'Adud al-Dawla

Emir of the Buyids from 949 to 983 March 2025 monarch Amir al-UmaraIn a formal ceremony, Adud al-Dawla (Azudaddowla) was invested as ar Amir al-umara by caliph al-Ta'i, with extensive new honours.Busse 2004 52 King of KingsPersian: Šāhanšāh 'Adud al-Dawla Adud al-Dawla medallion.jpg Golden medallion of enthroned Sasanian style Adud al-Dawla Cast and chased in high relief, holding a goblet and surrounded by attendants, with lions beneath the throne. Emir of Iraq and Jazira 978 – 26 March 983 Izz al-Dawla Samsam al-Dawla Emir of Kerman 967 – 26 March 983 Mu'izz al-Dawla Sharaf al-Dawla Emir of Fars December 949 – 26 March 983 Imad al-Dawla Sharaf al-Dawla Sayyida bint Siyahgil Sharaf al-DawlaSamsam al-DawlaBaha' al-DawlaShahnazBint FannaHer given name is unknown. Bint Fannā was the daughter of Adud al-Dawla and wife of caliph al-Ta'i however her husband refused to consummate the marriage and disowned her Buyid Rukn al-Dawla Firuzanid noblewoman 24 September 936 Isfahan, Saffarid dynasty 26 March 983 (aged 46) Baghdad, Buyid dynasty Najaf Twelver Shia Islam Fannā Khusraw (fa پناه (فنا) خسرو), better known by his laqab of ʿAḍud al-Dawla (ar عضد الدولة pillar of the dynasty; 24 September 936 – 26 March 983) was an emir of the Buyid dynasty, ruling from 949 to 983. At the height of his power, he ruled an empire stretching from Makran to Yemen and the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. He is widely regarded as the greatest monarch of the Buyid dynasty, and by the end of his reign he was the most powerful ruler in the Middle East.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 Early life Fanna Khusraw was born in Isfahan on 24 September 936.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 He was the son of Rukn al-Dawla, the brother of Imad al-Dawla and Mu'izz al-Dawla. According to Ibn Isfandiyar, Fanna Khusraw's mother was the daughter of the Daylamite Firuzanid nobleman al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan, who was the cousin of the prominent Daylamite military leader Makan ibn Kaki.Ibn Isfandiyar 1905 204–270 In 948, Fanna Khusraw was chosen by his uncle Imad al-Dawla as his successor because he had no heir. Imad al-Dawla died in December 949, and thus Fanna Khusraw became the new ruler of Fars. However, this appointment was not accepted by a group of Daylamite officers, who shortly rebelled against Fanna Khusraw. Rukn al-Dawla quickly left for southern Iran to save his son, and was joined by the vizier of Mu'izz al-Dawla for the same purpose. Together they defeated the rebels and put Fanna Khusraw on the throne in Shiraz. Fanna Khusraw then requested the title of "Taj al-Dawla" (Crown of the state) from the Abbasid caliph. However, to Mu'izz al-Dawla, the title of "Taj" ("crown") implied that Fanna Khusraw was the superior ruler of the Buyid Empire, provoking a reaction from him, and making him decline Fanna Khusraw's request. A more suitable title ("Adud al-Dawla") ("Pillar of the Abbasid dynasty") was instead chosen.Bosworth 1975 263Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 Adud al-Dawla was only thirteen when he was crowned as the ruler of Fars, and was educated there by his tutor Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid.Kennedy 2004 230 Reign Rule in Fars thumb|right|upright=1.35|Map of Fars and its surrounding regions in the 9th–10th centuries The son of Rukn al-Dawla, Fanna Khusraw was given the title of Adud al-Dawla by the Abbasid caliph in 948 when he was made emir of Fars after the death of his childless uncle Imad al-Dawla, after which Rukn al-Dawla became the senior emir of the Buyids. In 974 Adud al-Dawla was sent by his father to save his cousin Izz al-Dawla from a rebellion. After defeating the rebel forces, he claimed the emirate of Iraq for himself, and forced his cousin to abdicate. His father, however, became angered by this decision and restored Izz al-Dawla. After the death of Adud al-Dawla's father, his cousin rebelled against him, but was defeated. Adud al-Dawla became afterwards the sole ruler of the Buyid dynasty and assumed the ancient Iranian title of Shahanshah ("King of Kings").Clawson Rubin 2005 19Bosworth 1975 275 When Adud al-Dawla became emir of Iraq, the capital city, Baghdad, was suffering from violence and instability owing to sectarian conflict. In order to bring peace and stability to the city, he banned public demonstrations and polemics. At the same time, he patronized a number of Shia scholars such as al-Mufid, and sponsored the renovation of a number of important Shia shrines. After the death of Imad al-Dawla in 949, Adud al-Dawla's father Rukn al-Dawla, who was the most powerful of the Buyid rulers, claimed the title of senior emir, which Mu'izz al-Dawla and Adud al-Dawla recognized. In 955, a Daylamite military officer named Muhammad ibn Makan seized Isfahan from Rukn al-Dawla. Adud al-Dawla then marched towards the city and recaptured it from Muhammad ibn Makan.Donohue 2003 68–69 Another Daylamite military officer named Ruzbahan also shortly rebelled against Mu'izz al-Dawla, while his brother Bullaka rebelled against Adud al-Dawla at Shiraz. Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid, however, managed to suppress the rebellion.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 In 966, Adud al-Dawla and Mu'izz al-Dawla made a campaign to impose Buyid rule in Oman. Mu'izz al-Dawla died in 967, and was succeeded by his eldest son Izz al-Dawla as emir of Iraq. The same year, Adud al-Dawla aided the Ziyarid Bisutun in securing the Ziyarid throne from his brother Qabus. Adud al-Dawla and Bisutun then made an alliance, and Bisutun married a daughter of Adud al-Dawla,Madelung 1975 214 while he married a daughter of Bisutun.Donohue 2003 86–93 Campaigns in eastern Iran In 967, Adud al-Dawla took advantage of the quarrel between the Ilyasid ruler Muhammad ibn Ilyas and his son in Kerman to annex the province to his domain. Mu'izz al-Dawla had already attempted to conquer the province but was defeated by the Ilyasids. Adud al-Dawla conquered all of Kerman, and appointed his son Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris as the viceroy of the province,Bosworth 1975 266 while a Daylamite officer named Kurkir ibn Justan was appointed as the chief captain of the army of Kerman.Amedroz Margoliouth 1921 271 In the next year, Adud al-Dawla negotiated peace with the Saffarid ruler Khalaf ibn Ahmad, who agreed to recognize Buyid authority.Donohue 2003 68–69 In 969/970, Sulaiman, the son of Muhammad ibn Ilyas, wanted to regain his kingdom of Kerman, and invaded the region. Adud al-Dawla managed to defeat the army of Sulaiman and continued to expand his domains to the strait of Hormuz.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 During his campaign in southern Iran, many Iranian tribes converted to Islam and pledged allegiance to him. In August/September 971, Adud al-Dawla launched a punitive expedition against the Baloch tribes who had declared independence. Adud al-Dawla defeated them on 8 January 972, and installed loyal landowners to control the region. Afterwards, Adud al-Dawla and his father Rukn al-Dawla signed a peace treaty with the Samanids by paying them 150,000 dinars. In the same year, Adud al-Dawla conquered most of Oman, including its capital, Sohar.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 Conquest of Oman Buyid Conquest of Oman One of Adud al-Dawla's most significant military achievements was the conquest of Oman between 966 and 974. After an unsuccessful Buyid expedition during the reign of his uncle Mu'izz al-Dawla, Adud al-Dawla secured the overland route to Hormuz and launched a new campaign from Kerman. Buyid forces captured Sohar, the principal city and port of Oman, before extending their authority into the mountainous interior. The conquest enabled the Buyids to secure the maritime trade routes of the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean, strengthening their political and commercial influence in the region. The province remained under Buyid rule for several decades before their authority declined in the mid-11th century..Staples Eric Oman and Islamic Maritime Networks: 630–1507 CE 91–94ʿAŻOD-AL-DAWLA, ABŪ ŠOJĀʾ FANNĀ ḴOSROW Encyclopaedia Iranica https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azod-al-dawla-abu-soja Rebellion of Sebük-Tegin and aftermath In 974, Izz al-Dawla was trapped in Wasit by his troops who, under their leader, Sebük-Tegin, had rebelled against him. Adud al-Dawla quickly left Fars to quell the rebellion, where he inflicted a decisive defeat on the rebels on 30 January 975, who under their new leader, Alptakin, fled to Syria.Kennedy 2004 224 Adud al-Dawla then forced Izz al-Dawla to abdicate in his favor on 12 March 975.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 Rukn al-Dawla, greatly angered at this action, complained to Adud al-Dawla that the line of Mu'izz al-Dawla could not be removed from power. Adud al-Dawla tried to make amends with his father by offering tribute to him, but Rukn al-Dawla rejected his offer, and then restored Izz al-Dawla as the ruler of Iraq. The consequences of the restoration would later lead to war between Izz al-Dawla and Adud al-Dawla after Rukn al-Dawla's death.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 In 975 Adud al-Dawla launched an expedition to take Bam and defeated another son of Muhammad ibn Ilyas who sought to reconquer Kerman.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 Struggle for power in Iraq and war with the Hamdanids thumb|right|upright=1.35|Map of Iraq in the 9th–10th centuries On 16 September 976, Rukn al-Dawla, the last of the first generation Buyids, died. After his death, Izz al-Dawla prepared to take revenge against Adud al-Dawla. He made an alliance with his brother, Fakhr al-Dawla, his father's successor to the territories around Hamadan. He also made an alliance with the Hamdanids of northern Iraq, the Hasanwayhid ruler Hasanwayh, and the ruler of the marshy areas of southern Iraq. However, Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, the third son of Rukn al-Dawla, remained loyal to his eldest brother.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 Izz al-Dawla then stopped recognizing the rule of his cousin Adud al-Dawla, and stopped mentioning his name during Friday prayers. Adud al-Dawla, greatly outraged by his cousin, marched towards Khuzestan and easily defeated him in Ahvaz on 1 July 977. Izz al-Dawla then asked Adud al-Dawla for permission to retire and settle in Syria. However, on the road to Syria, Izz al-Dawla became convinced by Abu Taghlib, the Hamdanid ruler of Mosul, to go fight again against his cousin. On 29 May 978, Izz al-Dawla, along with Abu Taghlib, invaded the domains of Adud al-Dawla and fought against him near Samarra. Izz al-Dawla was once again defeated, and was captured and executed at the orders of Adud al-Dawla.Kennedy 2004 230Turner 2006 16 Adud al-Dawla then marched to Mosul and captured the city,Kennedy 2004 272, 230 which forced Abu Taghlib to flee to the Byzantine region of Anzitene, where he asked for aid. Adud al-Dawla then spent one year in Mosul to consolidate his power, while his army was completing the conquest of Diyar Bakr and Diyar Mudar.Donohue 2003 68–69 The important Hamdanid city of Mayyafariqin was shortly captured by them, which forced Abu Taghlib to flee to Rahba from where he tried to negotiate peace with Adud al-Dawla.Kennedy 2004 272 Unlike the rest of the Buyids who had held the region temporarily, Adud al-Dawla had complete control of the region during the rest of his reign. Adud al-Dawla, now the ruler of Iraq, then took control of the territories under the control of the Bedouins and Kurds.It should be understood that during that period the word "Kurd" meant nomad.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 He also killed almost all the sons of Hasanwayh, and appointed Badr ibn Hasanwayh, the last surviving son of Hasanwayh, as the ruler of the Hasanwayhid dynasty.Bosworth 1975 270 He then subdued the Shayban tribe, and fought against Hasan ibn 'Imran, the ruler of Batihah. He was, however, defeated, and made peace with Hasan who agreed to recognize his authority. During the same period, Adud al-Dawla had Izz al-Dawla's former vizier Ibn Baqiyya arrested, blinded, and then trampled to death by elephants. His corpse was thereafter impaled at the head of the bridge in Baghdad, where it would remain until Adud al-Dawla's death.Donohue 2003 158 War in northern Iran thumb|right|upright=1.35|Map of northern Iran During the same period, Bisutun died, and his kingdom was thrown into civil war; his governor of Tabaristan, Dubaj ibn Bani, supported his son as the new Ziyarid ruler, while Bisutun's brother Qabus claimed the throne for himself. Adud al-Dawla quickly sent an army to aid Qabus against Dubaj. Qabus managed to defeat him and capture the son of Bisutun in Simnan. Adud al-Dawla then made the Abbasid caliph give Qabus the title of Shams al-Ma'ali.Madelung 1975 215 In May 979, Adud al-Dawla invaded the territories of his brother Fakhr al-Dawla, who was forced to flee to Qazvin and then to Nishapur, a large part of his troops deserted. Adud al-Dawla then moved to Kerman and later Kermanshah where he set up a governor. In August/September 980, Adud al-Dawla captured Hamadan and occupied the south and east area of the city.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 Shortly after, in October/November of the same year, Sahib ibn Abbad, the vizier of Adud al-Dawla's younger brother Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, arrived from Ray to negotiate a transfer of power in the city in favor of his master. Adud al-Dawla recognized his younger brother Mu'ayyad because of his loyalty, and gave him the troops of Fakhr al-Dawla and helped him conquer Tabaristan and Gorgan from Qabus, who had betrayed Adud al-Dawla by giving refuge to Fakhr al-Dawla. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla shortly managed to conquer these two provinces.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 Consolidation of the Empire and peace negotiations with the Byzantines Adud al-Dawla was now the senior ruler of the Buyid Empire, and several rulers such as the Hamdanids, Saffarids, Shahinids, Hasanwayhids and even other lesser rulers who controlled Yemen, including its surrounding regions, acknowledged his authority.Bosworth 1975 270Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 Other regions, such as Makran, were also under Buyid control.Bosworth 1975 270 Adud al-Dawla then returned to Baghdad, where he built and restored several buildings in the city. He also stopped the quarrel between the Daylamites and Turks of the Buyid army.Kennedy 2004 233 In 980, the Byzantine rebel Bardas Skleros fled to Mayyafariqin. When he arrived, he sent his brother to Baghdad to offer his allegiance to Adud al-Dawla and make an alliance against the Byzantines, which Adud al-Dawla accepted. A Byzantine envoy from Constantinople shortly arrived in Baghdad and tried to persuade Adud al-Dawla to hand over the rebel, but he refused, keeping the rebel and some of his family members in Baghdad for the rest of his reign, thus strengthening his diplomatic position with the Byzantines.Donohue 2003 77–79 In 981, Adud al-Dawla sent Abu Bakr Baqillani to Constantinople to negotiate peace. However, he was most likely sent to spy on the Byzantines and how their military functioned, since Adud al-Dawla was planning to invade Byzantine territory.Donohue 2003 77–79 In 982, Adud al-Dawla sent another envoy to Constantinople, this time, Abu Ishaq ibn Shahram, who, after spending three months in the city, concluded a 10-year peace treaty with them. One year later, a Byzantine envoy arrived back in Baghdad, but Adud al-Dawla was too ill to bring an end to the negotiations. In the end, the 10-year peace treaty was finally completed, and the Byzantines also agreed to mention Adud al-Dawla's name in the Friday prayer in Constantinople.December 2024 Sahib ibn Abbad is known to have said the following about this event: "he [Adud al-Dawla] has done what no kings of the Arabs nor any Chosroes [kings] of the Persians could – he has Syria and the two Iraqs, and he is close to the Despot of Byzantium and the Maghribi by his continuous correspondence."Donohue 2003 78–79 Administration and contributions thumb|upright=1.35|right|Picture of the Qur'an Gate in Shiraz, constructed during the reign of Adud al-Dawla Adud al-Dawla kept his court in Shiraz. He visited Baghdad frequently and kept some of his viziers there, one of them being a Christian named Nasir ibn Harun.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 Furthermore, he had several Zoroastrian statesmen who served him, such as Abu Sahl Sa'id ibn Fadl al-Majusi, who served as his representative in Baghdad before his conquest of Iraq; Abu'l-Faraj Mansur ibn Sahl al-Majusi, who served as his financial minister; and Bahram ibn Ardashir al-Majusi. Adud al-Dawla seems to have greatly respected their religion.Donohue 2003 81 Under him the Buyid kingdom flourished. His policies were liberal so there were no riots during his reign. He embellished Baghdad with numerous public buildings, including the famous al-'Adudi Hospital. It was the largest hospital of that time, and was destroyed during the Mongol conquests.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 Many prominent figures worked at the hospital, such as 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi and Ibn Marzuban.Dunlop 1997 39Richter-Bernburg 1993 837–838 Adud al-Dawla also built caravanserais and dams. Shiraz particularly benefited from this work: there, he built a palace with three hundred and sixty rooms with advanced wind towers for air conditioning. The population of Shiraz had increased so much during his reign that he built a satellite city nearby for his army, named Kard-i Fannā Khusraw ("made by Fanna Khusraw")--a clear reference to the names that the Sasanians gave their foundations.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 There were two annual festivals in the city: the first commemorated the day when water pipes reached the city; the second, the anniversary of the city's foundation. Both celebrations were instituted by Adud al-Dawla on the model of the holiday of Nowruz, the Iranian New Year.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 All these activities greatly expanded the economy of Fars so that the tax income was tripled in the 10th century. His contributions to the enrichment of Fars made it a region of relative stability and prosperity for the culture of Iran during the Seljuq and Mongol invasions.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 Family Adud al-Dawla, in order to maintain peace, established marriage ties with several rulers:Donohue 2003 86–93 his daughter was married to the Abbasid caliph at-Ta'i, while another was married to the Samanids and the Ziyarid ruler Bisutun. Adud al-Dawla himself had several wives, which included the daughter of Bisutun; the daughter of Manadhar, a Justanid king; and the daughter of Siyahgil, a Giilite king. From these wives, Adud al-Dawla had several sons: Abu'l-Husain Ahmad and Abu Tahir Firuzshah, from the daughter of Manadhar; Abu Kalijar Marzuban, from the daughter of Siyahgil; and Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris, from a Turkic concubine. Adud al-Dawla also had a younger son named Baha' al-Dawla. Abu'l-Husain Ahmad was supported by his mother and his uncle, Fuladh ibn Manadhar, as the heir to the Buyid Empire. However, Abu Kalijar Marzuban, because of his more prominent descent, was appointed as heir to the Buyid Empire by Adud al-Dawla.September 2018 Ancestry Ibn Isfandiyar 1905 204–270Nagel 1990 578–586 yes center background-color: #fcc; background-color: #fb9; background-color: #ffc; background-color: #bfc; background-color: #9fe; 1. Adud al-Dawla 2. Rukn al-Dawla 3. Unnamed noblewoman 4. Buya 6. al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan 8. Panah-Khusrau 12. Fairuzan Death and succession Adud al-Dawla died at Baghdad on 26 March 983,Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 and was buried in Najaf. His son Abu Kalijar Marzuban, who was in Baghdad at the time of his death, first kept his death secret in order to ensure his succession and avoid civil war. When he made the death of his father public, he was given the title of "Samsam al-Dawla". However, Adud al-Dawla's other son, Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris, challenged the authority of Samsam al-Dawla, resulting in a civil war.Bosworth 1975 289 Legacy upright=1.35|right|thumb|Map of the Buyid realm at the time of Adud al-Dawla's death (Yemen not shown) thumb|Silver medallion of Adud al-Dawla Cast and chased in high relief. Sasanian-style figure, wearing winged crown and an elaborate tunic with decorated sleeves. It's written in Pahlavic "May the glory increase of the King of Kings, Long live Shah Fanna Khusraw".Classical Numismatic Group, LLC – Islamic Auction 3 Lot 222 https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=lot&sid=6724&lot=222 6 July 2024 numisbids.com Adud al-Dawla, like previous Buyid rulers, maintained the Abbasids in Baghdad, which gave legitimacy to his dynasty in the eyes of some Sunni Muslims. However, he showed more interest than his predecessors to the pre-Islamic culture of Iran, and was proud of his Iranian origin.Donohue 2003 85 He visited Persepolis alongside Marasfand, the Zoroastrian chief priest (mobad) of Kazerun,Donohue 2003 81 who read the pre-Islamic inscriptions in the city for him. Adud al-Dawla later left an inscription in the city, which tells about his awareness of being heir of an ancient pre-Islamic civilization. Adud al-Dawla even claimed descent from the Sasanian king Bahram V Gor,Bosworth 1975 274 minted coins of him wearing a Sasanian type crown, which carried the traditional Sasanian inscription, Shahanshah, may his glory increase. The reverse side of the coin said: May Shah Fanna Khusraw live long.Donohue 2003 22 However, he still preferred Arabic authors to Persian ones. There is very little evidence of his interest in Persian poetry. He studied Arabic, wrote Arabic verse and was proud to be a student of a famous Arab grammarian. He studied science in Arabic, including astronomy and mathematics. Many books written in Arabic were dedicated to him whether religious or secular. Apparently showing interest in Arabic rather than Persian, Adud al-Dawla followed the mainstream of intellectual life in a provincial town where culture was dominated by Arabic and Persian.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 Like many of his contemporaries, he does not seem to have felt that his admiration for the pre-Islamic Iranian civilization conflicted with his Muslim Shiite faith. According to some accounts, he repaired the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala, and built a mausoleum of Ali in Najaf, which is today known as the Imam Ali Mosque. He is said to have been generous to a prominent Shiite theologian, but did not follow a uniformly Shiite religious policy and was tolerant to the Sunnis. He even tried to give his daughter in marriage to the caliph, supposedly hoping to strengthen the claim of his dynasty to power by uniting it with the Abbasid one, but this was a failure because the caliph refused to consummate the marriage.Bürgel Mottahedeh 1988 265–269 Adud al-Dawla is credited with patronizing many scientific projects during his rule. An observatory was built by his orders in Isfahan where Azophi worked. Al-Muqaddasi also reports that he ordered the construction of a great dam between Shiraz and Istakhr in 960. The dam irrigated some 300 villages in Fars province and became known as Band-e Amir (Dam of the Emir). Among his other major constructions was the digging of the Haffar channel, that joined the Karun river to the Shatt al-Arab river (the confluence of the Tigris and the Euphrates). The port of Khorramshahr was built on the Haffar, at its junction with the Shatt al-Arab. Notes References Citations Sources 30em Bürgel Ch. Mottahedeh R. ʿAżod-al-dawla, Abū Šojāʿ Fannā Ḵosrow 1988 Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 3 265–269 https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azod-al-dawla-abu-soja EBN MARZOBĀN, ABŪ AḤMAD ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN Dunlop D. M. 1997 Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1 39 https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ebn-marzoban ʿALĪ B. ʿABBĀS MAJŪSĪ Richter-Bernburg L. 1993 Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 8 837–838 https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abbas-majusi Hill, Donald Routledge, Islamic Science And Engineering, Edinburgh University Press (1993), 0-7486-0455-3 Edward Granville Browne, Islamic Medicine, 2002, 81-87570-19-9 4 Bosworth C. E. C. E. Bosworth Iran under the Buyids 250–305 250 BUYIDS Nagel Tilman Nagel Tilman 1990 Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6 578–586 https://iranicaonline.org/articles/buyids Turner John P. 'Adud al-Dawla 16 https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC 2006 Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index Taylor & Francis 9780415966917 Second Patrick Clawson Michael Rubin Eternal Iran: Continuity and Chaos https://books.google.com/books?id=fX_HAAAAQBAJ&q=Eternal+Iran:+continuity+and+chaos,+Middle+East+in+Focus 2005 Springer 978-1-4039-6276-8 3 February 2014 4 Madelung W. Wilferd Madelung The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran 198–249 198 An Abridged Translation of the History of Tabaristan 1905 BRILL University of Michigan Ibn Isfandiyar Muhammad ibn al-Hasan 1–356 978-90-04-09367-6 https://archive.org/details/abridgedtranslat00ibniuoft '. Amedroz Henry F. Henry Frederick Amedroz Margoliouth David S. The Eclipse of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Original Chronicles of the Fourth Islamic Century, Vol. V: The concluding portion of The Experiences of Nations by Miskawaihi, Vol. II: Reigns of Muttaqi, Mustakfi, Muti and Ta'i Basil Blackwell Oxford 1921 https://archive.org/details/eclipseofabbasid05ameduoft Further reading Kabir Mafizullah Mafizullah Kabir The Buwayhid Dynasty of Baghdad, 334/946–447/1055 https://books.google.com/books?id=I_9tAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Buwayhid+dynasty+of+Baghdad,+334/946-447/1055 1964 3 February 2014 Busse Heribert Chalif und Grosskönig – Die Buyiden im Irak (945-1055) Caliph and Great King – The Buyids in Iraq (945-1055) German 1969 2004 Würzburg Ergon Verlag 3-89913-005-7 Kraemer Joel L. Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam: The Cultural Revival During the Buyid Age BRILL https://books.google.com/books?id=RKU58ZcXAM8C&q=Ustadh-hurmuz 1992 978-90-04-09736-0 DEYLAMITES Wilferd Madelung Wolfgang Felix http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/deylamites#pt2 Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. BII, Fasc. 4 342–347 1995 DEYLAMITES – Encyclopaedia Iranica External links Donohue John J. ʿAḍud al- Dawla 2011 10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23657 none Buyid Empire Imad al-Dawla Buyid emir (in Fars) 949–983 2 Sharaf al-Dawla Mu'izz al-Dawla Buyid emir (in Kerman) 967–983 Izz al-Dawla Buyid emir (in Iraq and Jazira) 978–983 Samsam al-Dawla Category:936 births Category:983 deaths Category:Buyid emirs of Iraq Category:Buyid emirs of Fars Category:Buyid emirs of Kerman Category:10th-century monarchs in the Middle East Category:10th-century Iranian people Category:People from Isfahan Category:Burials at Imam Ali Mosque Category:Shahanshahs