 1 C, no candidate won a majority, necessitating a run-off. "m1" |- ! Vermont 1 X"Western Division" | colspan=3 | New state admitted. | | First member elected.Anti-Administration win. | nowrap | First ballot (July 13, 1791) Anti-Administration Party (US)Matthew Lyon (Anti-Admin.) 28.7%Anti-Administration Party (US)Israel Smith (Anti-Admin.) 24.6%Pro-Administration Party (US)Isaac Tichenor (Pro-Admin.) 22.7%UnknownSamuel Hitchcock (Unknown) 18.1%UnknownIra Allen (Unknown) 2.3%UnknownEbenezer Marvin (Unknown) 1.6%UnknownGideon Olin (Unknown) 1.3%Others 0.7% Second ballot (September 6, 1791) Anti-Administration Party (US) Israel Smith (Anti-Admin.) 68.4% Anti-Administration Party (US)Matthew Lyon (Anti-Admin.) 29.4% Pro-Administration Party (US)Isaac Tichenor (Pro-Admin.) 2.2% |- ! Vermont 2 X"Eastern Division" | colspan=3 | New state admitted. | | First member elected.Anti-Administration win. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Nathaniel Niles (Anti-Admin.)"nr" UnknownStephen Jacob (Unknown) Pro-Administration Party (US)Daniel Buck (Pro-Admin.) |} Virginia 1790 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia List of United States representatives from Virginia |- ! Virginia 1 X | Alexander White | | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Alexander White (Pro-Admin.) 93.3% UnknownJ. P. Duvall (Unknown) 6.7% |- ! Virginia 2 X | John Brown | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) John Brown (Anti-Admin.)"nr" UnknownJames M. Marshall (Unknown) |- ! Virginia 3 X | Andrew Moore | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Andrew Moore (Anti-Admin.) 100% |- ! Virginia 4 X | Richard Bland Lee | | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Pro-Administration Party (US) Richard Bland Lee (Pro-Admin.) 62.1% Anti-Administration Party (US)Arthur Lee (Anti-Admin.) 37.9% |- ! Virginia 5 X | James Madison | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) James Madison (Anti-Admin.) 97.8% Anti-Administration Party (US)James Monroe (Anti-Admin.) 2.2% |- ! Virginia 6 X | Isaac Coles | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | | Incumbent retired.Anti-Administration hold. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Abraham B. Venable (Anti-Admin.)"nr" UnknownCharles Lintch (Unknown) UnknownCharles Clay (Unknown) |- ! Virginia 7 X | John Page | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) John Page (Anti-Admin.)"nr" UnknownMeriwether Smith (Unknown) UnknownFrancis Corbin (Unknown) UnknownHenry Lee (Unknown) |- ! Virginia 8 X | Josiah Parker | | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Josiah Parker (Anti-Admin.) 76.1% UnknownIsaac Avery (Unknown) 23.9% |- ! Virginia 9 X | William B. Giles | | Anti-Administration | 1790 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) William B. Giles (Anti-Admin.) 59.3% Pro-Administration Party (US)Thomas Edmonds (Pro-Admin.) 40.6% UnknownJohn Mason (Unknown) 0.1% |- ! Virginia 10 X | Samuel Griffin | | Pro-Administration | 1789 | | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Administration. | nowrap | Anti-Administration Party (US) Samuel Griffin (Anti-Admin.)and Had been Pro-Administration previous electionwould switch back to Pro-Administration in the next election"nr" |} See also 1790 United States elections List of United States House of Representatives elections (1789–1822) 1790–91 United States Senate elections 1st United States Congress 2nd United States Congress Notes References Bibliography http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:de.uscongress.1789 A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825 Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University January 17, 2015 January 29, 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150129054451/http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:de.uscongress.1789 dead Michael J. Dubin https://books.google.com/books?id=9ElyQgAACAAJ&q=United+States+Congressional+Elections,+1788-1997:+The+Official+Results 1788 United States Congressional Elections-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses McFarland and Company March 1, 1998 978-0786402830 Kenneth C. Martis https://books.google.com/books?id=q0hyQgAACAAJ&q=The+Historical+Atlas+of+Political+Parties+in+the+United+States+Congress,+1789-1989 The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989 Macmillan Publishing Company January 1, 1989 978-0029201701 http://history.house.gov/Institution/Party-Divisions/Party-Divisions/ Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives January 21, 2015 Mapping Early American Elections https://earlyamericanelections.org/maps/ 2024-09-06 Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University 2019 Mapping Early American Elections project team External links Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)