1905 Calabria earthquake

Extreme earthquake in southern Italy Calabrian earthquake 1783 Calabrian earthquakes 1638 Calabrian earthquakes 1905 Calabria earthquake 1905-09-08 01:43:02 iscgem16957871 16957871 1905 Calabria earthquake.jpg USGS ShakeMap Italy Calabria 8 September 1905 02:43 7.2 w y 15 km mi 0 on 38.64 15.78 region:IT_type:event inline,title Severe 11 1.3 m on 557–2,500 dead Striking southern Italy on 8 September, the 1905 Calabria earthquake had a moment magnitude of 7.2 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). The first major earthquake of the 20th century, it severely damaged parts of Lipari, Messina Province and a large area between Cosenza and Nicotera and killed between 557 and 2,500 people. Tectonic setting 200px|thumb|right|Major faults associated with the Siculo-Calabrian rift The region of Calabria is located between the Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas, where active extension is ongoing as a result of slab rollback affecting Tethyan oceanic crust of the African plate as it subducts beneath the Eurasian plate. The initial result of the rollback was the formation of the Tyrrhenian Sea back-arc basin starting in the Miocene, continuing in to the Pleistocene. The location of the extension migrated eastwards overall, progressively affecting areas previously affected by thrusting.Faccenna Claudio Funiciello Francesca Giardini Domenico Lucente Pio 2001 Episodic back-arc extension during restricted mantle convection in the Central Mediterranean Earth and Planetary Science Letters 187 1–2 105–116 10.1016/s0012-821x(01)00280-1 0012-821X 2001E&PSL.187..105F Extension is accommodated by normal faults on the Tyrrhenian side in Calabria. Many of the active rift faults border basins containing Pliocene–Pleistocene sedimentary sequences.Monaco C. Tortorici L. 2000 Active faulting in the Calabrian arc and eastern Sicily Journal of Geodynamics 29 3–5 407–424 10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00052-6 The trend of normal faults extend southwards to the Strait of Messina, where they occur on the Ionian side in Sicily. Known as the Siculo-Calabrian rift, this active geological feature is characterized by its high seismicity of earthquakes up to w 7.1. A series of major damaging earthquakes associated with this rift zone began in 1638, with a sequence of four events, followed by those in 1659, 1693, five earthquakes in 1783, 1905 and 1908. Together these earthquakes ruptured almost the entire length of the zone. Earthquake The earthquake was felt strongly over a wide area including Basilicata, Irpinia, Salerno and Catania. It was felt as far away as western Albania, Isernia and Palermo. The maximum felt intensity was estimated to be X (Ruinous) on the MCS scale. The mainshock was preceded by two small foreshocks at 23:00 on 7 September and at 0:40 on 8 September. The mainshock occurred at 01:43 UTC and was followed immediately by two aftershocks. The magnitude of the mainshock has been given a wide range of values, from 6.7 e (equivalent magnitude from intensity observations by INGV),Guidoboni E. Ferrari G. Mariotti D. Comastri A. Tarabusi G. Sgatoni G. Valensise G. 1905 09 08 01:43:11 Calabria (Italy) http://storing.ingv.it/cfti/cfti5/quake.php?01148IT 29 May 2024 Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 BC – 1500) INGV-SGA to 7.41±0.29 w from instrumental observations.Rovida A. Locati M. Camassi R. Lolli B. Gasperini P. Antonucci A. 2022 CPTI15 v4.0 Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes https://emidius.mi.ingv.it/CPTI15-DBMI15/query_eq/ 29 May 2024 National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) 10.13127/cpti/cpti15.4 The ISC GEM catalogue gives the event as 7.2 w, while an estimate from a mapped fault in the Sant'Eufemia Gulf, based on a slip value of 2.3 m, gives 6.9 w.Loreto M.F. Pagnoni G. Pettenati F. Armigliato A. Tinti S. Sandron D. Brutto F. Muto F. Facchin L. Zgur F. 2017 Reconstructed seismic and tsunami scenarios of the 1905 Calabria earthquake (SE Tyrrhenian sea) as a tool for geohazard assessment Engineering Geology 224 1–14 10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.04.018 A recalculation of instrumental recordings using seven stations, rather than the analysis of the records from two stations that gave the higher 7.41 value, gave a magnitude of w 7.10±0.26, closer to other estimates.Cucci L. 2021 The resizing of the most powerful Italian instrumental earthquake (September 8, 1905, Calabria region, southern Italy) Annals of Geophysics 64 6 10.4401/ag-8675 free In the three months after the earthquake, there were 100 aftershocks, rising to 219 by the end of 1905. A further 95 aftershocks were recorded in 1906 and another 82 in 1907. The location of the earthquake's epicenter and the causative fault are also debated. Three main epicentral locations have been proposed, onshore on Capo Vaticano, offshore in the Sant'Eufemia Gulf or west of Capo Vaticano.Tertulliani A. Cucci L. 2009 Clues to the identification of a seismogenic source from environmental effects: the case of the 1905 Calabria (Southern Italy) earthquake https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/9/1787/2009/nhess-9-1787-2009.pdf Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9 1787–1803 The main candidate faults include the proposed Capo Vaticano Fault, thought to be part of the main NW-dipping set and trending SW-NE just offshore from the cape. Parallel to this is the Vibo Valentia Fault mapped onshore. Southeast-dipping faults have also been proposed, of which only the Sant'Eufemia Fault has been fully mapped out, based on seismic reflection data. Finally the WNW-ESE trending Coccorino Fautl has been suggested on the southern side of the Capo Vaticano, with a possible parallel offshore fault, the Western Offshore Fault.Sandron D. Loreto M.F. Fracassi U. Tiberi L. 2015 Shaking Scenarios from Multiple Source Models Shed Light on the 8 September 1905 Mw 7 Calabria Earthquake (Southern Italy) Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 105 2A 912–927 10.1785/0120140044 11368/2859149 free It has also been suggested that the earthquake was a result of a normal fault rupture within the slab of African plate oceanic crust subducting beneath Calabria, at a depth of 35–55 km.Presti D. Neri G. Orrechio B. Scolaro S. Totaro C. 2017 Bulletin of the Seismological Society of AmericaThe 1905 Calabria, Southern Italy, Earthquake: Hypocenter Location, Causative Process, and Stress Changes Induced in the Area of the 1908 Messina Straits Earthquake Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 107 6 2613–2623 10.1785/0120170094 Several of the proposed models have been tested by modelling of either the observed tsunami effects or seismic intensities or both. Tsunami A small tsunami was triggered that affected the shores of the Gulf of Saint Euphemia, particularly to the north. Effects were also observed to the southwest of Capo Vaticano and as far away as Milazzo and along other parts of the coast of Sicily. At Bivona (now a suburb of Vibo Valentia) there was 30 m of inundation and a boat was pushed onshore. At Briatico anchored boats were carried onshore by 7–8 m, along with many dead fish. At Tropea several boats that were on the beach were carried out to sea. Further to the north at Scalea, there was more than 30 m of inundation and several beached boats were taken out to sea. The submarine telegraph cable connecting the Aeolian Islands to Milazzo on Sicily was broken at a depth of 1180 m, presumably by a turbidity current caused by slope failure triggered by the earthquake. Damage thumb|Damage of the earthquake in Triparni (Vibo Valentia) The provinces of Catanzaro (including what is now the Province of Vibo Valentia), Cosenza and Reggio Calabria were the most affected parts of Calabria. 14,000 houses were damaged,https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=9&day=8&submit=View+Date Today in Earthquake History: September 8 United States Geological Survey February 18, 2009 September 4, 2009 with 8,220 houses being destroyed, 6,186 in Catanzaro, 1,000 in Cosenza and 1,034 in Reggio Calabria. In the Vibo Valentia area, the towns of Parghelia, Piscopio and Stefanaconi and several smaller towns, were almost completely destroyed. Many of the houses in the epicentral area were built of "breste" (adobe type) construction and these performed very poorly in the earthquake. The earthquake triggered many landslides, with at least 42 sites being recorded. The village of Martirano, which has been repeatedly affected by landslides triggered by earthquakes in the past, had one side destroyed by a landslide.Ciodo G. Merenda L. Sorriso-Valvo M. 2001 North Calabria – 1783 and 1905 earthquake-triggered landslides https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chiodo-Giovanna-2/publication/338938664_North_Calabria_-1783_and_1905_earthquake-triggered_landslides/links/5e341ba4458515072d717f4b/North-Calabria-1783-and-1905-earthquake-triggered-landslides.pdf 31 May 2024 Evidence of ground fissures and liquefaction was widespread and many streams and springs were changed in both flow rate and temperature, immediately after the earthquake. Mario Baratta, writing in 1906, observed that level of damage was related to the underlying geology. He noted that structures built on limestone, molasse, breccia and schist suffered the greatest damage, while those constructed on granite fared much better. Aftermath Immediate aid was organised by the Prefects, using civil and military engineers and local medical and military personnel. Temporary accommodation was provided for some of the people made homeless with the building of wooden shacks. In October 1906 the Prefect of Cantanzaro reported that many families remained homeless, while those in the shacks were affected by their poor quality, with both wind and rain being able to penetrate these structures. Other families stayed in ruined houses in a dangerous condition, using a few poorly repaired rooms. He also stated that many farmers had emigrated from the area. On 25 June a new state law came into force to provide assistance for the most affected areas, including the waiving of some tax instalments. Some settlements, such as Favelloni and Castiglione Cosentino were moved to new sites. The part of Martirano that was levelled by the landslide was rebuilt on a new site nearby. See also List of earthquakes in 1905 List of earthquakes in Italy References ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009) http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php ISC 27 June 2022 International Seismological Centre Version 9.1 Significant Earthquake Information https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/2732 National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA 10.7289/V5TD9V7K 1972 Data Set PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/ https://web.archive.org/web/20200313112456/ftp://hazards.cr.usgs.gov/web/data/pager/catalogs/ dead 2020-03-13 September 4, 2009 United States Geological Survey Version 2008_06.1 Jacques E. Monaco C. Tapponnier P. Tortorici L. Winter T. Faulting and earthquake triggering during the 1783 Calabria seismic sequence Geophysical Journal International 2001 147 3 499–516 10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01518.x 2001GeoJI.147..499J 59505619 1365-246X https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-03597746/file/147-3-499.pdf External links M 7.2 – Sicily, Italy – United States Geological Survey 16957871 Page for this earthquake from the CFTI5MED catalogue Category:1905 earthquakes 1905 Calabria Category:1905 in Italy Category:History of Calabria Category:1900s tsunamis Category:September 1905 in Europe Category:1900s disasters in Italy Category:1905 disasters in Europe