1969 Major League Baseball expansion

none August 2023 The 1969 Major League Baseball expansion resulted in the establishment of expansion franchises in Kansas City and Seattle in the American League and in Montreal and San Diego in the National League of Major League Baseball (MLB). The Kansas City Royals, Montreal Expos, San Diego Padres, and the Seattle Pilots began play in the 1969 season. One of the reasons for expansion was increasing pressure to maintain the sport as the US national pastime, particularly because of the increasing popularity of professional football.Griffin 1969 As a result of expansion, the American and National Leagues reorganized. Each league was split into two divisions, forming the American League East, American League West, National League East, and National League West.Jozsa 2006 57 Other candidate cities that were considered in 1967 included Buffalo, Dallas–Fort Worth, and Milwaukee.Ottawa Citizen 1968 29 The latter two were rejected because they were close to cities that already had an MLB team (Houston and Chicago, respectively).Ottawa Citizen 1968 29 In May 1966, Commissioner of Baseball William Eckert stated that cities that should be considered for expansion included Milwaukee (the Milwaukee Braves had moved to Atlanta before the 1966 season), New Orleans, Oakland, San Diego, Seattle, and Toronto, and that expansion would occur in "eight to 10 years;"Gadsden 1966 he subsequently stated that the leagues could expand "any time after two years".The New York Times:Eckert clarifies stand on expansion By August, MLB had plans to expand to two 12-team leagues by 1970, and had squelched the possibility of a third league,Classen 1966 such as the Continental League proposed in 1959 or the proposal made in August 1968 by Ron Plaza consisting of an Eastern, Central, and Western League.Hodges 1968 American League In 1960, the American League conducted a survey to determine potential expansion cities. The list included Atlanta, Buffalo, Dallas–Fort Worth, Denver, Oakland, San Diego, Seattle, and Toronto.Sarasota Herald-Tribune 1960 Kansas City Royals History of the Kansas City Royals Kansas City had been the home to the Kansas City Athletics from 1955, when the team moved from Philadelphia, to 1967, after which the team moved to Oakland. For several years, owner Charlie Finley had threatened to leave the city: in May and September 1962 to Dallas–Fort Worth;The Bonham Daily Favorite 1962Armour Levitt 2004 237 in January 1964 he signed a contract with the state of Kentucky to move the team to Louisville and rename the team Kentucky Athletics;The New York Times 1964 and in February 1964 he wanted to move the team to Oakland. A committee of American League owners denied his requests.Acocella In October 1967, with the team's lease at Municipal Stadium expired,Armour Levitt 2004 246 Finley once again proposed to move the franchise to Oakland, this time at the owners' meetings in Chicago. During the first ballot of the committee of American League owners on October 18,Armour Levitt 2004 246 he received six supporting votes, one opposing vote (from the Baltimore Orioles), and the Cleveland Indians, New York Yankees, and Washington Senators abstained from voting. American League president Joe Cronin requested a second ballot, in which the New York Yankees were the only team to change their status, opting to support the move and giving Finley "the seven votes necessary to move the team".Peterson 2003 260 In a press release, Cronin announced the move and promised to expand the league by two more clubs no later than 1971.Peterson 2003 261 The Oakland Athletics began play in the 1968 Major League Baseball season. Cronin conveyed the news to Kansas City mayor Ilus Davis and Stuart Symington, a US Senator from Missouri. Cronin had thought that the compromise to install a new team by 1971 would be acceptable to them as compensation for the loss of the Athletics. Instead, Symington threatened to challenge Major League Baseball's antitrust exemption with federal legislation,Peterson 2003 260 and to also challenge the reserve clause. Davis threatened a lawsuit to block the move.Armour Levitt 2004 246 Tom Yawkey arranged a meeting of the owners still at the convention, during which the league agreed to accelerate the expansion process and assured that Kansas City would be granted a new franchise to begin play no later than the 1969 season.Peterson 2003 261 This would require another franchise to be established at the same time to ensure the league had an even number of teams for a balanced schedule.Schaefer 2000 On the floor of the United States Senate on October 19, Symington described Finley as "one of the most disreputable characters ever to enter the American sports scene" and said that "Oakland is the luckiest city since Hiroshima".Armour Levitt 2004 233 Ewing Kauffman won rights to the franchise, and paid a $5.5 million expansion fee for the Royals, which played games at Municipal StadiumJozsa 2006 57 until the end of the 1972 season, after which the team moved to Royals Stadium, now known as Kauffman Stadium. Seattle Pilots Seattle Pilots By the 1960s, with Seattle's population growing, the city became the largest to host a Pacific Coast League team, the Seattle Rainiers.Schaefer 2000 The league's stature also declined with the move of the Brooklyn Dodgers to Los Angeles and the New York Giants to San Francisco, which caused those cities' PCL teams to relocate to much smaller markets.Schaefer 2000 In 1964, the city purchased Sick's Stadium for $1.1 million.Schaefer 2000 In 1965, the Rainiers were sold to the Los Angeles Angels, who renamed the team the Seattle Angels. The city made several attempts to lure a Major League Baseball team. In 1964, William R. Daley visited the city when searching for a new home for the Cleveland Indians. He was unimpressed with the stadium, citing it as the primary reason to terminate his quest to move his team.Schaefer 2000 Charlie Finley also found the stadium inadequate during a 1967 visit, and so rejected Seattle as a potential target for moving the Kansas City Athletics.Schaefer 2000 Because of this, the city instead tried to lobby for an expansion franchise at the 1967 owners' meetings in Chicago.Schaefer 2000 The delegation also had support from two US Senators, Henry M. Jackson and Warren Magnuson, the latter of whom was the chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee, a committee which has "jurisdiction over the major league's business activities".Schaefer 2000 Coupled with Symington's threats related to the move of the Kansas City Athletics, the political influence swayed the American League owners. However, they were reluctant to expand in 1969 without a Seattle stadium bond issue.Peterson 2003 261 The Seattle delegation assured the owners that Sick's Stadium could be renovated in five months to fulfill the minimum requirements until a new stadium was built; with this, the owners agreed to a 1969 expansion, and approved teams in Kansas City and Seattle.Peterson 2003 261 On December 1, 1967 at the Winter Meetings in Mexico City, the franchise was officially awarded to Pacific Northwest Sports, which received $5.5 million in funding from Daley, who thus had 47% ownership of the venture.Schaefer 2000 Other owners included Max and Dewey Soriano. The award was contingent on renovation of Sick's Stadium to increase its seating capacity from 11,000 to 30,000 by the start of the 1969 season.Schaefer 2000 The Sorianos persuaded notable athletes to advocate for the $40 million King County stadium bond issue, including baseball players Mickey Mantle, Carl Yastrzemski, and Joe DiMaggio, and football player Y. A. Tittle; the bond issue was approved by 62.3% of the electorate.The Spokesman-Review 1967Schaefer 2000 National League The National League had received applications for an expansion franchise from Buffalo, Dallas–Fort Worth, Milwaukee, Montreal, San Diego, and Toronto as well as an informal bid from Denver.Spokane Daily Chronicle 1967 Montreal Expos Montreal Expos#History Montreal had a long history of interest in baseball. The sport became increasingly popular in eastern North America in the 1850s and 1860s, and Montreal "became a special hotbed",Bjarkman 2005 so much so that by the early 1860s Montreal authorities banned play in city parks and streets for public safety.Bjarkman 2005 73 Minor league baseball became a presence in the city. In 1946, the Montreal Royals, a Triple-A team affiliated with the Brooklyn Dodgers of Major League Baseball, became the first team having any affiliation to MLB to break baseball's color barrier. Jackie Robinson, who had been signed to a contract by Branch Rickey in late 1945, played the entire season for the International League team.Povich 1997 He and teammates Roy Partlow and Johnny Wright were the first black players in the league since the 1880s.Bjarkman 2005 76Pennington 2006 The next year, Robinson became the first black player to play for a Major League Baseball team. In 1951 in Farnham, a town east of Montreal, Sam Bankhead became the first black manager in Minor League Baseball;Bjarkman 2005 76 he was a player-manager for the Farnham Pirates of the Provincial League that year.Baseball Reference Montreal City Councilor Gerry Snyder spoke to Ford C. Frick sometime after the 1962 Major League Baseball expansion, during which he was told Montreal would not receive an expansion franchise unless it had a stadium in which to contest matches.Major League Baseball: History of the Expos At the Winter Meetings in Mexico City on December 2, 1967, Snyder presented a proposal to Major League Baseball owners to establish a franchise in the city.Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2004 Several influential owners pledged their support for a Montreal franchise in that meeting, including Walter O'Malley, Roy Hofheinz, and John Galbreath.Major League Baseball: History of the Expos Certain that Hofheinz would object to a Dallas–Fort Worth bid and that the San Diego bid was near certain to be successful, Snyder deemed a bid from Buffalo to be the strongest bid against which to compete. On May 27, 1968, the National League officially awarded a franchise to Montreal to commence play in the 1969 season.Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2004 National League president Warren Giles had encouraged the owners during the meeting, stating "If we're going to expand, let's really spread it out".Ottawa Citizen 1968 29 The Montreal Expos became the first franchise to be awarded to a city outside the United States. When the news reached the U.S. Congress, members collectively condemned the decision.Major League Baseball: History of the Expos Because of the slow pace of progress in meeting commitments, Jean-Louis Lévesque withdrew his financial support in the franchise on July 31, 1968. Snyder quickly found another investor, Charles Bronfman, and the team met the deadline of 15 August for the initial $1.1 million installment, before which Jarry Park was selected as the team's stadium for the short term.Major League Baseball: History of the Expos Renovations to the park were made by adding uncovered bleacher seats along the right and left field lines, and an electronic scoreboard installed beyond right field.Purdy 2010 182 The team had some issues committing to a new stadium, as required by the franchise award, and it was said that the team had agreed to build a dome at the Autostade and use it as their stadium if a new stadium was not built by 1970.Wolf 1968 Sports 17 It had originally intended to lease the stadium and expand its seating capacity from 26,000 to 37,000,Wolf 1968 Sports 17 but then chose Jarry Park instead. The ownership group paid $12.5 million for the team.Jozsa 2006 59 John McHale was hired as the team's first president,Toronto Star 2008 and Jim Fanning its first general manager.Major League Baseball: History of the Expos Many names had been considered for the team, including Royals which had a strong association with the city, but the name had already been adopted by the new Kansas City franchise. After rejecting various options, including "Voyageurs" and "Nationals", the name Expos was chosen in honour of Expo 67Purdy 2010 182 and because it was the same in both of the city's official languages.Major League Baseball: History of the Expos McHale stated that the name would "help Montreal be identified properly as the city that gave the world Expo 67".Major League Baseball: History of the Expos The New York Daily mistakenly reported that Buffalo had been awarded a franchise instead of Montreal.Byrnes 2012 San Diego Padres March 2017 History of the San Diego Padres In 1967, C. Arnholt Smith, owner of the PCL San Diego Padres (PCL), won a bid for an expansion team in the National League for the 1969 seas. On May 27, 1968, the National League officially awarded a franchise to San Diego to commence play in the 1969 seasonCanadian Broadcasting Corporation 2004 for a fee of $12.5 million for the team.Jozsa 2006 59 After the 1968 PCL season, Smith surrendered the franchise, which moved to Eugene, Oregon, and transferred the Padre name to his new NL team, the San Diego Padres. Eddie Leishman was named general manager of the MLB Padres, with club president and minority investor Buzzie Bavasi, formerly GM of the Los Angeles Dodgers (having resigned to take the new role), playing a dominant role in its baseball operations as president of the team.Sarasota Herald-Tribune 1968 16 Expansion draft 1968 Major League Baseball expansion draft In order to stock the roster of each team, a draft was held in which each of the extant teams would make available to the expansion franchises some of the players on their major league and minor league rosters. Each expansion team selected 30 players in the draft, and each of the extant teams lost six players. The extant teams were allowed to protect 15 players in their organization from the draft.St. Petersburg Times 1968 After each player lost, another three players could be protected.Rathet 1968Blackman 1968 The extant teams were not informed of the draft selections of the expansion teams until the draft was complete.Blackman 1968 On October 14, 1968, the Montreal Expos and San Diego Padres drafted players exclusively from National League teams. The draft was conducted from the Windsor Hotel in Montreal, in which four rooms were reserved: one for the Expos, one for the Padres, one for the remaining 10 teams, and one in which draft selections were made.Blackman 1968 The Padres won a coin flip,The Spokesman-Review 1968 and so had the first selection, which they used to draft Ollie Brown from the San Francisco Giants.The Spartanburg Herald 1968 Montreal's first selection was Pittsburgh Pirates utility player Manny Mota.The Spartanburg Herald 1968 Selections were made by general manager Jim Fanning and manager Gene Mauch for Montreal, and general manager Buzzie Bavasi and manager Preston Gómez for San Diego.St. Petersburg Times 1968 On October 15, the Kansas City Royals and Seattle Pilots drafted players exclusively from American League teams. The draft was conducted in Boston,Blackman 1968The Spartanburg Herald 1968 at the Sheraton Hotel. Aftermath Because Buffalo was not awarded an expansion franchise, Erie County legislators reconsidered a $50 million bond issue that was to be used for the construction of a domed stadium for baseball and football.Tri-City Herald: Expansion reaction mixed; some glad, some real mad 1968 The applicants that submitted a bid for Dallas–Fort Worth claimed that Roy Hofheinz, owner of the Houston Astros, had blocked their bid in order to preserve Houston's radio and television broadcast revenue.Tri-City Herald: Expansion reaction mixed; some glad, some real mad 1968 Chicago White Sox owner Arthur Allyn, Jr. complained about his team being in the same division as two expansion franchises.Wolf 1968 Sports 11 The addition of four teams resulted in the reconfiguration of the leagues; each was split into an east and a west division.Griffin 1969Ottawa Citizen 1968 29 The American League announced its realignment into two divisions on 28 May 1968, beginning in the 1969 season;Tri-City Herald: Two-division split gets AL approval 1968 the American League East would consist of the Baltimore Orioles, Boston Red Sox, Cleveland Indians, Detroit Tigers, New York Yankees and Washington Senators, and the American League West would consist of the California Angels, Chicago White Sox, Kansas City Royals, Minnesota Twins, Oakland Athletics, and Seattle Pilots.Tri-City Herald: Two-division split gets AL approval 1968 The National League originally resisted a divisional split, with its president Warren Giles citing "the tradition and history of baseball".Tri-City Herald: Two-division split gets AL approval 1968 By July 10, the National League owners had agreed to a divisional split, in which the National League East would consist of the Chicago Cubs, Montreal Expos, New York Mets, Philadelphia Phillies, Pittsburgh Pirates, and St. Louis Cardinals, and the National League West would consist of the Atlanta Braves, Cincinnati Reds, Houston Astros, Los Angeles Dodgers, San Diego Padres, and San Francisco Giants.Wolf 1968 Sports 11 Game scheduling issues had to be resolved;Ottawa Citizen 1968 29 league-wide, there would be 1,944 games compared to 1,620 for the 1968 Major League Baseball season.Griffin 1969 The American League had considered decreasing the number of games played by each team to 152The Spokesman-Review 1967 or 156 from 162 that had been played each season since 1961, and the National League either 162 or 165 games,Tri-City Herald: Two-division split gets AL approval 1968 but the leagues agreed to a 162-game schedule in a meeting on 10 July 1968.Wolf 1968 Sports 11 Each team would play 18 games against every other team in their own division, and 12 games against each league opponent in the other division.Lodi News-Sentinel 1968 A best-of-five post-season playoff series between league division winners was also introduced.Griffin 1969Wolf 1968 Sports 11 The Kansas City Royals have been the most successful of the four 1969 expansion teams. The franchise fielded competitive teams in the 1970s and 1980s and won the 1985 World Series. After a 29-year postseason drought, the Royals returned to postseason play in the 2014 season, before winning their second World Series title in 2015. The San Diego Padres had nine consecutive losing seasons, and have since made the playoffs seven times. A potential sale and relocation to Washington for the 1974 season was averted when, while the sale was tied up in legal action, Ray Kroc (who had just retired from his position as McDonald's CEO) bought the team and kept them in San Diego. The Padres twice made the World Series in 1984 and 1998, but lost both appearances. The Montreal Expos had good attendance for the 1969 season, and after having losing records for ten years, were competitive in the 1980s and early 1990s. Its 1994 season put it in first place before the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike prematurely ended the season. The team's fortunes declined thereafter, and the team moved to Washington, D.C. for the 2005 season, becoming the Washington Nationals. The franchise won its first playoff series in 1981 when the Expos defeated the Phillies in the NLDS, after a split-season. As the Nationals, the franchise won the NLDS in 2019, over the Los Angeles Dodgers. They went onto sweep the St. Louis Cardinals in their first ever NLCS, and defeat the Houston Astros (moved to the AL prior to the 2013 season) to win the franchise's first World Series title. The Seattle Pilots fared the worst of the four expansion franchises, playing only in the 1969 season. The team performed poorly on the field, and faced financial difficulties owing to no television coverage, a stadium with problems, and the highest ticket and concession prices in the league.Hogan 2007 128 Owners of other American League teams wanted Soriano and Daley to sell the team to a Seattle owner who would improve the team and address issues at Sick's Stadium, particularly uncovered seats with bad views.Hogan 2007 128 After several attempts to sell the team to a Seattle owner failed, on April 1, 1970, Judge Sidney Volinn declared the team officially bankrupt; it was sold to Bud Selig, who moved the team to Milwaukee and renamed it the Milwaukee Brewers.Stone 2006 Selig had negotiated a deal for the purchase with Soriano during Game 1 of the 1969 World Series.Stone 2006 As a result of the relocation, in 1970 the city of Seattle, King County, and the state of Washington sued the American League for breach of contract.Cour 1999 C16 The $32.5 million lawsuitRiess 2006 802 was settled in 1976 when the American League offered the city a franchise in exchange for termination of the lawsuit.Cour 1999 C16 This led to the establishment of the Seattle Mariners via the 1977 Major League Baseball expansion. See also 1961 Major League Baseball expansion 1962 Major League Baseball expansion 1977 Major League Baseball expansion 1993 Major League Baseball expansion 1998 Major League Baseball expansion Notes 3 References 2 https://www.espn.com/classic/biography/s/Finley_Charles.html Finley entertained and enraged Acocella Nick ESPN Classic 2013-03-12 Paths to Glory: How Great Baseball Teams Got That Way Armour Mark L. Levitt Daniel R. Potomac Books 2004 9781574888058 Expos don't smoke, but wood will burn Blackman Ted Montreal Gazette 27 September 1968 Diamonds Around The Globe: The Encyclopedia Of International Baseball Bjarkman Peter C. Greenwood Publishing Group 2005 0313322686 The Atlantic Cities http://www.theatlanticcities.com/jobs-and-economy/2012/07/they-built-it-mlb-never-came/2509/ They Built It, But the MLB Never Came Byrnes Mark The Atlantic Monthly Group 10 July 2012 2013-03-12 April 28, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130428073112/http://www.theatlanticcities.com/jobs-and-economy/2012/07/they-built-it-mlb-never-came/2509/ dead Baseball mapping expansion plans Classen Harold Associated Press The Tuscaloosa News 20 August 1966 Good riddance Cour Jim Austin American-Statesman 27 June 1999 Baseball '69: A year for facelifting Griffin John G. United Press International The Bryan Times 7 April 1969 Plaza: Split into three majors, geographically, for improved baseball Hodges Jack Evening Independent 9 July 1968 Big Sports, Big Business: A Century of League Expansions, Mergers, and Reorganizations Jozsa Frank P. Greenwood Publishing Group 2006 0275991342 https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/27/sports/27hall.html Breaking a Barrier 60 Years Before Robinson Pennington Bill The New York Times 27 July 2006 2013-03-12 The 1969 Seattle Pilots: Major League Baseball's One-Year Team Hogan Kenneth McFarland 2007 9780786427864 The Kansas City Athletics: A Baseball History, 1954–1967 Peterson John E. McFarland 2003 9780786481439 https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/general/povich/launch/jackier.htm The Ball Stayed White, but the Game Did Not Povich Shirley The Washington Post 28 March 1997 2013-03-12 Kiss 'Em Goodbye: An ESPN Treasury of Failed, Forgotten, and Departed Teams Purdy Dennis Random House Digital 2010 9780345520470 Montreal, San Diego start draft today Rathet Mike Associated Press Owosso Argus-Press 14 October 1968 Encyclopedia of Major League Baseball Clubs Riess Steven A. Greenwood Publishing Group 2006 0313329915 Columbia Magazine http://www.wshs.org/wshs/columbia/articles/0200-a2.htm Play Ball! Schaefer Kurt Washington State Historical Society 2000 14 2 2013-03-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20080422003453/http://www.wshs.org/wshs/columbia/articles/0200-a2.htm 2008-04-22 live http://seattletimes.com/html/mariners/2003114503_pilots09.html Endearing & enduring: The 1969 Seattle Pilots Stone Larry The Seattle Times 9 July 2006 2013-03-12 Montreal in, we're dead in National Wolf Bob Milwaukee Journal 11 July 1968 https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=bankhe001sam Sam Bankhead Baseball-Reference.com 2013-02-12 Baseball Reference Interest shown in franchise United Press International The Bonham Daily Favorite 19 September 1962 The Bonham Daily Favorite 1962 http://www.cbc.ca/sports/indepth/expos/timeline.html Key dates in Expos history CBC Sports 2004 2013-03-12 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2004 http://montreal.expos.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/mon/history/mon_history_feature.jsp?story=1 History of the Expos https://web.archive.org/web/20040628214612/http://montreal.expos.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/mon/history/mon_history_feature.jsp?story=1 2004-06-28 2013-03-12 Major League Baseball: History of the Expos dead Baseball expansion yet 10 years away Associated Press The Gadsden Times 22 May 1966 Gadsden 1966 National League sets up divisional play for 1969 United Press International Lodi News-Sentinel 11 July 1968 Lodi News-Sentinel 1968 https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/07/archives/finley-signs-contract-to-transfer-athletics-to-louisville-league.html Finley Signs Contract to Transfer Athletics to Louisville Associated Press The New York Times Frankfort, Kentucky 6 January 1964 2013-03-12 The New York Times 1964 https://www.nytimes.com/1966/05/27/archives/eckert-clarifies-stand-on-expansion.html Eckert clarifies stand on expansion Associated Press The New York Times 27 May 1966 The New York Times:Eckert clarifies stand on expansion Baseball back in Montreal Associated Press Ottawa Citizen 28 May 1968 Ottawa Citizen 1968 Major League bosses busy in winter baseball work Associated Press Spokane Daily Chronicle 2 December 1967 Spokane Daily Chronicle 1967 https://www.thestar.com/sports/2008/01/17/john_mchale_86_expos39_first_president.html John McHale, 86: Expos' first president Toronto Star 17 January 2008 2013-03-12 Toronto Star 2008 San Diego Chooses Ollie Brown First Associated Press The Spartanburg Herald 15 October 1968 The Spartanburg Herald 1968 Walter O'Malley is retiring Associated Press Sarasota Herald-Tribune 6 December 1968 Sarasota Herald-Tribune 1968 Boston move in 1953 key to expansion United Press International Sarasota Herald-Tribune 31 October 1960 Sarasota Herald-Tribune 1960 Baseball enters era of internationalism with roster roulette Associated Press St. Petersburg Times 14 October 1968 St. Petersburg Times 1968 Two-division split gets AL approval Associated Press Tri-City Herald 29 May 1968 Tri-City Herald: Two-division split gets AL approval 1968 Expansion reaction mixed; some glad, some real mad Associated Press Tri-City Herald 29 May 1968 Tri-City Herald: Expansion reaction mixed; some glad, some real mad 1968 Bucs' roster hit by draft Associated Press The Spokesman-Review 15 October 1968 The Spokesman-Review 1968 Baseball expansion topic Associated Press The Spokesman-Review 26 November 1967 The Spokesman-Review 1967 Further reading http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2011-04-07-angels-baseball-expansion_N.htm MLB expansion effects still felt 50 years later around the leagues Dodd Mike USA Today 7 April 2011 2013-03-12 Major League Baseball Expansions and Relocations: A History, 1876–2008 Jozsa Frank P. McFarlan 2010 9780786457236 Sports Illustrated https://www.si.com/vault/1969/04/14/612204/one-hundred-and-one One Hundred And One Leggett William Time Inc 14 April 1969 2013-03-12 March 2, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170302114509/http://www.si.com/vault/1969/04/14/612204/one-hundred-and-one dead The San Diego Padres Encyclopedia Porter David L. Naiman Joe Sports Publishing 2002 1582610584 Charlie Finley: The Outrageous Story of Baseball's Super Showman Green G. Michael Launius Roger D. Bloomsbury Publishing 2010 9780802778574 Sports Illustrated https://www.si.com/vault/1969/01/20/542599/warts-love-and-dreams-in-buffalo Warts, Love And Dreams In Buffalo Yates Brock Time Inc 20 January 1969 2013-03-12 Expansion Category:Major League Baseball expansion Expansion Expansion Expansion Expansion