1992 Angolan general election

none August 2022 Angola 29–30 September 1992 yes Presidential election presidential 1986 Angolan presidential election 1986 2012 Angolan general election 2012 José Eduardo dos Santos 1991.jpg José Eduardo dos Santos MPLA 1,953,335 49.56% Jonas Savimbi 1995.jpg Jonas Savimbi UNITA 1,579,298 40.07% President José Eduardo dos Santos MPLA José Eduardo dos Santos MPLA 250px Most voted-for candidate by province 1986 2008 yes Parliamentary election yes MPLA José Eduardo dos Santos 53.74 129 UNITA Jonas Savimbi 34.10 70 FNLA Holden Roberto 2.40 5 Liberal Democratic Party (Angola) Anália de Victória Pereira 2.39 3 Social Renewal Party (Angola) Rui Pereira 2.27 6 Democratic Renewal Party (Angola) Luís dos Passos 0.89 1 Democratic Angola – Coalition Simão Cacete 0.86 1 Social Democratic Party (Angola) Bengui Pedro João 0.84 1 PAJOCA Alexandre Sebastião André 0.35 1 Angolan Democratic Forum 0.30 1 Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance Mfulumpinga Landu Victor 0.27 1 Angolan National Democratic Party 0.26 1 Mapa de las elecciones generales de Angola de 1992 - Resultados por distrito.svg Results by electoral district General elections were held in Angola on 29 and 30 September 1992 to elect a President and National Assembly, the first time free and multi-party elections had been held in the country.The Fate of Africa's Democratic Experiments 1989–2014 2015 Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures, and the Struggle for Political Reform 234–238 Cheeseman Nic https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/democracy-in-africa/fate-of-africas-democratic-experiments-19892014/DA50F32498C1D14DF4AAA43175265455 Cambridge University Press 10.1017/CBO9781139030892.009 978-0-521-13842-0 subscription They followed the signing of the Bicesse Accord on 31 May 1991 in an attempt to end the 17-year-long civil war.https://www.eisa.org.za/wep/ang1991bicesse.htm Angola: The Bicesse Accords EISA 6 November 2016 Voter turnout was 91.3% for the parliamentary election and 91.2% for the presidential election.Nohlen D Krennerich M Thibaut B 1999 Elections in Africa: A data handbook https://archive.org/details/electionsafricad00nohl limited 71–74 0-19-829645-2 The election was considered free and fair by election monitors.Tvedten Inge 1993 The Angolan Debacle https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/225479 Journal of Democracy 4 2 108–118 1086-3214 The ruling People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) won both elections; however eight opposition parties, in particular the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), rejected the results, accusing it of being rigged. UNITA sent negotiators to the capital, but at the same time prepared measures to resume the civil war. As a consequence, hostilities erupted in Luanda and immediately spread to other parts of the country. Several thousand to tens of thousands of UNITA members or supporters were killed nationwide by MPLA forces in a few days, in what is known as the Halloween Massacre. Background Angola was a colony of Portugal for more than 400 years from the 15th century. Demands for independence picked up momentum during the early 1950s, with the principal protagonists including the MPLA, founded in 1956, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), which appeared in 1961, and the UNITA, founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained independence on 11 November 1975, after the Carnation Revolution in Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese regime headed by Marcelo Caetano. A fight for dominance broke out immediately between the three nationalist movements. The events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens, creating up to 300,000 destitute Portuguese refugees—the retornados.http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.html https://web.archive.org/web/20090113204408/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.html dead January 13, 2009 Dismantling the Portuguese Empire Time 7 July 1975 The new Portuguese government attempted to mediate an understanding between the three competing movements, which they initially agreed to, but later failed and resulted in a devastating civil war which lasted several decades, claiming millions of lives and producing many refugees until ending in 2002.723274 The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire by Norrie MacQueen – Mozambique since Independence: Confronting Leviathan by Margaret Hall & Tom Young Stuart A. Notholt African Affairs 97 387 1998 276–278 10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007936 During the civil war, the MPLA gained control of the capital Luanda and much of the rest of the country. With the support of the United States, Zaire and South Africa intervened militarily in favour of the FNLA and UNITA, with the intention of taking Luanda before the declaration of independence. http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article4068.htm Americas Third World War: How 6 million People Were killed in CIA secret wars against third world countries Information Clearing House] Imperial Beach, California 16 November 1981 27 June 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20100629015838/http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article4068.htm 29 June 2010 dead In response, Cuba intervened in favour of the MPLA, which became a flash point for the Cold War. With Cuban support, the MPLA held Luanda and declared independence on 11 November 1975, with Agostinho Neto becoming the first president, though the civil war continued. https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/1975/08/16/flight-from-angola The Economist: Flight from Angola 16 August 1975 Jose Eduardo dos Santos won the 1980 and 1986 elections and became the first elected President of the country. The civil war continued with UNITA fighting against the MPLA, with both parties receiving international support. There was a ceasefire agreement during 1989, with the leader of UNITA, Jonas Savimbi, but it collapsed soon afterwards. As a part of its peace efforts, the MPLA dropped its theme of Marxism–Leninism and moved to socialism. During May 1991, Dos Sambos and Savimbi signed a multiparty democracy agreement in Lisbon.Angola profile - Timeline https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13037271 BBC 6 November 2016 4 June 2015 Conduct Voter registration was carried out between 20 May and 31 July and the National Electoral Council enrolled a total of 4,828,468 eligible voters. Campaigning was intense from two of the major parties; UNITA campaigned against the colonial influence of Portugal and proposed a native setup. The elections were monitored by 800 representatives of the UN Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM). Results Voter turnout was around 75 per cent voter, with the UN airlifting people in remote areas to the polling stations. Early counting indicated that MPLA was leading in most constituencies; UNITA immediately rejected the result and pulled out its forces out of the combined troops of the army and started preparing for a war. The National Electoral Council delayed announcing the results beyond the eight-day limit prescribed and announced the results on 17 October 1992. President 200x200px|thumb|José Eduardo dos Santos who won and became the President of Angola in the elections José Eduardo dos Santos MPLA 1953335 Jonas Savimbi UNITA 1579298 António Alberto Neto Angolan Democratic Party 85249 Holden Roberto National Liberation Front 83135 Honorato Lando Liberal Democratic Party of Angola 75789 Luís dos Passos Democratic Renewal Party 58121 Bengui Pedro João Social Democratic Party 38243 Simão Cacete Front for Democracy 26385 Daniel Chipenda Independent 20845 Anália de Victória Pereira Liberal Democratic Party 11475 Rui Pereira Social Renewal Party 9208 460455 4828468 African Elections Database National Assembly A total of 12 parties won seats, with the ruling MPLA winning nearly 54% of the total votes and 129 of the 220 seats, whilst UNITA won 70 seats. The first multi-party parliament session was convened on 26 October 1992 with all members of UNITA abstaining. File:Angola National Assembly 1992 (detailed).svg MPLA 2124126 129 UNITA 1347636 70 National Liberation Front 94742 5 Liberal Democratic Party 94269 3 Social Renewal Party 89875 6 Democratic Renewal Party 35293 1 Democratic Angola – Coalition 34166 1 Social Democratic Party 33088 1 Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola 13924 1 Angolan Democratic Forum 12038 1 Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance 10608 1 Angolan National Democratic Party 10281 1 Lightgreen National Democratic Convention of Angola 10237 0 Social Democratic Party of Angola 10217 0 Independent Angolan Party 9007 0 Liberal Democratic Party of Angola 8025 0 Angolan Democratic Party 8014 0 Angolan Renewal Party 6719 0 458310 4828468 African Elections Database By province ProvinceMPLAUNITAOtherBengo69.91%17.61%12.49%Benguela37.36%53.58%9.06%Bié13.75%76.97%9.29%Cabinda77.62%16.09%6.28%Cunene87.64%4.58%7.78%Huambo15.52%73.40%11.08%Huila63.73%25.97%10.30%Cuando Cubango21.75%71.54%6.71%Cuanza Norte86.26%5.62%8.12%Cuanza Sul71.90%19.96%8.14%Luanda70.66%18.75%10.59%Lunda Norte65.52%7.46%27.02%Lunda Sul53.81%3.87%42.32%Malanje78.04%11.00%10.96%Moxico58.49%24.06%17.46%Namibe66.65%24.14%9.21%Uíge51.88%30.20%17.92%Zaire31.66%25.58%42.75%Source: Constituency-Level Election Archive Aftermath The ruling MPLA won both elections, but the eight opposition parties, in particular UNITA, rejected the results as rigged.1993 Election Watch https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/225486 Journal of Democracy 4 1 130–134 1086-3214 An official observer wrote that there was little UN supervision, that 500,000 UNITA voters were disenfranchised and that there were 100 clandestine polling stations. UNITA sent negotiators to the capital, but at the same time prepared measures to resume the civil war. As a consequence, hostilities erupted in Luanda and immediately spread to other parts of the country. Several thousand to tens of thousands of UNITA members or supporters were killed nationwide by MPLA forces in a few days, in what is known as the Halloween Massacre. War resumed immediately.NSHR, Press Releases 12 September 2000 MPLA atrocitiesNational Society for Human Rights Ending the Angolan Conflict Windhoek, Namibia 3 July 2000John Matthew Letters The Times UK 6 November 1992 election observerhttps://www.eisa.org.za/wep/ang1992elect3.htm Angola: Resumption of the civil war EISA 6 November 2016 According to the constitution adopted in 1992, since dos Santos failed to win 50 percent of the vote, he would have faced Savimbi in a runoff election. However, Savimbi refused to take part in the runoff, saying the election had neither been free nor fair.Rothchild Donald S Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation 1997 134 Due to the resumption of the Civil War, the second round never took place, and dos Santos continued as President, even without the constitutionally-necessary democratic legitimisation. Dos Santos assumed office for the third continuous term as President on 2 December 1992 and appointed Marcolino Moco as the new Prime Minister of Angola. Most of the ministries were given to MPLA, while UNITA was offered six portfolios, which was accepted only later. There were four other portfolios allocated to other parties.Angola elections 1992 http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2007_92.htm Inter-Parliamentary Union 1981 5 November 2016 35–36 References Category:Parliamentary elections in Angola Category:Presidential elections in Angola Angola General Angola Category:Electoral violence