2011 Egyptian revolution

Political upheaval in Egypt April 2011 September 2020 2011 Egyptian revolution the Egyptian Crisis and the Arab Spring 370px Demonstrators in Cairo's Tahrir Square on 8 February 2011 yes 2011 01 25 – 11 February 2011(01 25 2011 02 11 2011) Egypt 30 2 40 N 31 14 8 E region:BH_type:event title * Police brutality<ref Bribes<ref name="AFP-egyptbraces">http://www.france24.com/en/20110125-egypt-braces-nationwide-protests Egypt braces for nationwide protests Agence France-Presse France 24 25 January 2011 29 January 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201013309/http://www.france24.com/en/20110125-egypt-braces-nationwide-protests 1 February 2011</ref> State-of-emergency law Electoral fraud Political censorship Corruptionhttp://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/01/27/135207.html Egypt activists plan biggest protest yet on Friday Al Arabiya 27 January 2011 29 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201233632/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/01/27/135207.html 1 February 2011 dead Unemploymenthttp://www.thenewage.co.za/8894-1007-53-Egypt_protests_a_ticking_time_bomb_Analysts Egypt protests a ticking time bomb: Analysts Agence France-Presse The New Age South Africa 27 January 2011 29 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110209104208/http://www.thenewage.co.za/8894-1007-53-Egypt_protests_a_ticking_time_bomb_Analysts 9 February 2011 dead Food price rises Low wages Demographic structural factors Korotayev A. Andrey Korotayev Zinkina J. 2011 Egyptian Revolution: A Demographic Structural Analysis https://www.academia.edu/29300010 Entelequia. Revista Interdisciplinar 13 139–169 Authoritarianism Political repression Influence from other regional protests * Democratic election Removal of President Hosni Mubarak and his government Revolutionaries' victory Full results font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left; Resignation of president Hosni Mubarak Dictatorship imposed since the 1952 revolution ends, transition to democracy begins Resignation of prime ministers Ahmed Nazif and Ahmed Shafikhttp://www.forexyard.com/en/news/Egypts-prime-minsiter-quits-new-govt-soon-army-2011-03-03T093300Z Egypt's prime minister quits, new govt soon-army Forexyard.com 5 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110501033518/http://www.forexyard.com/en/news/Egypts-prime-minsiter-quits-new-govt-soon-army-2011-03-03T093300Z 2011-05-01 Assumption of power by the military as an interim government until elections are heldEgypt's Mubarak Steps Down; Military Takes Over, The Wall Street Journal, 11 February 2011. Suspension of the constitution and dissolution of the parliamentReuters https://www.haaretz.com/news/international/egypt-s-military-moves-to-dissolve-parliament-suspend-constitution-1.343140 Egypt's military moves to dissolve parliament, suspend constitution Haaretz 29 November 2010 24 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110214075534/http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/egypt-s-military-moves-to-dissolve-parliament-suspend-constitution-1.343140 14 February 2011 dead Disbanding of the State Security Investigations Service and arrest of its headEgyptian state security disbanded http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/04/2011416125051889315.html 15 March 2011 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110316103017/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/03/20113151885983516.html 16 March 2011 live Dissolution of the former ruling National Democratic Party and transfer of its assets to the statehttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/4/16/egypt-dissolves-former-ruling-party Egypt dissolves former ruling party 16 April 2011 Al Jazeera Arrest and prosecution of Mubarak, his family and former ministershttp://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1036/eg31.htm Al-Ahram Weekly How the mighty have fallen 2 February 2011 23 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110501064050/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1036/eg31.htm 1 May 2011 dead https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/world/middleeast/14egypt.html?_r=1 Prosecutors Order Mubarak and Sons Held The New York Times 13 March 2011 David D. Kirkpatrick Liam Stack 13 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110416093740/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/world/middleeast/14egypt.html?_r=1 16 April 2011 livehttps://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-mubarak-idUSTRE74N3LG20110524 Mubarak to be tried for murder of protesters Reuters 24 May 2011 24 May 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110531105100/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/24/us-egypt-mubarak-idUSTRE74N3LG20110524 31 May 2011 live 31-year state of emergency liftedhttps://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/9303195/Egypts-state-of-emergency-ends-after-31-years.html London The Daily Telegraph Egypt's state of emergency ends after 31 years 31 May 2012 Democratic election to replace Mubarak; Mohamed Morsi elected as new presidenthttps://www.cbsnews.com/news/mohammed-morsi-sworn-in-as-egypts-president/ Mohammed Morsi sworn in as Egypt's president CBS News 30 June 2012 17 November 2012 * Civil disobedience Civil resistance Demonstrations Online activism Riots Self-immolation Strike actions EGY Opposition groups: 6 April Youth Movement Muslim Brotherhood Kefaya Egyptian Armed Forces (switched sides) Coalition of Socialist Forces Revolutionary Socialists EGY Government: National Democratic Party Central Security Forces Egyptian Armed Forces (initially) Egyptian National Police State Security Intelligence Supreme Council of the Armed Forces no Prominent activists: EGY Ahmed Hassan Saeed EGY Mohamed ElBaradei EGY Asmaa Mahfouz EGY Alaa Al Aswany EGY Wael Ghonim Flag_of_the_President_of_Egypt.svg Hosni Mubarak(President of Egypt) no Others: EGY Omar Suleiman EGY Ahmed Shafik EGY Habib el-Adly EGY Muhammad Tantawy Pope Shenouda III 2,000,000 at Cairo's Tahrir Square See: Regions section below. During revolution: 846https://www.haaretz.com/news/international/government-fact-finding-mission-shows-846-killed-in-egypt-uprising-1.356885 846 killed in Egypt uprising 20 April 2011 Haaretz 20 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110420102838/http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/government-fact-finding-mission-shows-846-killed-in-egypt-uprising-1.356885 20 April 2011 deadhttp://elbadil.net/%D9%87%D8%A4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B6%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-2011-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B4%D9%87/ 924 killed in Egyptian Revolution 31 December 2011 31 December 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120106234947/http://elbadil.net/%D9%87%D8%A4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B6%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-2011-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B4%D9%87/ 2012-01-06 Post-revolution: 300+http://tahrirnews.com/?p=106867 Activists on Facebook: the military killed 99 and wounded 2702 in 10 months Tahrirnews.com 30 December 2011 6 January 2012 5 September 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150905154542/http://www.tahrirnews.com/?p=106867 dead See: Deaths section below. 6,467 peoplehttp://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/326562 Egypt's revolution death toll rises to 384 Al Masry Al Youm 22 February 2011 22 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314134608/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/326562 14 March 2011 live 12,000Faisal Al Yafai http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/egypts-army-fails-to-grasp-the-post-mubarak-realities https://archive.today/20120912223220/http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/egypts-army-fails-to-grasp-the-post-mubarak-realities dead 12 September 2012 Egypt's army fails to grasp the post-Mubarak realities – The National Thenational.ae 12 November 2012 17 November 2012 The 2011 Egyptian revolution, also known as the 25 January Revolution (ar ثورة ٢٥ يناير Thawrat khamsa wa-ʿišrūn yanāyir),Egyptian-American leaders call for U.S. support of 'Lotus Revolution' – CNN.com. Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved on 2013-12-06. began on 25 January 2011 and spread across Egypt. The date was set by various youth groups to coincide with National Police Day as a statement against increasing police brutality during the later years of Hosni Mubarak's presidency. It consisted of demonstrations, marches, occupations of plazas, non-violent civil resistance, acts of civil disobedience and strikes. Millions of protesters from a range of socio-economic and religious backgrounds demanded Mubarak's removal from the office of president of Egypt. Violent clashes between security forces and protesters resulted in at least 846 people killed and over 6,000 injured.http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/385140 شيحة: مكاتب الصحة وثقت سقوط 840 شهيداً خلال ثورة 25 يناير Almasry-alyoum.com 16 March 2011 4 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110429125656/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/385140 29 April 2011 livehttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14075493 Egypt: Cairo's Tahrir Square fills with protesters BBC 8 July 2011 11 July 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110709112514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14075493 9 July 2011 live Protesters retaliated by burning over 90 police stations across the country.http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/was-egyptian-revolution-really-non-violent Was the Egyptian revolution really non-violent? Egypt Independent 2012-01-24 2013-03-25 The Egyptian protesters' grievances focused on legal and political issues,http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2011/01/27/qa-whats-behind-unrest Q&A: What's Behind the Unrest? 27 January 2011 SBS 29 January 2011 including police brutality, state-of-emergency laws, lack of political freedom, civil liberty, freedom of speech, corruption, high unemployment, food-price inflation and low wages. The protesters' primary demands were the end of the Mubarak regime. Strikes by labour unions added to the pressure on government officials.http://www.defenddemocracy.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11792083&Itemid=347 Trade unions: the revolutionary social network at play in Egypt and Tunisia Defenddemocracy.org https://web.archive.org/web/20110213094954/http://www.defenddemocracy.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11792083&Itemid=347 13 February 2011 live 11 February 2011 During the uprising, the capital, Cairo, was described as "a war zone"https://www.theguardian.com/global/blog/2011/jan/25/middleeast-tunisia#block-32 Protests in Egypt and unrest in Middle East – as it happened 25 January 2011 The Guardian UK Haroon Siddique Paul Owen Adam Gabbatt 26 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110126050109/http://www.guardian.co.uk/global/blog/2011/jan/25/middleeast-tunisia 26 January 2011 live and the port city of Suez saw frequent violent clashes. Protesters defied a government-imposed curfew, which the police and military could not enforce in any case. Egypt's Central Security Forces, loyal to Mubarak, were gradually replaced by military troops. In the chaos, there was looting by rioters which was instigated (according to opposition sources) by plainclothes police officers. In response, watch groups were organised by civilian vigilantes to protect their neighborhoods.Fleishman Jeffrey and Edmund Sanders (Los Angeles Times) Unease in Egypt as police replaced by army, neighbors band against looters http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2014078461_egypt30.html The Seattle Times 29 January 2011 1 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201071852/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2014078461_egypt30.html 1 February 2011 liveLooting spreads in Egyptian cities http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/2011129175926266521.html Al Jazeera 29 January 2011 1 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110131072424/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/2011129175926266521.html 31 January 2011 liveHauslohner Abigail The Army's OK with the Protesters, for now http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2045124,00.html#ixzz1CfroWYuj Time 29 January 2011 1 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110131222033/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2045124,00.html 31 January 2011 deadMubarak plays last card, the army; Police vanish http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2011/me_egypt0078_01_31.asp World Tribune (online) 31 January 2011 1 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201231440/http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2011/me_egypt0078_01_31.asp 1 February 2011 liveStirewalt Chris Egypt: From Police State to Military Rule https://www.foxnews.com/politics/egypt-from-police-state-to-military-rule/ Fox News Channel 31 January 2011 1 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201053106/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/01/31/egypt-police-state-military-rule/ 1 February 2011 live On 11 February 2011, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak resigned as president, turning power over to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF).http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/02/201121125158705862.html Hosni Mubarak resigns as president Al Jazeera 11 February 2011 The military junta, chaired by defense minister Muhammad Hussein Tantawy, announced on 13 February that the constitution was suspended, both houses of parliament dissolved and the military would govern for six months (until elections could be held). The previous cabinet, including Prime Minister Ahmed Shafik, would serve as a caretaker government until a new one was formed.el-Malawani Hania https://www.smh.com.au/world/egypt-military-dismantles-mubarak-regime-20110213-1as42.html Egypt's military dismantles Mubarak regime 13 February 2011 The Sydney Morning Herald After the revolution against Mubarak and a period of rule by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, the Muslim Brotherhood took power in Egypt through a series of popular elections, with Egyptians electing Islamist Mohamed Morsi to the presidency in June 2012, after winning the election over Ahmed Shafik.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/24/muslim-brotherhood-egypt-president-mohamed-morsi The Guardian Muslim Brotherhood's Mohamed Morsi declared president of Egypt 24 June 2012 9 January 2015 However, the Morsi government encountered fierce opposition after his attempt to pass an Islamic-leaning constitution. Morsi also issued a temporary presidential decree that raised his decisions over judicial review to enable the passing of the constitution.Kirkpatrick David D. Sheikh Mayy El President Morsi in Egypt Seizes New Powers https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/23/world/middleeast/egypts-president-morsi-gives-himself-new-powers.html The New York Times 9 May 2018 22 November 2012 It sparked general outrage from secularists and members of the military, and a revolution broke out against his rule on 28 June 2013.https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2013/07/millions-march-in-egyptian-protests/100543/ Millions March in Egyptian Protests Taylor Alan The Atlantic 2017-05-02 en-US On 3 July 2013, Morsi was deposed by the minister of defence, General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi,https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/morsi-ousted-under-house-arrest-crowds-celebrate-cairo-v19261466 NBC News Morsi ousted, under house arrest, as crowds celebrate in Cairo 3 July 2013 9 January 2015 as millions of Egyptians took to the streets in support of early elections.http://www.takepart.com/feature/2014/02/06/egypt-revolution-timeline The Simplest Explanation of Egypt's Revolution You'll Ever Read TakePart 2017-05-02 en 9 May 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170509121051/http://www.takepart.com/feature/2014/02/06/egypt-revolution-timeline/ dead Sisi went on to become Egypt's president after an election in 2014 which was boycotted by opposition parties.http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/05/sisi-wins-egypt-elections-landslide-2014529134910264238.html Al Jazeera Sisi elected Egypt president by landslide 30 May 2014 9 January 2015 Other names In Egypt and other parts of the Arab world, the protests and governmental changes are also known as the 25 January Revolution (ar ثورة 25 يناير Thawrat 25 Yanāyir), Revolution of Freedom (ar ثورة حرية Thawrat Horeya)http://aglobalrevolution.wordpress.com/2011/02/05/egypt-the-bread-and-freedom-revolution/ Egypt: The Bread and Freedom Revolution |A Global Revolution Aglobalrevolution.wordpress.com 2011-02-05 2013-03-25 or Revolution of Rage (ar ثورة الغضب Thawrat al-Ġaḍab), and, less frequently,Al-Ahram Weekly The 25 January Revolution (Special issue) 10–16 February 2011 http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1034/special.htm 15 February 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110213051549/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1034/special.htm 13 February 2011 the Youth Revolution (ar ثورة الشباب Thawrat al-Shabāb), Lotus Revolutionhttp://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-28/world/egypt.press.club_1_saad-eddin-ibrahim-egyptian-american-egyptian-people?_s=PM:WORLD Egyptian-American leaders call for U.S. support of 'Lotus Revolution' CNN 28 January 2011 21 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314141657/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-28/world/egypt.press.club_1_saad-eddin-ibrahim-egyptian-american-egyptian-people?_s=PM%3AWORLD 14 March 2011 dead (ar ثورة اللوتس) or White Revolution (ar الثورة البيضاء al-Thawrah al-bayḍāʾ).http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=299386 Business News » Investors See White Revolution in Egypt 3 News NZ 13 February 2011 21 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110430185548/http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=299386 30 April 2011 dead Background History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak thumb|upright|alt=Smiling man in suit and tie|Hosni Mubarak in 2009 Hosni Mubarak became President of Egypt after the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. He inherited an authoritarian system from Sadat which was imposed in 1952 following the coup against King Farouk. The coup in 1952 led to the abolishment of the monarchy and Egypt became a military dominated one-party state. Gamal Abdel Nasser, who was a member of the Free Officers, became the second President of Egypt following the resignation of Muhammad Naguib, and under his rule, the Arab Socialist Union operated as the sole political party in Egypt. Under Sadat, the multi-party system during the monarchy was reintroduced but the National Democratic Party (which evolved from Nasser's Arab Socialist Union) remained dominant in Egypt's politics and there were restrictions on opposition parties. Mubarak's National Democratic Party (NDP) maintained one-party rule.http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/hosni_mubarak/index.html Hosni Mubarak The New York Times 8 March 2010 Michael Slackman 25 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110131071410/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/hosni_mubarak/index.html 31 January 2011 live His government received support from the West and aid from the United States by its suppression of Islamic militants and maintaining the peace treaty with Israel. Mubarak was often compared to an Egyptian pharaoh by the media and some critics due to his authoritarian rule.http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/history-s-crossroads/748326 History's crossroads The Indian Express India 10 February 2011 He was in the 30th year of his regime when the 2011 uprising began.http://documentarystorm.com/politics/a-nation-in-waiting/ Egypt: A Nation in Waiting 12 February 2011 15 February 2011 According to political economist Adam Hanieh (2011),Hanieh Adam March 2011 Beyond Mubarak: Reframing The "Politics" and "Economics" of Egypt's Uprising https://doi.org/10.1080/19187033.2011.11675018 Studies in Political Economy 87 1 7–27 10.1080/19187033.2011.11675018 0707-8552 subscription Mubarak's rule further deepened neoliberal reforms under Sadat creating close alliances between state institutions and business elites. These continued reforms intensified wealth disparities and fostered widespread corruption. Similarly, Angela Joya (2011)Joya Angela 2011-09-01 The Egyptian revolution: crisis of neoliberalism and the potential for democratic politics Review of African Political Economy 38 129 10.1080/03056244.2011.602544 0305-6244 free links two decades of privatization and corruption to rising youth unemployment and inequality, which spurred waves of labour protests in industrial centres like Mahalla al-Kubra2025 Comparative Analysis to Evaluate the Effect of the Green Infrastructure Elements on Thermal Performance in Existing Cities: An Applied Study of El-Mahalla El-Kubra Journal of Engineering Research 10.70259/engjer.2025.911899 2356-9441 free in the early 2000s. The clear economic and social grievances became key sources of political mobilization leading up to the 2011 uprising. Most causes of the revolution against Mubarak—inherited power, corruption, under-development, unemployment, unfair distribution of wealth and the presence of Israel—also existed in 1952, when the Free Officers ousted King Farouk.El-Hewie Mohamed F. Chain Reaction: Egypt's Revolt 2011 Illustrated Shaymaa 2011 978-1461093954 1–120 A new cause of the 2011 revolution was the increase in population, which aggravated unemployment.El-Hewie Mohamed F. A Matter of Faith: The Islamic Spring Shaymaa 2013 978-1481997683 162 During his presidency, Anwar Sadat neglected the modernisation of Egypt in contrast to his predecessor, Gamal Abdel Nasser, and his cronyism cost the country infrastructure industries which could generate new jobs. Communications media such as the internet, cell phones and satellite TV channels augmented mosques and Friday prayers, traditional means of mass communication. The mosques brought the Muslim Brotherhood to power, and the Brotherhood pressured all governments from 1928 through 2011 (as it had also done in neighbouring countries). Inheritance of power thumb|upright|alt=Man talking into a microphone at the World Economic Forum|Gamal Mubarak in 2006 Mubarak's younger son, Gamal Mubarak, was rumoured in 2000 to succeed his father as the next president of Egypt.Aziz, Muhammad Abdul and Hussein, Youssef (2002) "The President, the Son, and the Military: Succession in Egypt" Arab Studies Journal 9/10: pp. 73–88 Gamal began receiving attention from the Egyptian media, since there were apparently no other heirs to the presidency.Bee, Jason (2008) "The Heir Apparency of Gamal Mubarak" https://web.archive.org/web/20120404150833/https://webspace.utexas.edu/jmb334/www/documents/article.ASJ.2008.pdf 4 April 2012 Arab Studies Journal pp. 36–56 Bashar al-Assad's rise to power in Syria in June 2000, after the death of his father Hafez, sparked debate in the Egyptian press about the prospects for a similar scenario in Cairo.Sobelman, Daniel (2001) "Gamal Mubarak, President of Egypt?" Middle East Quarterly 8(2): pp. 31–40 During the years after Mubarak's 2005 re-election, several left- and right-wing (primarily unofficial) political groups expressed opposition to the inheritance of power, demanded reforms and asked for a multi-candidate election. In 2006, with opposition increasing, Daily News Egypt reported an online campaign initiative (the National Initiative against Power Inheritance) demanding that Gamal reduce his power. The campaign said that "President Mubarak and his son constantly denied even the possibility of [succession]. However, in reality they did the opposite, including amending the constitution to make sure that Gamal will be the only unchallenged candidate."http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/egyptians-abroad-speak-out-against-inheritance-of-power.html Egyptians abroad speak out against inheritance of power 3 October 2006 Al-A'sar, Marwa 16 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110513151746/http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/egyptians-abroad-speak-out-against-inheritance-of-power.html 13 May 2011 live During the decade, public perception that Gamal would succeed his father grew. He wielded increasing power as NDP deputy secretary general and chair of the party's policy committee. Analysts described Mubarak's last decade in power as "the age of Gamal Mubarak". With his father's health declining and no appointed vice-president, Gamal was considered Egypt's de facto president by some.http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/9988/Egypt/Politics-/How-Gamal-brought-down-the-whole-Mubarak-house.aspx How Gamal brought down the whole Mubarak house Middle East Online 15 April 2011 Gamal Essam El-Din 16 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110430024600/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/9988/Egypt/Politics-/How-Gamal-brought-down-the-whole-Mubarak-house.aspx 30 April 2011 live Although Gamal and his father denied an inheritance of power, he was speculated as likely to be chosen as the NDP candidate in the presidential election scheduled for 2011, when Hosni Mubarak's presidential term was set to expire.https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/20/world/africa/20egypt.html Mubarak's Son Proposes Nuclear Program The New York Times 20 September 2006 Michael Slackman Mona el-Naggar 16 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110501005025/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/20/world/africa/20egypt.html 1 May 2011 live Gamal ultimately declined to run following the 2011 protests.BBC 3 February 2011 Egypt unrest: Anti-Mubarak protesters fight back https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12357891 State-of-emergency law Emergency law in Egypt Egypt was under a state of emergency since the assassination of Sadat in 1981, pursuant to Law No. 162 of 1958. A previous state of emergency was enacted in the 1967 Six-Day War before being lifted in 1980.http://www.emerglobal.com/lex/law-1958-162 Law 1958/162 (Emergency Law) Edinburgh Middle East Report 2 April 2010Egyptian Organisation for Human Rights Egypt and The Impact of 27 years of Emergency on Human Rights http://en.eohr.org/2008/05/28/%E2%80%9Cegypt-and-the-impact-of-27-years-of-emergency-on-human-rights%E2%80%9D/#more-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20110129202417/http://en.eohr.org/2008/05/28/%E2%80%9Cegypt-and-the-impact-of-27-years-of-emergency-on-human-rights%E2%80%9D/#more-22 29 January 2011 28 May 2008 29 January 2011 Police powers were extended, constitutional rights and habeas corpus were effectively suspended and censorship was legalised as a result.http://conconflicts.ssrc.org/mideast/shehata/ Egypt After 9/11: Perceptions of the United States 26 March 2004 Shehata Samer Contemporary Conflicts 30 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20060715211012/http://conconflicts.ssrc.org/mideast/shehata/ 15 July 2006 dead The emergency law limited non-governmental political activity, including demonstrations, unapproved political organisations and unregistered financial donations. The Mubarak government cited the threat of terrorism in extending the state of emergency, claiming that opposition groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood could gain power in Egypt if the government did not forge parliamentary elections and suppress the group through emergency law.Caraley Demetrios American Hegemony: Preventive War, Iraq, and Imposing Democracy Academy of Political Science April 2004 1-884853-04-8 https://archive.org/details/americanhegemony00cara This led to the imprisonment of activists without trial,Choney, Suzanne https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna41285248 Egyptian bloggers brave police intimidation 27 January 2011 NBC News 28 January 2011 illegal, undocumented and hidden detention facilitieshttps://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/10/30/061030ta_talk_mayer The C.I.A.'s Travel Agent 30 October 2006 The New Yorker Mayer, Jane 28 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20101229205146/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/10/30/061030ta_talk_mayer 29 December 2010 live and the rejection of university, mosque and newspaper staff based on their political affiliation.Shenker, Jack https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/22/egypt-elections-muslim-brotherhood-ndp Egyptian Elections: Independents Fight for Hearts and Minds in 'Fixed Ballot' The Guardian UK 22 November 2010 28 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110128071057/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/22/egypt-elections-muslim-brotherhood-ndp 28 January 2011 live A December 2010 parliamentary election was preceded by a media crackdown, arrests, candidate bans (particularly Muslim Brotherhood candidates) and allegations of fraud due to the near-unanimous victory by the NDP in parliament. Human rights organizations estimated that in 2010, between 5,000 and 10,000 people were in long-term detention without charge or trial.Amnesty International Egypt: Keep Promise to Free Detainees by End of June: Joint Statement https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE12/027/2010/en 29 June 2010 4 February 2011Holder, R. Clemente http://www.wrmea.org/wrmea-archives/156-washington-report-archives-1994-1999/july-august-1994/7540-human-rights.html Egyptian Lawyer's Death Triggers Cairo Protests Washington Report on Middle East Affairs July–August 1994 31 January 2011 Police brutality Law enforcement in Egypt According to a US Embassy report, police brutality had been widespread in Egypt.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/28/egypt-police-brutality-torture-wikileaks US reported 'routine' police brutality in Egypt, WikiLeaks cables show Harding Luke 28 January 2011 The Guardian UK 20 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110504022032/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/28/egypt-police-brutality-torture-wikileaks 4 May 2011 live In the five years before the revolution, the Mubarak regime denied the existence of torture or abuse by police. However, claims by domestic and international groups provided cellphone videos or first-hand accounts of hundreds of cases of police brutality.US embassy cables: Police brutality in Egypt https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/187359 The Guardian 28 January 2011 London According to the 2009 Human Rights Report from the US State Department, "Domestic and international human rights groups reported that the Ministry of Interior (MOI) State Security Investigative Service (SSIS), police, and other government entities continued to employ torture to extract information or force confessions. The Egyptian Organization for Human Rights documented 30 cases of torture during the year 2009. In numerous trials defendants alleged that police tortured them during questioning. During the year activists and observers circulated some amateur cellphone videos documenting the alleged abuse of citizens by security officials. For example, on 8 February, a blogger posted a video of two police officers, identified by their first names and last initials, sodomizing a bound naked man named Ahmed Abdel Fattah Ali with a bottle. On 12 August, the same blogger posted two videos of alleged police torture of a man in a Port Said police station by the head of investigations, Mohammed Abu Ghazala. There was no indication that the government investigated either case."U.S. Department of State 2009 Human Rights Report: Egypt https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/nea/136067.htm 11 March 2010 http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100407154846/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/nea/136067.htm 7 April 2010 dead The deployment of Baltageya (ar بلطجية)—plainclothes agitators—by the NDP was a hallmark of the Mubarak government.Kirkpatrick, David Fahim, Kareem https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/26/world/middleeast/26egypt.html Gunfire Rings Out as Protesters Clash The New York Times 3 February 2011 3 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110203074307/http://www.nytimes.com//2011//01//26//world//middleeast//26egypt.html 3 February 2011 live The Egyptian Organisation for Human Rights documented 567 cases of torture, including 167 deaths, by police from 1993 to 2007.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6943704.stm Egyptian Police Sued for Boy's Death BBC News 13 August 2007 4 February 2011 Excessive force was often used by law enforcement agencies against popular uprisings.http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/192821/index.en.shtml Arab countries' secret police forces have a reputation for torture and arbitrary arrests D+C 2011/03 – International Journal March 2011 16 March 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110221070951/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/192821/index.en.shtml 21 February 2011 On 6 June 2010, a twenty-eight-year-old Egyptian, Khaled Mohamed Saeed, died under disputed circumstances in the Sidi Gaber area of Alexandria, with witnesses testifying that he was beaten to death by police – an event which galvanised Egyptians around the issue of police brutality.http://www.irinnews.org/report/94505/egypt-police-brutality-focuses-minds EGYPT: Police brutality focuses minds Gulf Daily News 20 December 2011 25 June 2015Khalil, Ashraf http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/51909 Anger in Alexandria: 'We're Afraid of Our Own Government' Egypt Independent 25 June 2010 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110427172608/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/51909 27 April 2011 Two Witnesses Affirm Alexandria Victim Beaten by Police http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/two-witnesses-affirm-alex-victim-beaten-police Almasry Alyoum 19 June 2010 26 January 2011 Authorities stated that Khaled died choking on hashish while being chased by police officers. Pictures which were released of Khaled's disfigured corpse from the morgue showed signs of torture.2013-02-11 Feature: Torture ties the Egyptian government to a brutal past https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/02/feature-torture-ties-the-egyptian-government-to-a-brutal-past/ Amnesty International en A friend, who saw his body, told Amnesty International that there were signs of torture including contusions on his back and neck. He reported that Mohamed's fingers and toes were swollen and his nails were loose and that he had sustained a wound to his head several centimeters in depth. An official document seen by Amnesty International concludes that Mohamed al-Gendy sustained a number of injuries to the head and suffered a brain hemorrhage. Mohamed's sister, Sara reported that the hospital administration had claimed he was admitted to the hospital from the vicinity of Tahrir Square on 28 January after a traffic accident. Those who knew Mohamed al-Gendy suspect that he died as a result of torture. A Facebook page, "We are all Khaled Said", helped attract nationwide attention to the case.Levinson Charles https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703445904576118502819408990 How Cairo, U.S. Were Blindsided by Revolution The Wall Street Journal 2 February 2011 2 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110202072207/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703445904576118502819408990.html 2 February 2011 live Mohamed ElBaradei, former head of the International Atomic Energy Agency, led a 2010 rally in Alexandria against police abuse, and visited Saeed's family to offer condolences.http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/06/201062642955204618.html ElBaradei Leads Anti-Torture Rally Al Jazeera 26 June 2010 13 July 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20100702192522/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/06/201062642955204618.html 2 July 2010 live During the January–February 2011 protests, police brutality was common. Jack Shenker, a reporter for The Guardian, was arrested during the Cairo protests on 26 January. He witnessed fellow Egyptian protesters being tortured, assaulted, and taken to undisclosed locations by police officers. Shenker and other detainees were released after covert intervention by Ayman Nour, the father of a fellow detainee.Shenker Jack Bloody and Bruised: The Journalist Caught in Egypt Unrest https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/27/egypt-riot-security-force-action The Guardian 27 January 2011 LondonBBC Profile: Ayman Nour http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4558054.stm 24 December 2005Profile of Ayman Nour http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2010/09/09/profile-of-ayman-nour https://web.archive.org/web/20110201013744/http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2010/09/09/profile-of-ayman-nour dead 1 February 2011 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 9 September 2009 Election corruption Corruption, coercion not to vote and manipulation of election results occurred during many elections over Mubarak's 30-year rule.Subject: Struggling to Address Police Brutality https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/187359 London The Guardian 28 January 2011 Until 2005, Mubarak was the only presidential candidate (with a yes-or-no vote).Democracy Reporting International and Egyptian Organization for Human Rights Final Report: Assessment of the Electoral Framework in the Arab Republic of Egypt http://www.democracy-reporting.org/files/dri_egypt.pdf 2007 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072714/http://www.democracy-reporting.org/files/dri_egypt.pdf 4 March 2016 Mubarak won five consecutive presidential elections with a sweeping majority. Although opposition groups and international election-monitoring agencies charged that the elections were rigged, those agencies were not allowed to monitor elections. The only opposition presidential candidate in recent Egyptian history, Ayman Nour, was imprisoned before the 2005 elections.Sharp Jeremy Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33003.pdf Congressional Research Service 2009 According to a 2007 UN survey, voter turnout was extremely low (about 25 per cent) because of a lack of trust in the political system. Demographic and economic challenges Unemployment and reliance on subsidised goods Demographics of Egypt Demographic trap Youth bulge thumb|alt=Pyramid graph, divided by age and gender|Egyptian population pyramid in 2005; many people age 30 and younger, despite education, have difficulty finding work. The population of Egypt grew from 30,083,419 in 1966The British Oxford Economic Atlas of the World, 4th edition. 0-19-894107-2 to roughly 79,000,000 by 2008.http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pls/fdl/tst12e?action=&lname= Central Agency for Population Mobilisation and Statistics — Population Clock (July 2008) Msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg 25 August 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20100908090727/http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pls/fdl/tst12e?action=&lname= 8 September 2010 dead The vast majority of Egyptians live near the banks of the Nile, in an area of about 40000 km2 us where the only arable land is found. In late 2010, about 40 per cent of Egypt's population lived on the equivalent of roughly US$2 per day, with a large portion relying on subsidised goods. According to the Peterson Institute for International Economics and other proponents of demographic structural approach (cliodynamics), a basic problem in Egypt is unemployment driven by a demographic youth bulge; with the number of new people entering the workforce at about four per cent a year, unemployment in Egypt is almost 10 times as high for college graduates as for those who finished elementary school (particularly educated urban youth—the people who were in the streets during the revolution). Korotayev A. Andrey Korotayev Zinkina J. 2011 Egyptian Revolution: A Demographic Structural Analysis https://www.academia.edu/33247372 Entelequia. Revista Interdisciplinar 13 139–169 http://marketplace.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/02/01/pm-the-long-term-challenges-egypt-must-overcome/ The long-term economic challenges Egypt must overcome Marketplace 1 February 2011 1 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110204123742/http://marketplace.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/02/01/pm-the-long-term-challenges-egypt-must-overcome/ 4 February 2011 dead thumb|alt=Tenements with satellite dishes and debris|A poor neighbourhood in Cairo Economy and poor living conditions Economy of Egypt Egypt's economy was highly centralised during the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser, becoming more market-driven under Anwar Sadat and Mubarak. From 2004 to 2008 the Mubarak government pursued economic reform to attract foreign investment and increase GDP, later postponing further reforms because of the Great Recession. The international economic downturn slowed Egypt's GDP growth to 4.5 per cent in 2009. In 2010, analysts said that the government of Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif would need to resume economic reform to attract foreign investment, increase growth and improve economic conditions. Despite recent high national economic growth, living conditions for the average Egyptian remained relatively poorhttp://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/egypt/egypt_economy.html Egypt Economy 2011 CIA World Factbook 3 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110228075759/http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/egypt/egypt_economy.html 28 February 2011 live (albeit better than other African nations with no significant social upheavals). Corruption Crime in Egypt Political corruption in the Mubarak administration's Interior Ministry rose dramatically, due to increased control of the system necessary to sustain his presidency.Rutherford Bruce Egypt after Mubarak: Liberalism, Islam, and Democracy in the Arab World Princeton University Press November 2008 978-0-691-13665-3 The rise to power of powerful businessmen in the NDP, the government and the House of Representatives led to public anger during the Ahmed Nazif government. Ahmed Ezz monopolised the steel industry, with more than 60 per cent of market share.The Report: Egypt 2007 Oxford Business Group January 2007 978-1-902339-57-3 Aladdin Elaasar, an Egyptian biographer and American professor, estimated that the Mubarak family was worth from $50 to $70 billion.https://www.huffingtonpost.com/aladdin-elaasar/egyptians-rise-against-th_b_815520.html Egyptians Rise Against Their Pharoah The Huffington Post USA Elaasar Aladdin 28 January 2011 6 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110207193214/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/aladdin-elaasar/egyptians-rise-against-th_b_815520.html 7 February 2011 livehttps://abcnews.go.com/Business/egypt-mubarak-family-accumulated-wealth-days-military/story?id=12821073&page=2 Egypt's Mubarak Likely to Retain Vast Wealth ABC News 5 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110207193928/http://abcnews.go.com/Business/egypt-mubarak-family-accumulated-wealth-days-military/story?id=12821073&page=2 7 February 2011 live The wealth of former NDP secretary Ezz was estimated at 18 billion yes;http://www.allheadlinenews.com/briefs/articles/90033584?Obama%20optimistic%20about%20Egypt%20as%20negotiators%20make%20concessions Obama optimistic about Egypt as negotiators make concessions AHN 9 February 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110426155647/http://www.allheadlinenews.com/briefs/articles/90033584?Obama%20optimistic%20about%20Egypt%20as%20negotiators%20make%20concessions 26 April 2011 the wealth of former housing minister Ahmed al-Maghraby was estimated at more than 11 billion; that of former tourism minister Zuhair Garrana is estimated at 13 billion; former minister of trade and industry Rashid Mohamed Rashid is estimated to be worth 12 billion, and former interior minister Habib al-Adly was estimated to be worth 8 billion. The perception among Egyptians was that the only people benefiting from the nation's wealth were businessmen with ties to the National Democratic Party: "Wealth fuels political power and political power buys wealth."http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/insidestory/2011/02/201128111236245847.html How did Egypt become so corrupt? – Inside Story Al Jazeera 9 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110209084337/http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/insidestory/2011/02/201128111236245847.html 9 February 2011 live During the 2010 elections, opposition groups complained about government harassment and fraud. Opposition and citizen activists called for changes to a number of legal and constitutional provisions affecting elections.National Association for Change https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2010/09/national-association-for-change?lang=en 2024-11-18 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 22 September 2010 en The demands included: ending the state of emergency; ensuring judicial oversight over the election process; allowing local and international civil society groups to monitor elections; allowing equal access to media for all candidates, particularly during presidential elections; giving Egyptians living abroad the right to vote at Egyptian embassies and consulates; ensuring the right to run for president without arbitrary restrictions in accordance with Egypt's obligations under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as well as limit the president's service to two terms; voting by using the national identification card rather than a special voters' registration card. Some of these reforms were incorporated in the constitutional amendments introduced by the SCAF in March 2011. In 2010, Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) gave Egypt a score of 3.1 based on perceptions by business people and analysts of the degree of corruption (with 10 being clean, and 0 totally corrupt).http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results CPI 2010 table Transparency International 26 October 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20101027072430/http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results 27 October 2010 live Prelude To prepare for the possible overthrow of Mubarak, opposition groups studied Gene Sharp's work on nonviolent action and worked with leaders of Otpor, the student-led Serbian organisation. Copies of Sharp's list of 198 non-violent "weapons", translated into Arabic and not always attributed to him, were circulated in Tahrir Square during its occupation. David D. Kirkpatrick David E. Sanger A Tunisian-Egyptian link that shook Arab history 13 February 2011 https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/14/world/middleeast/14egypt-tunisia-protests.html The New York Times 27 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110307143444/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/14/world/middleeast/14egypt-tunisia-protests.html 7 March 2011 livehttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12522848 Gene Sharp: Author of the nonviolent revolution rulebook BBC News 21 February 2011 Tunisian revolution Tunisian revolution Following the ousting of Tunisian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali after mass protests, many analysts (including former European Commission President Romano Prodi) saw Egypt as the next country where such a revolution might occur.Remondini Chiara Prodi Says Egypt to Be Monitored After Tunisia, Messaggero Says https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-16/prodi-says-egypt-to-be-monitored-after-tunisia-messaggero-says.html Bloomberg 16 January 2011 12 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110213095128/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-16/prodi-says-egypt-to-be-monitored-after-tunisia-messaggero-says.html 13 February 2011 live According to The Washington Post, "The Jasmine Revolution [...] should serve as a stark warning to Arab leaders – beginning with Egypt's 83-year-old Hosni Mubarak – that their refusal to allow more economic and political opportunity is dangerous and untenable."Tunisia's revolution should be a wake-up call to Mideast autocrats https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/15/AR2011011503141.html The Washington Post 15 January 2011 11 February 2011 Others believed that Egypt was not ready for revolution, citing little aspiration by the Egyptian people, low educational levels and a strong government with military support.Hauslohner Abigail After Tunisia: Why Egypt Isn't Ready to Have Its Own Revolution http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2043497,00.html Time 20 January 2011 12 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110204093004/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2043497,00.html 4 February 2011 dead The BBC said, "The simple fact is that most Egyptians do not see any way that they can change their country or their lives through political action, be it voting, activism, or going out on the streets to demonstrate."Leyne Jon No sign Egypt will take the Tunisian road https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12202937 BBC 17 January 2011 11 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110125203342/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12202937 25 January 2011 live Self-immolation thumb|alt=Man crouched on top of a large stone lion, waving a red, white and blue flag|A protester holding an Egyptian flag, 8 September 2011 After the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia on 17 December, a man set himself on fire on 18 January in front of the Egyptian parliamentZayed Dina Egyptians set themselves ablaze after Tunisia unrest https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tunisia-egypt-immolation-idUSTRE70H3L720110118 Reuters 16 January 2011 12 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110211191739/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/18/us-tunisia-egypt-immolation-idUSTRE70H3L720110118 11 February 2011 live and five more attempts followed. On 17 January, Abdou Abdel Monaam, a baker, also set himself on fire to protest a law that prevented restaurant owners from buying subsidised bread, leading him to buy bread at the regular price – which is five times higher than the subsidised. Mohammed Farouq Mohammed, who is a lawyer, also set himself alight in front of the parliament to protest his ex-wife, who did not allow him to see his daughters.https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/17/AR2011011703381.html Self-immolation cases in Egypt and Mauritania follow Tunisian incident Leila Fadel 2011-01-17 2016-11-19 In Alexandria, an unemployed man by the name of Ahmed Hashem Sayed also set himself on fire.http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/18/egypt.self.immolation/index.html 2 in Egypt torch themselves; 1 dead 2016-11-19 cnn.com 2011-01-18 National Police Day protests Opposition groups planned a day of revolt for 25 January, coinciding with National Police Day, to protest police brutality in front of the Ministry of Interior.Muslim Brotherhood To Participate in 25 January Protest http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/303296 Almasry Alyoum 23 January 2011 8 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110429130029/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/303296 29 April 2011 live Protesters also demanded the resignation of the Minister of Interior, an end to State corruption, the end of emergency law and presidential term limits for the president. Many political movements, opposition parties and public figures supported the day of revolt, including Youth for Justice and Freedom, the Coalition of the Youth of the Revolution, the Popular Democratic Movement for Change, the Revolutionary Socialists and the National Association for Change. The April 6 Youth Movement was a major supporter of the protest, distributing 20,000 leaflets saying "I will protest on 25 January for my rights". The Ghad El-Thawra Party, Karama, Wafd and Democratic Front supported the protests. The Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt's largest opposition group, confirmed on 23 January that it would participate.http://www.alwafd.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12821&cpage=30 بوابة الوفد الالكترونية 25 June 2015 Public figures, including novelist Alaa Al Aswany, writer Belal Fadl and actors Amr Waked and Khaled Aboul Naga, announced that they would participate. The leftist National Progressive Unionist Party (the Tagammu) said that it would not participate, and the Coptic Church urged Christians not to participate in the protests.Afify Heba Activists Hope 25 January Protest Will Be Start of 'Something Big' http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/activists-25-january-protest-be-start-something-big Almasry Alyoum 24 January 2011 14 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110228080642/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/activists-25-january-protest-be-start-something-big 28 February 2011 live Twenty-six-year-old Asmaa Mahfouz was instrumentalMekay, Emad (11 February 2011). "Arab Women Lead the Charge". Inter Press Service. Retrieved 14 March 2011. in sparking the protests. Unveiling the Revolutionaries: Cyberactivism and the Role of Women in the Arab Uprisings 2252556 17 May 2012 Women Play Vital Role in Egypt's Uprising https://www.npr.org/2011/02/04/133497422/Women-Play-Vital-Role-In-Egypts-Uprising 4 February 2011 Tell Me More NPR 14 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110205032511/http://www.npr.org/2011/02/04/133497422/Women-Play-Vital-Role-In-Egypts-Uprising 5 February 2011 live In a video blog posted a week before National Police Day,[http:// Asmaa Mahfouz & the YouTube Video that Helped Spark the Egyptian Uprising] Democracy Now!, 8 February 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2012. she urged the Egyptian people to join her on 25 January in Tahrir Square to bring down the Mubarak regime.. The New York Times. Mahfouz's use of video blogging and social media went viralJardin, Xeni (2 February 2011). "Egypt: The Viral Vlog of Asmaa Mahfouz That Helped Spark an Uprising". Boing Boing. Retrieved 14 March 2011. and urged people not to be afraid.(5 February 2011). "Asmaaa Mahfouz, a Woman Behind Egypt's Pro-Democracy Revolution" https://web.archive.org/web/20110501105119/http://www.thecanadiancharger.com/page.php?id=5&a=774 1 May 2011 . The Canadian Charger. Retrieved 14 March 2011. The Facebook group for the event attracted 80,000 people. Timeline Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011 thumb|alt=Watchable video|Al Jazeera footage of Egyptian protests thumb|alt=Large demonstration, with protesters filling a street|The "Day of Revolt", 25 January thumb|alt=Aerial photo of very large demonstration|Protest in Tahrir Square, 4 February thumb|alt=Large nighttime demonstration with fireworks|Celebrating the announcement of Hosni Mubarak's resignation in Tahrir Square, 11 February 25 January 2011 ("Day of Revolt"): Protests erupted throughout Egypt, with tens of thousands gathering in Cairo and thousands more in other Egyptian cities. The protests targeted the Mubarak government; while mostly non-violent, there were some reports of civilian and police casualties. 26 January 2011: Civil unrest in Suez and other areas throughout the country. Police arrested many activists. 27 January 2011: The government shuts down four major ISPs at approximately 5:20 p.m. EST.Singel Ryan Egypt Shut Down Its Net With a Series of Phone Calls https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/01/egypt-isp-shutdown/ Wired 28 January 2011 30 April 2011 disrupting Internet traffic and telephone servicesVan Beijnum Iljitsch How Egypt did (and your government could) shut down the Internet https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/01/how-egypt-or-how-your-government-could-shut-down-the-internet.ars Ars Technica 30 January 2011 30 April 2011 28 January 2011: The "Friday of Anger" protests began, with hundreds of thousands demonstrating in Cairo and other Egyptian cities after Friday prayers. Opposition leader Mohamed El Baradei arrived in Cairo amid reports of looting. Prisons were opened and burned down, allegedly on orders from Interior Minister Habib El Adly. Prison inmates escaped en masse, in what was believed to be an attempt to terrorise protesters. Police were withdrawn from the streets, and the military was deployed. International fears of violence grew, but no major casualties were reported. Mubarak made his first address to the nation, pledging to form a new government. Later that night clashes broke out in Tahrir Square between revolutionaries and pro-Mubarak demonstrators, leading to casualties. No fatalities have been reported in Cairo, however, 11 people were killed in Suez and another 170 were injured.1,030 people were reported injured nationwide. 29 January 2011: The military presence in Cairo increased. A curfew was imposed, which was widely ignored as the flow of protesters into Tahrir Square continued through the night. The military reportedly refused to follow orders to fire live ammunition, exercising overall restraint; there were no reports of major casualties. On 31 January, Israeli media reported that the 9th, 2nd, and 7th Divisions of the Egyptian Army had been ordered into Cairo to help restore order.Ehud Yaari http://www.mako.co.il/news-specials/egypt/Article-64af2c4c648dd21004.htm צפו: סיור וירטואלי במוקדי המהפכה he Watch: Virtual Tour revolution centers 30 January 2011 Israeli News Company 2013-08-14 1 February 2011: Mubarak made another televised address, offering several concessions. He pledged political reforms and said he would not run in the elections planned for September, but would remain in office to oversee a peaceful transition. Small but violent clashes began that night between pro- and anti-Mubarak groups. 2 February 2011 (Camel Incident): Violence escalated as waves of Mubarak supporters met anti-government protesters; some Mubarak supporters rode camels and horses into Tahrir Square, reportedly wielding sticks. The attack resulted in 3 deaths and 600 injuries.https://www.cbsnews.com/news/violence-erupts-in-cairo-army-mostly-stands-by/ Violence Erupts in Cairo; Army Mostly Stands By 2016-11-19 Mubarak repeated his refusal to resign in interviews with several news agencies. Violence toward journalists and reporters escalated, amid speculation that it was encouraged by Mubarak to bring the protests to an end. The camel and horse riders later claimed that they were "good men", and they opposed the protests because they wanted tourists to come back to keep their jobs and feed their animals. The horse and camel riders deny that they were paid by anyone, though they said that they were told about the protests from a ruling party MP. Three hundred people were reported dead by the Human Rights Watch the following day, since 25 January.This is what they tell US: The US Printing Press on the 2011 Revolution in Egypt Witzel Annikahttps://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/8306223/Egypt-protests-camel-and-horse-riders-who-invaded-Tahrir-Square-say-they-are-good-men.html Egypt protests: camel and horse riders who invaded Tahrir Square say they are 'good men' The Telegraph 2016-11-19 Wael Ghonim, Google executive and creator of the page We are all Khaled Said, was reported missing and the company asked the public to help find him.https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2011-feb-02-la-fi-google-missing-exec-20110202-story.html Google's Wael Ghonim is missing in Egypt; company asks public for help finding him Guynn Jessica 2011-02-02 Los Angeles Times en-US 0458-3035 2016-11-19 6 February 2011: An interfaith service was held with Egyptian Christians and Muslims in Tahrir Square. Negotiations by Egyptian Vice President Omar Suleiman and opposition representatives began during continuing protests throughout the country. The Egyptian army assumed greater security responsibilities, maintaining order and guarding The Egyptian Museum of Antiquity. Suleiman offered reforms, while others in Mubarak's regime accused foreign nations (including the US) of interfering in Egypt's affairs. 10 February 2011: Mubarak addressed the Egyptian people amid speculation of a military coup. Instead of resigning (which was widely expected), he said he would delegate some powers to Vice President Suleiman while remaining Egypt's head of state. Mubarak's statement was met with anger, frustration and disappointment, and in a number of cities there was an escalation in the number and intensity of demonstrations. 11 February 2011 ("Friday of Departure"): Large protests continued in many cities, as Egyptians refused to accept Mubarak's concessions. At 6:00 pm Suleiman announced Mubarak's resignation, entrusting the Supreme Council of Egyptian Armed Forces with the leadership of the country. Post-revolution timeline Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) Under the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under the SCAF 13 February 2011: The Supreme Council dissolved Egypt's parliament and suspended the constitution in response to demands by demonstrators. The council declared that it would wield power for six months, or until elections could be held. Calls were made for the council to provide details and more-specific timetables and deadlines. Major protests subsided, but did not end. In a gesture to a new beginning, protesters cleaned up and renovated Tahrir Square (the epicentre of the demonstrations), but many pledged to continue protesting until all demands had been met. 17 February: The army said that it would not field a candidate in the upcoming presidential elections.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-military-idUSTRE71G41U20110217 Egypt army says won't field presidential candidate Reuters Four important figures in the former regime were arrested that day: former interior minister Habib el-Adly, former minister of housing Ahmed Maghrabi, former tourism minister H.E. Zuheir Garana and steel tycoon Ahmed Ezz.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12500968 Egypt after Mubarak: Three ex-ministers arrested BBC 15 February 2011 20 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110218052005/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12500968 18 February 2011 live 2 March: The constitutional referendum was tentatively scheduled for 19 March 2011.https://www.ft.com/content/d67e07da-4420-11e0-931d-00144feab49a Egypt sets constitutional referendum date Financial Times 1 March 2011 16 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110304030548/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d67e07da-4420-11e0-931d-00144feab49a.html 4 March 2011 live 3 March: A day before large protests against him were planned, Ahmed Shafik stepped down as prime minister and was replaced by Essam Sharaf.http://uk.reuters.com/article/egypt-government-idINWEB322320110303 https://web.archive.org/web/20160201122146/http://uk.reuters.com/article/egypt-government-idINWEB322320110303 dead 1 February 2016 Egypt's prime minister quits, new govt soon-army Reuters 3 March 2011 16 March 2011 5 March: Several State Security Intelligence (SSI) buildings across Egypt were raided by protesters, including the headquarters for the Alexandria Governorate and the national headquarters in Nasr City, Cairo. Protesters said that they raided the buildings to secure documents they believed prove crimes by the SSI against the people of Egypt during Mubarak's rule.http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/03/201134228359128.html Egypt security building stormed Al Jazeera 5 March 2011 7 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110306142126/http://english.aljazeera.net//news/middleeast/2011/03/201134228359128.html 6 March 2011 deadhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12674714 Egyptians demand secret police give up torture secrets Leithead, Alastair BBC News 8 March 2011 8 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110309054324/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12674714 9 March 2011 live 6 March: From the Nasr City headquarters, protesters acquired evidence of mass surveillance and vote-rigging, noting rooms full of videotapes, piles of shredded and burned documents and cells in which activists recounted their experiences of detention and torture. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/anger-in-egypt/2011/03/2011368410372200.html A first step towards prosecutions? Gregg Carlstrom 6 March 2011 Al Jazeera 19 March: The constitutional referendum passed with 77.27 per cent of the vote.http://referendum.eg/84-slideshow/158-2011-03-20-19-09-58.html ar:الأرقام الفعلية للتصويت اللجنة القضائية العليا للإشراف علي استفتاء تعديل الدستور المصري ar 20 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110430032815/http://referendum.eg/84-slideshow/158-2011-03-20-19-09-58.html 30 April 2011 dead 22 March: Portions of the Interior Ministry building caught fire during police demonstrations outside. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/22/AR2011032202314.html Fire sweeps Egypt's Interior Ministry building as police protest outside to demand higher pay 22 March 2011 The Washington Post 23 March: The Egyptian Cabinet ordered a law criminalising protests and strikes which hamper work at private or public establishments. Under the new law, anyone organising such protests will be subject to imprisonment or a fine of 500,000 yes (about US$100,000). http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/371465 https://web.archive.org/web/20111228070645/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/371465 2011-12-28 New Egyptian law criminalizes protests 23 March 2011 Al Masri Al Youm 1 April ("Save the Revolution Day"): About 4,000 demonstrators filled Tahrir Square for the largest protest in weeks, demanding that the ruling military council more quickly dismantle lingering aspects of the old regime;https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/02/world/middleeast/02egypt.html?_r=1 Protesters Scold Egypt's Military Council Neil MacFarquhar 1 April 2011 2 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111128102712/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/02/world/middleeast/02egypt.html?_r=1 28 November 2011 live protestors also demanded trials for Hosni Mubarak, Gamal Mubarak, Ahmad Fathi Sorour, Safwat El-Sherif and Zakaria Azmi. 8 April ("Cleansing Friday"): Tens of thousands of demonstrators again filled Tahrir Square, criticizing the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces for not following through on their demands: the resignation of remaining regime figures and the removal of Egypt's public prosecutor, due to the slow pace of investigations of corrupt former officials.http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/391552 Tens of thousands in Tahrir as some threaten to extend protests | Al-Masry Al-Youm: Today's News from Egypt Al-Masry Al-Youm 9 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110429013554/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/391552 29 April 2011 live 7 May: The Imbaba church attacks, in which Salafi Muslims attacked Coptic Christian churches in the working-class neighborhood of Imbaba in Cairo.Egypt Sectarian Clash Leads To Multiple Deaths https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/07/egypt-sectarian-clash-multiple-deaths_n_859021.html Reuters The Huffington Post Sami Aboudi 7 May 2011 24 June 2012 27 May ("Second Friday of Anger", "Second Revolution of Anger" or "The Second Revolution"): Tens of thousands of demonstrators filled Tahrir Square,NRC Handelsblad (Dutch), 28 May 2011. in addition to demonstrations in Alexandria, Suez, Ismailia and Gharbeya, in the largest demonstrations since the ouster of the Mubarak regime. Protestors demanded no military trials for civilians, restoration of the Egyptian Constitution before parliament elections and for all members of the old regime (and those who killed protesters in January and February) to stand trial. 1 July ("Friday of Retribution"): Thousands of protesters gathered in Suez, Alexandria and Tahrir Square to voice frustration with the ruling Supreme Council of the Armed Forces for what they called the slow pace of change, five months after the revolution, some also feared that the military was to rule Egypt indefinitely.http://wireupdate.com/wires/18540/thousands-of-egyptians-protest-against-police-brutality/ Thousands of Egyptians protest against police brutality WireUpdate 2 July 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20140514130415/http://wireupdate.com/wires/18540/thousands-of-egyptians-protest-against-police-brutality/ 14 May 2014 8 July ("Friday of Determination"): Hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in Suez, Alexandria and Tahrir Square, demanding immediate reform and swifter prosecution of former officials from the ousted government.http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/15899/Egypt/Politics-/Hundreds-of-thousands-revitalise-Egypts-revolution.aspx Hundreds of thousands revitalise Egypt'sEgypt's revolution on Determination Friday Ahram Online 10 July 2011 15 July: Tahrir Square protests continued. 23 July: Thousands of protesters attempted to march to the defence ministry after a speech by Muhammad Tantawi commemorating the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, but are met with counter-insurgents with sticks, stones and Molotov cocktails. 1 August: Egyptian soldiers clashed with protesters, tearing down tents. Over 80 people were arrested.2011-08-02 Egypt: Detained protesters risk military trials https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde12/043/2011/en/ 2024-11-18 Amnesty International en 6 August: Hundreds of protesters gathered and prayed in Tahrir Square before they were attacked by soldiers.http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/18213.aspx Military police's latest Tahrir clampdown reignites popular anger english.ahram.org.eg 9 September (2011 Israeli embassy attack; the "Friday of Correcting the Path"): Tens of thousands of people protested in Suez, Alexandria and Cairo; however, Islamist protesters were absent. 9 October (Maspero demonstrations):Gaber Yassin Reconstructing Maspero's Bloody Sunday: An Ahram Online investigation http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/25521/Egypt/0/Reconstructing-Masperos-Bloody-Sunday-An-Ahram-Onl.aspx Al-Ahram Online 1 November 2011 10 October 2012Reconstructing Maspero's Bloody Sunday: An Ahram Online investigation – Part 2 http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/25708/Egypt/0/Reconstructing-Masperos-Bloody-Sunday-An-Ahram-Onl.aspx Ahram Online 2 November 2011 Nada Hussein Rashwan 10 October 2012 Late in the evening of 9 October, during a protest in the Maspiro television building,https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15235212 BBC News — Cairo clashes leave 24 dead after Coptic church protest BBC 9 October 2011 10 October 2011 peaceful Egyptian protesters calling for the dissolution the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, the resignation of Chairman Field Marshal Muhammad Tantawi and the dismissal of the governor of Aswan province were attacked by military police. At least 25 peoplehttps://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/10/world/meast/egypt-protest-clashes/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 Death toll rises in Egypt Christian clashes as tension continues — CNN.com CNN 11 October 2011 10 October 2011 were killed, and more than 200 wounded. 19 November: Clashes erupted as demonstrators reoccupied Tahrir Square. Central Security Forces used tear gas to control the situation.https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/22/world/middleeast/facing-calls-to-give-up-power-egypts-military-battles-crowds.html The New York Times 21 November 2011 Egypt Clashes Enter 3rd Day as Military Faces Pressure David D. Kirkpatrick 21 November 2011 20 November: Police attempted to forcibly clear the square, but protesters returned in more than double their original numbers. Fighting continued through the night, with police using tear gas, beating and shooting demonstrators. 21 November: Demonstrators returned to the square, with Coptic Christians standing guard as Muslims protesting the regime pause for prayers. The Health Ministry said that at least 23 died and over 1,500 were injured since 19 November. Solidarity protests were held in Alexandria and Suez.http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/egypt-nov-21-2011-1627 Al Jazeera Blogs Mon, 21 Nov 2011, 13:27 GMT+3 – Egypt dead https://web.archive.org/web/20111226144303/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/egypt-nov-21-2011-1627 26 December 2011 Dissident journalist Hossam el-Hamalawy told Al Jazeera that Egyptians would begin a general strike because they "had enough" of the SCAF.Al Jazeera Blogs http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/egypt-nov-21-2011-1746 Mon, 21 Nov 2011, 14:46 GMT+3 – Egypt dead https://web.archive.org/web/20111226155948/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/egypt-nov-21-2011-1746 26 December 2011 28 November 2011 – 11 January 2012: Parliamentary elections 17 December 2011: The Institute d'Egypte caught fire during clashes between protesters and Egyptian military; thousands of rare documents burned.https://www.nbcnews.com/id/45727231/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/thousands-rare-documents-burned-egypt-clash https://web.archive.org/web/20140814192821/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45727231/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/thousands-rare-documents-burned-egypt-clash dead 14 August 2014 Associated Press Thousands of rare documents burned in Egypt clash 19 December 2011 21 July 2013 23 January 2012: Democratically elected representatives of the People's Assembly met for the first time since Egypt's revolution, and the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces gave them legislative authority.http://govne.ws/item/Statement-by-the-Press-Secretary-on-Egypt-s-Transition-to-Democracy# https://web.archive.org/web/20160201122145/http://govne.ws/item/Statement-by-the-Press-Secretary-on-Egypt-s-Transition-to-Democracy dead 1 February 2016 Government News from the White House and Congress – Senate/House of Representatives 24 January 2012 Statement by the Press Secretary on Egypt's Transition to Democracy 25 January 2012https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/us-lauds-egypts-steps-toward-democracy-ahead-of-anniversary-of-mass-protests/2012/01/24/gIQAAKgMOQ_story.html https://web.archive.org/web/20181208072931/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/us-lauds-egypts-steps-toward-democracy-ahead-of-anniversary-of-mass-protests/2012/01/24/gIQAAKgMOQ_story.html dead 8 December 2018 Associated Press 24 January 2012 US lauds Egypt's steps toward democracy ahead of anniversary of mass protests The Washington Post Jerry Markon 25 January 2012https://calgaryherald.com/news/praises+Egypt+decision+lift+state+emergency/6044318/story.html?cid=megadrop_story Calgary Herald 24 January 2012 U.S. praises Egypt's decision to lift state of emergency 25 January 2012June 2016 medicmedic 24 January: Field Marshal Tantawi said that the decades-old state of emergency would be partially lifted the following day.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16704551 BBC News 24 January 2012 Egypt's ruling generals to partially lift emergency law 25 January 2012Chick Kristen Egypt's military lifts emergency law – with one big loophole https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0125/Egypt-s-military-lifts-emergency-law-with-one-big-loophole The Christian Science Monitor 25 January 2012 14 April 2012Egypt's military leader lifts emergency law http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/the-casbah/egypt-leader-lifts-emergency-law globalpost 24 January 2012 14 April 2012El-Shenawi Eman Egypt's army chief lifts emergency law on eve of revolution anniversary http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/01/24/190326.html Al Arabiya 24 January 2012 14 April 2012 12 April: An administrative court suspended the 100-member constitutional assembly tasked with drafting a new Egyptian constitution.https://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/11/world/africa/egypt-constitution-analysis/index.html?iid=article_sidebar Egypt's ruling generals to partially lift emergency law Laura Smith-Spark CNN 12 April 2012 12 April 2012https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/11/world/middleeast/court-flips-egypts-timetable-constitution-now-follows-vote.html?scp=2&sq=egypt&st=cse Court Flips Egypt's Timetable: Election, Then Constitution David D. Kirkpatrick The New York Times 10 April 2012 12 April 2012https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-politics-idUSBRE83B1D320120412 Analysis: Egypt in tough final leg of transition Tom Perry CNN 12 April 2012 Reuters 12 April 2012 23–24 May: First round of voting in the first presidential election since Hosni Mubarak was deposed. 31 May: The decades-long state of emergency expired.Othman Dalia State of emergency ends, military council says will not renew http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/military-council-says-no-extension-emergency-law Egypt Independent 31 May 2012 31 May 2012Egypt lifts unpopular emergency law https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/31/world/africa/egypt-emergency-law/index.html CNN 31 May 2012 31 May 2012 2 June: Mubarak and his former interior minister Habib al-Adli were sentenced to life in prison because of their failure to stop the killing during the first six days of the revolution. The former president, his two sons and a business tycoon were acquitted of corruption charges because the statute of limitations had expired. Six senior police officials were also acquitted for their role in the killing of demonstrators, due to lack of evidence.Kirkpatrick Patrick D. New Turmoil in Egypt Greets Mixed Verdict for Mubarak https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/world/middleeast/egypt-hosni-mubarak-life-sentence-prison.html?_r=1&ref=world The New York Times 2 June 2012 2 June 2012Hosni Mubarak sentenced to life for complicity in killing of protesters https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/hosni-mubarak-sentenced-to-life-for-complicity-in-killing-of-protesters/2012/06/02/gJQAIhri8U_story.html The Washington Post 2 June 2012 Leila Fadel Ernesto Londoño 2 June 2012Protesters rally after Egypt's Hosni Mubarak is sentenced to life in prison https://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/02/world/africa/egypt-mubarak-trial/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 2 June 2012 CNN 2 June 2012Smith-Spark Laura For Mubarak, once Egypt's strongman, a long fall from grace https://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/02/world/meast/egypt-mubarak-profile/index.html?hpt=hp_c1 CNN 2 June 2012 2 June 2012 8 June: Political factions tentatively agreed to a deal to form a new constitutional assembly, consisting of 100 members who will draft the new constitution.Tentative deal on Egypt constituent assembly http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/06/201267195647888764.html Al Jazeera 8 June 2012 14 June 2012 12 June: When the Egyptian parliament met to vote for members of a constitutional assembly dozens of secular MPs walked out, accusing Islamist parties of trying to dominate the panel.Egypt's liberals stage walkout http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/06/201261214526684972.html Al Jazeera 12 June 2012 14 June 2012 13 June: After Egypt's military government imposed de facto martial law (extending the arrest powers of security forces), the Justice Ministry issued a decree giving military officers authority to arrest civilians and try them in military courts.Kirkpatrick David D. Egypt Reimposes Martial Law, Ahead of Closely Watched Ruling https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/world/middleeast/egypt-extends-martial-law-before-election-ruling.html?_r=1&ref=egypt The New York Times 14 June 2012 14 June 2012Egypt decree grants arrest powers to military http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/06/201261316733866879.html Al Jazeera 13 June 2012 14 June 2012Kirkpatrick David D. Egypt's Ruling Generals Soften Tone as Islamist Wins Presidency https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/19/world/africa/islamist-candidate-is-apparent-victor-in-egypt-as-military-cements-its-powers.html?_r=1&hp 18 June 2012 The New York Times 18 June 2012Londoño Ernesto Egypt's military given power to detain civilians days before presidential vote https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypts-military-given-power-to-detain-civilians-days-before-presidential-vote/2012/06/13/gJQAVErbaV_story.html 19 June 2012 The Washington Post 13 June 2012 The provision remains in effect until a new constitution is introduced, and could mean those detained could remain in jail for that long according to state-run Egy News.Some cry 'coup' as Egypt's highest court annuls parliament, military extends power http://www.cnn.com/2012/06/14/world/meast/egypt-ruling/index.html Mohamed Fadel Fahmy and Josh Levs CNN 14 June 2012 14 June 2012 14 June: The Egyptian Supreme Constitutional Court ruled that a law passed by Parliament in May, banning former regime figures from running for office, was unconstitutional; this ended a threat to Ahmed Shafik's candidacy for president during Egypt's 2012 presidential election. The court ruled that all articles making up the law regulating the 2011 parliamentary elections were invalid, upholding a lower-court ruling which found that candidates running on party slates were allowed to contest the one-third of parliamentary seats reserved for independents. The Egyptian parliament was dissolved, and the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces resumed legislative authority. The SCAF said that it would announce a 100-person assembly to write the country's new constitution.Kirkpatrick David D. New Political Showdown in Egypt as Court Invalidates Parliament https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/15/world/middleeast/new-political-showdown-in-egypt-as-court-invalidates-parliament.html?hp 14 June 2012 The New York Times 14 June 2012Egypt's high court calls for dissolution of parliament, raising new transition fears https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypts-high-court-keeps-shafiq-in-race-suggests-partial-disbandment-of-parliament/2012/06/14/gJQA0h2GcV_story.html 14 June 2012 The Washington Post 14 June 2012 Ernesto Londoño Leila Fadel Egypt court orders dissolving of parliament http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/06/2012614124538532758.html Al Jazeera 14 June 2012 14 June 2012Hill Evan Court throws Egypt transition into disarray http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/06/2012614172410271831.html Al Jazeera 14 June 2012 14 June 2012 15 June: Security forces were stationed around Parliament to bar anyone, including lawmakers, from entering the chambers without official authorisation.Kirkpatrick David D. On Eve of Vote, Egypt's Military Extends Its Power https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/16/world/middleeast/blow-to-transition-as-court-dissolves-egypts-parliament.html?ref=middleeast&pagewanted=all 18 June 2012 The New York Times 17 June 2012Kirkpatrick David D. Egypt's Military Cements Its Powers as Voting Ends https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/18/world/middleeast/egyptian-presidential-vote-enters-second-day.html?ref=middleeast&pagewanted=all 18 June 2012 The New York Times 17 June 2012 16–17 June: Second round of voting in the Egyptian presidential election. The SCAF issued an interim constitution,The Constitutional Declaration (with 17 June 2012 Annex) http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/06/19/the-constitutional-declaration-with-june-17-2012-annex-added https://web.archive.org/web/20120702192227/http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/06/19/the-constitutional-declaration-with-june-17-2012-annex-added dead 2 July 2012 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 11 July 2012Egypt's presidential candidates declare victory, but military generals assert vast power https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypts-presidential-candidates-declare-victory-but-military-generals-seize-power/2012/06/18/gJQAgHu3kV_story.html 18 June 2012 The Washington Post 18 June 2012 Ernesto Londoño Leila Fadel Egyptian military holds on to power despite presidential vote http://www.cnn.com/2012/06/18/world/meast/egypt-election/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 CNN 18 June 2012 18 June 2012English text of SCAF amended Egypt Constitutional Declaration http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/45350/Egypt/Politics-/URGENT-English-text-of-SCAF-amended-Egypt-Constitu.aspx Ahram Online 18 June 2012 18 June 2012Egypt's army vows to hand power to elected president https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18493719 BBC News 18 June 2012 18 June 2012Urban Mark Regional impact of Egypt military's declaration https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-18498449 BBC 18 June 2012 18 June 2012Kirkpatrick David D. After Victory, Egypt Islamists Seek to Challenge Military https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/19/world/middleeast/islamist-candidate-is-apparent-victor-in-egypt-as-military-cements-its-powers.html?ref=world 19 June 2012 The Washington Post 18 June 2012 giving itself the power to control the prime minister, legislation, the national budget and declarations of war without oversight, and chose a 100-member panel to draft a permanent constitution. Presidential powers include the power to choose his vice president and cabinet, to propose the state budget and laws and to issue pardons. The interim constitution removed the military and the defence minister from presidential authority and oversight. According to the interim constitution, a permanent constitution must be written within three months and be subject to a referendum 15 days later. When a permanent constitution is approved, a parliamentary election will be held within a month to replace the dissolved parliament.Hill Evan Background: SCAF's last-minute power grab http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/egypt/2012/06/201261812449990250.html Al Jazeera 18 June 2012 18 June 2012 18 June: The SCAF said that it picked a 100-member panel to draft a permanent constitution if a court strikes down the parliament-picked assembly, planning a celebration at the end of June to mark the transfer of power to the new president.Political uncertainty deepens in Egypt http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/06/201261813938457956.html Al Jazeera 18 June 2012 18 June 2012 Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohamed Morsi declared himself the winner of the presidential election. 19–24 June: Crowds gathered in Tahrir Square to protest the SCAF's dissolution of an elected, Islamist parliament and await the outcome of the presidential election.Egypt Elections: Key Events Timeline in Egyptian Uprising And Transition https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/24/egypt-uprising-election-timeline_n_1622773.html?ref=topbar Agence France-Presse 24 June 2012 24 June 2012 The Huffington Post dead https://web.archive.org/web/20130525052917/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/24/egypt-uprising-election-timeline_n_1622773.html?ref=topbar 25 May 2013Protesters again mass in Egypt's Tahrir Square https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-jun-21-la-fg-egypt-tahrir-20120622-story.html 24 June 2012 Los Angeles Times 21 June 2012 Jeffrey Fleishman Reem Abdellatif Egypt anti-military protesters fill Tahrir Square https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18547371 BBC News 24 June 2012 22 June 2012Tahrir Square protests as Egypt awaits result http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/tahrir-square-protests-as-egypt-awaits-result-1.1325753 Reuters IOL News 24 June 2012 Dina Zayed Patrick Werr 22 June 2012Egyptians crowd Tahrir Square calling for end of military rule https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/egyptians-crowd-tahrir-square-calling-for-end-of-military-rule-1.442898 https://web.archive.org/web/20120623122116/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/egyptians-crowd-tahrir-square-calling-for-end-of-military-rule-1.442898 dead 23 June 2012 Reuters Haaretz 24 June 2012 23 June 2012Egyptians hold their breath until Sunday http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=53004 Middle East Online 24 June 2012 23 June 2012 5 November 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121105234730/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=53004 deadEgypt's nervous wait for president ending https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFBRE85L0JA20120623?sp=true https://web.archive.org/web/20121022183129/http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFBRE85L0JA20120623?sp=true dead 22 October 2012 Reuters 24 June 2012 Tamim Elyan Alastair Macdonald 23 June 2012 24 June: Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohamed Morsi, the first Islamist elected head of an Arab state, is declared the winner of the presidential election by the Egyptian electoral commission.Mohamed Morsi named new Egyptian president https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/morsi-named-new-egyptian-president/2012/06/24/gJQAMZaazV_story.html 24 June 2012 The Washington Post 24 June 2012 Ernesto Londoño Karin Brulliard Kirkpatrick David D. For Islamists in Egypt, Morsi Victory Is a Symbolic Win https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/25/world/middleeast/mohamed-morsi-of-muslim-brotherhood-declared-as-egypts-president.html?hp 24 June 2012 The New York Times 24 June 2012Muslim Brotherhood's Morsi urges 'unity' in first speech as Egypt's president-elect https://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/24/world/africa/egypt-politics/index.html CNN News 24 June 2012 24 June 2012Levs Josh Egypt's new president: U.S.-educated Islamist https://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/24/world/meast/egypt-morsi-profile/index.html?iid=article_sidebar CNN News 24 June 2012 24 June 2012Muslim Brotherhood's Mursi declared Egypt president https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-18571580 BBC News 24 June 2012 24 June 2012Mohammed Morsi, New Egyptian President, Says He Wants Unity, Peace https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/24/mohammed-morsi-egyptian-president-unity-peace_n_1622751.html Agence France-Presse (AFP) 24 June 2012 Maggie Michael Sarah El Deeb 24 June 2012 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20130620002846/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/24/mohammed-morsi-egyptian-president-unity-peace_n_1622751.html 20 June 2013 26 June: The Supreme Administrative Court revoked Decree No. 4991/2012 from the Minister of Justice, which granted military intelligence and police the power to arrest civilians (a right previously reserved for civilian police officers).Egypt Supreme Court blocks arrest powers for military, hailed by experts http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/46250/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-Supreme-Court-blocks-arrest-powers-for-milit.aspx Ahram Online 30 June 2012 Randa Ali 26 June 2012In Egypt, the Court revoked the right of military arrest civil http://www.news-en.com/2012/06/26/in-egypt-the-court-revoked-the-right-of-military-arrest-civil/ European news in English 30 June 2012 26 June 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121029025145/http://www.news-en.com/2012/06/26/in-egypt-the-court-revoked-the-right-of-military-arrest-civil/ 2012-10-29Administrative Court Rules in Favor of Appeal Presented by Human Rights NGOs, Revokes Decree Enabling Military Intelligence and Military Police to Arrest Civilians http://nazra.org/en/2012/06/administrative-court-revokes-decree-enabling-military-intelligence-and-military-police Nazra for Feminist Studies 30 June 2012 26 June 2012Administrative Court Rules in Favor of Appeal Presented by Human Rights NGOs, Revokes Decree Enabling Military Intelligence and Military Police to Arrest Civilians http://allafrica.com/stories/201206280306.html allAfrica 30 June 2012 26 June 2012 27–28 June: After the first Constituent Assembly of Egypt was declared unconstitutional and dissolved in April by Egypt's Supreme Administrative Court, the second constituent assembly met to establish a framework for drafting a post-Mubarak constitution.Egypt's constituent assembly convenes Tuesday with future still in doubt http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/46274/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-constituent-assembly-convenes-Tuesday-with-.aspx 30 June 2012 Ahram Online Nada Hussein Rashwan 27 June 2012Constituent Assembly carries on http://thedailynewsegypt.com/2012/06/28/constituent-assembly-carries/ Daily News Egypt 30 June 2012 Ahmed Aboul Enein 28 June 2012 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120702234933/http://thedailynewsegypt.com/2012/06/28/constituent-assembly-carries/ 2 July 2012 29 June: Mohamed Morsi took a symbolic oath of office in Tahrir Square, affirming that the people are the source of power.Egyptian President-elect Mohamed Morsi defiant on eve of taking office https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egyptian-president-elect-mohamed-morsi-defiant-on-eve-of-taking-office/2012/06/29/gJQAFOuECW_story.html 30 June 2012 The Washington Post 29 June 2012 Ernesto Londoño Haitham Mohamed Kirkpatrick David D. Morsi Says He Will Work for Release of Sheik Jailed in U.S. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/30/world/middleeast/morsi-promises-to-work-for-release-of-omar-abdel-rahman.html 30 June 2012 The New York Times 29 June 2012Egypt: Morsi Takes Symbolic Oath in Tahrir Square http://allafrica.com/stories/201206291262.html allAfrica 30 June 2012 Aswat Masriya Cairo 29 June 2012 30 June: Morsi was sworn in as Egypt's first democratically elected president before the Supreme Constitutional Court at the podium used by US President Barack Obama to reach out to the Islamic world in 2009 in his A New Beginning speech.New president: Egypt turns page to new era https://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/30/world/africa/egypt-morsi/index.html CNN 30 June 2012 30 June 2012Londoño Ernesto Islamist Morsi is sworn in as president of Egypt https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/islamist-morsi-is-sworn-in-as-president-of-egypt/2012/06/30/gJQA84vZDW_story.html 30 June 2012 The Washington Post 30 June 2012Update: Egypt won't reverse says Morsi, vowing to support Palestinians, Syrians http://eg4.me/en/?p=14119 https://web.archive.org/web/20130502122520/http://eg4.me/en/?p=14119 dead 2 May 2013 30 June 2012 Egypt News English 30 June 2012 Army hands over power to Egypt's first Islamist president https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-politics-idUSBRE85S0JP20120630 Reuters 30 June 2012 Alistair Lyon Yasmine Saleh 30 June 2012Kirkpatrick David D. Morsi Is Sworn In, Marking a New Stage in Egypt Struggle https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/01/world/middleeast/morsi-is-sworn-in-as-president-of-egypt.html?pagewanted=all 30 June 2012 The New York Times 30 June 2012 Under President Mohamed Morsi Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under Mohamed Morsi 2012–2013 Egyptian protests November 2012 declaration On 22 November 2012, Morsi issued a declaration immunizing his decrees from challenge and attempting to protect the work of the constituent assembly drafting the new constitution.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20451208 Egypt's President Mursi assumes sweeping powers BBC News 22 November 2012 23 November 2012 The declaration required a retrial of those acquitted of killing protesters, and extended the constituent assembly's mandate by two months. The declaration also authorised Morsi to take any measures necessary to protect the revolution. Liberal and secular groups walked out of the constituent assembly because they believed that it would impose strict Islamism, while the Muslim Brotherhood supported Morsi.http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_EGYPT?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2012-11-22-11-27-48 Rallies for, against Egypt president's new powers Associated Press 23 November 2012 27 November 2012 27 November 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121127191325/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_EGYPT?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2012-11-22-11-27-48 dead Story of the Egyptian Revolution 2011–2013 Documentary en, ar https://archive.org/details/EgyptRevolution 15 November 2013 10 Internet Archive Morsi's declaration was criticised by Constitution Party leader Mohamed ElBaradei (who said that he had "usurped all state powers and appointed himself Egypt's new pharaoh"),https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypts-president-morsi-takes-sweeping-new-powers/2012/11/22/8d87d716-34cb-11e2-92f0-496af208bf23_story.html Egypt's President Morsi takes sweeping new powers The Washington Post 22 November 2012 23 November 2012 Michael Birnbaum and led to violent protests throughout the country.https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9699801/Violence-breaks-out-across-Egypt-as-protesters-decry-Mohammed-Morsis-constitutional-coup.html Richard Spencer 23 November 2012 23 November 2012 Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohamed Morsi's constitutional 'coup' The Daily Telegraph London Protesters again erected tents in Tahrir Square, demanding a reversal of the declaration and the dissolving of the constituent assembly. A "huge protest" was planned for Tuesday, 27 November,https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20474124 Egypt activists vow further anti-Mursi protests BBC News 24 November 2012 23 November 2012 with clashes reported between protesters and police.https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/24/world/middleeast/amid-protest-egypts-leader-defends-his-new-powers.html?hp&_r=0 Clashes Break Out After Morsi Seizes New Power in Egypt The New York Times 23 November 2012 1 December 2014 The declaration was also condemned by Amnesty International UK.https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=20468 Press Releases Amnesty International dead https://web.archive.org/web/20121130114406/http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=20468 30 November 2012 In April 2013 a youth group was created opposing Morsi and attempting to collect 22 million signatures by 30 June 2013 (the first anniversary of his presidency) on a petition demanding early presidential elections. This triggered the June 2013 protests. Although protests were scheduled for 30 June, opponents began gathering on the 28th.Anti-Morsi protesters occupy Tahrir in preparation for 30 June – Daily News Egypt 28 June 2013 http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/06/28/anti-morsi-protesters-occupy-tahrir-in-preparation-for-30-june/ https://web.archive.org/web/20130702053931/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/06/28/anti-morsi-protesters-occupy-tahrir-in-preparation-for-30-june/ 2 July 2013 live 2013-07-03 Morsi supporters (primarily from Islamic parties) also protested that day.[Update]; Morsi supporters rally in Cairo; opponents plan sit-in. UPI (28 June 2013). Retrieved on 2013-08-14. On 30 June the group organised large protests in Tahrir Square and the presidential palace demanding early presidential elections, which later spread to other governorates.Egypt opposition calls for early elections – Middle East. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved on 2013-08-14. June—July 2013 protests and overthrow June 2013 Egyptian protests 2013 Egyptian coup d'état On 30 June 2013, the first anniversary of Morsi's inauguration as president, millions of Egyptians protested against him, demanding he step down from office. Morsi refused to resign. A 48-hour ultimatum was issued to him, demanding that he respond to the demands of the Egyptians,http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201371231726346358.html Egyptian army issues 48-hour ultimatum Al-Jazeera English 1 July 2013 4 February 2016 and on 3 July 2013, the President of Egypt was overthrown. Unlike the imposition of martial law which followed the 2011 resignation of Hosni Mubarak, on 4 July 2013, a civilian senior jurist Adly Mansour was appointed interim president and was sworn in over the new government following Morsi's removal. Mansour had the right to issue constitutional declarations and vested executive power in the Supreme Constitutional Court, giving him executive, judicial and constitutional power.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protests-downfall-specialreport-idUSBRE9640SP20130705 Special Report: Mursi's downfall Reuters 6 July 2013 6 July 2013 Morsi refused to accept his removal from office, and many supporters vowed to reinstate him. They originally intended their sit-ins to celebrate Morsi's first anniversary, but they quickly became opposed to the new authorities.https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/06/world/middleeast/egypt.html Mayhem in Cairo as Morsi Backers Fight for Return The New York Times 6 July 2013 6 July 2013 Ben Hubbard Their sit-ins were dispersed on 14 August by security forces, leading to at least 904 civilian deaths and 8 police officers killed. https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/12/egypt-rab-killings-likely-crimes-against-humanity Egypt: Rabaa Killings Likely Crimes against Humanity 12 August 2014 15 August 2014 Human Rights Watch https://web.archive.org/web/20140816131321/http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/12/egypt-rab-killings-likely-crimes-against-humanity 16 August 2014 live Mohsen, Manar http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/08/16/health-ministry-raises-death-toll-of-wednesdays-clashes-to-638/ Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday's clashes to 638 Daily News Egypt 16 August 2013 19 August 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130821044205/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/08/16/health-ministry-raises-death-toll-of-wednesdays-clashes-to-638/ 21 August 2013 dead On 18 January 2014, the interim government institutionalised a new constitution following a referendum in which 98.2% of voters were supportive. Participation was low with only 38.6% of registered voters participatingEgypt constitution 'approved by 98.1 percent' http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/01/egypt-constitution-approved-981-percent-201411816326470532.html Al Jazeera English 18 January 2014 18 January 2014 although this was higher than the 33% who voted in a referendum during Morsi's tenure.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/18/egypt-constitution-yes-vote-mohamed-morsi Egypt's new constitution gets 98% 'yes' vote Patrick Kingsley The Guardian 18 January 2014 25 June 2015 On 26 March 2014, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, the head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, who at this time was in control of the country, resigned from the military, announcing he would stand as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election.http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/97612/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-ElSisi-bids-military-farewell,-says-he-will.aspx Egypt's El-Sisi bids military farewell, says he will run for presidency Ahram Online 26 March 2014 26 March 2014 The poll, which had a 47% turnout, and was held between 26 and 28 May 2014, resulted in a resounding victory for Sisi, who was then sworn into office as President of Egypt on 8 June 2014.Former army chief scores landslide victory in Egypt presidential polls https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/29/abdel-fatah-al-sisi-sweeps-victory-egyptian-election 29 May 2014 The GuardianKingsley Patrick Egypt's Sisi sworn in as president the Guardian 8 June 2014 http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/08/egypt-sisi-sworn-in-president 6 July 2023 Protests by city Cairo thumb| Video of an anti-Mubarak demonstration in Tahrir Square, 30 January 2011 Cairo has been at the centre of the revolution; the largest protests were held in downtown Tahrir Square, considered the "protest movement's beating heart and most effective symbol".The different shades of Tahrir – Anger in Egypt Al Jazeera 9 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110209051003/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/anger-in-egypt/2011/02/20112811181499676.html 9 February 2011 dead http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/anger-in-egypt/2011/02/20112811181499676.html During the first three days of the protests there were clashes between the central security police and demonstrators, but on 28 January the police withdrew from all of Cairo. Citizens formed neighbourhood-watch groups to maintain order, and widespread looting was reported.Mehrez, Samia, ed. (2012): Translating Egypt's Revolution: the Language of Tahrir. Cairo/New York: The American University in Cairo Press, 340 p. – Meta https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/meta/2016-v61-n2-meta02699/1037777ar/ 2025-10-27 Érudit en 10.7202/1037777ar Traffic police were reintroduced to Cairo the morning of 31 January.https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/31/AR2011013102845.html Egypt Unrest and Protests Continue as Police Return to Cairo Streets The Washington Post 1 February 2011 31 January 2011 Media reports initially claimed that up to one million protesters1 February 2011 Million man march kicks off https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/2/1/protesters-flood-egypt-streets Al Jazeera en gathered in the square, leading to widespread coverage of the massive turnout. However, other analyses suggested that such estimates might have been overstated. A crowd-size analysis based on Tahrir Square's physical dimensions and density pointed to smaller numbers, suggesting a maximum capacity of 200,000 to 250,000 people within the square and surrounding areas.2011-02-01 Update on the Size of Protests in Cairo https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/update-size-protests-cairo https://web.archive.org/web/20181116130839/https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/update-size-protests-cairo 2018-11-16 worldview.stratfor.com ...Tahrir Square can accommodate approximately 200,000 people. However, images from Tahrir Square show empty spaces in the middle of the square and along the edges, meaning it is not yet at capacity. Also, protesters are moving around the square. Since movement requires more space, this shows that the crowd density apparently has not reached one person per 2.5 square feet. Protesters are also present in the seven side streets leading into Tahrir Square and on bridges and roads along the Nile, possibly adding several tens of thousands of protesters more. However, these protesters do not appear to be numerous enough to reach the reported estimates of 2 million.Shachtman Noah 1 February 2011 How Many People Are in Tahrir Square? Here's How to Tell [Updated] https://www.wired.com/2011/02/how-many-people-are-in-tahrir-square-heres-how-to-tell/ 2024-11-19 Wired en-US 1059-1028 These are crude numbers but I would venture an estimate of 200,000 max for those four contiguous spaces. There are of course several streets that feed into the "square" and the possibility of another 50,000 or so in those feeder spaces abutting the "square."Mackey Robert 2011-02-01 Updates on Day 8 of Protests in Egypt https://archive.nytimes.com/thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/01/latest-updates-on-day-8-of-protests-in-egypt/#:~:text=A%20colleague%20on%20The%20New%20York%20Times%20graphics%20desk,%20Sergio%20J.%20Pecanha,%20used%20a%20satellite%20photograph%20of%20Tahrir%20Square%20to%20estimate%20that%20it%20would%20hold%20roughly%20225,000%20people%20at%20maximum%20capacity: 2024-11-19 The Lede en A colleague on The New York Times graphics desk, Sergio J. Pecanha, used a satellite photograph of Tahrir Square to estimate that it would hold roughly 225,000 people at maximum capacity During the protests, reporters Natasha Smith, Lara Logan and Mona Eltahawy were sexually assaulted while covering the events.Student journalist assaulted in Tahrir Square Dan Rivers http://articles.cnn.com/2012-06-27/middleeast/world_meast_egypt-journalist-assaulted_1?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST CNN 27 June 2012 2 October 2012 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120806181951/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-06-27/middleeast/world_meast_egypt-journalist-assaulted_1?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST 6 August 2012Lara Logan breaks her silence on '60 Minutes': 'They raped me with their hands' Melissa Maerz http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2011/05/lara-logan-breaks-her-silence-on-60-minutes-.html Los Angeles Times 2 May 2011 2 October 2012Journalists sexually assaulted in Cairo protests http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-11-25/journalists-sexually-assaulted-in-cairo-protests/3693798 Australian Broadcasting Corporation 25 November 2011 2 October 2012Arrests and Attacks on Women Covering Protests in Cairo Noam Cohen http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/25/arrests-and-attacks-on-women-covering-protests-in-cairo/ The New York Times 25 November 2011 2 October 2012 Alexandria thumb|alt=Seaside demonstration, with protesters wearing red, white and blue|Protesters in Alexandria on 15 FebruaryAlexandria, home of Khaled Saeed, experienced major protests and clashes with police. There were few confrontations between demonstrators, since there were few Mubarak supporters (except for a few police-escorted convoys). The breakdown of law and order, including the general absence of police from the streets, continued until the evening of 3 February. Alexandria's protests were notable for the joint presence of Christians and Muslims in the events following the church bombing on 1 January, which sparked protests against the Mubarak regime. Mansoura In the northern city of Mansoura, there were daily protests against the Mubarak regime beginning on 25 January; two days later, the city was called a "war zone".June 2014 On 28 January, 13 were reported dead in violent clashes; on 9 February, 18 more protesters died. One protest, on 1 February, had an estimated attendance of one million. The remote city of Siwa had been relatively calm,http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/02/03/egypt.protests.anxiety/ Across dusty Egypt, anxiety has filled the air Sterling Joe 4 February 2011 CNN 5 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110205143940/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/02/03/egypt.protests.anxiety/ 5 February 2011 dead but local sheikhs reportedly in control put the community under lockdown after a nearby town was burned.http://www.stalbansreview.co.uk/news/8823127.Family__cut_off__amid_Egypt_riots/ Mother from St. Albans Speaks to the Review from Egypt Mistry Manisha St. Albans Review (part of Newsquest) 31 January 2011 4 February 2011 Suez Suez also saw violent protests. Eyewitness reports suggested that the death toll was high, although confirmation was difficult due to a ban on media coverage in the area.Tencer Daniel https://www.rawstory.com/2011/01/reports-massacre-suez-protests-egypt/ Reports of 'Massacre' in Suez as Protests in Egypt Move into Third day The Raw Story 14 January 2011 28 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201013406/http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2011/01/reports-massacre-suez-protests-egypt/ 1 February 2011 live Some online activists called Suez Egypt's Sidi Bouzid (the Tunisian city where protests began).Dziadosz Alexander Could Suez be Egypt's Sidi Bouzid? https://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE70Q1KZ20110127 29 January 2011 Reuters 27 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201013424/https://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE70Q1KZ20110127 1 February 2011 dead On 3 February, 4,000 protesters took to the streets to demand Mubarak's resignation.https://af.reuters.com/article/tunisiaNews/idAFLDE71014Z20110203?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 TIMELINE-Protests in Egypt Reuters 3 February 2011 13 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110426051801/https://af.reuters.com/article/tunisiaNews/idAFLDE71014Z20110203?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 26 April 2011 dead A labour strike took place on 8 February,https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/world/middleeast/09egypt.html?_r=1&pagewanted=2 As Egypt Protest Swells, U.S. Sends Specific Demands The New York Times 10 February 2011 David D. Kirkpatrick 8 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111128102733/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/world/middleeast/09egypt.html?_r=1&pagewanted=2 28 November 2011 live and large protests were held on 11 February. Schemm Paul Michael Maggie Associated Press 5 February 2011 http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2011/feb/11/mubarak-leaves-cairo-for-sinai-as-protests-spread/ Mubarak leaves Cairo for Sinai as protests spread The San Diego Union-Tribune 12 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110213095008/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2011/feb/11/mubarak-leaves-cairo-for-sinai-as-protests-spread/ 13 February 2011 live The MENA news agency reported the death of two protestors and one police officers on 26 January.http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/25/egypt.protests/ 3 dead after thousands protest in rare Egypt outpouring CNN Ben Wedeman Amir Ahmed 2016-11-19 Other cities There were protests in Luxor.http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/middle-east-north-africa/egypt/ Egypt Travel Advice FCO 2 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201231652/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/middle-east-north-africa/egypt/ 1 February 2011 live On 11 February, police opened fire on protesters in Dairut, tens of thousands of protesters took to the streets of Shebin el-Kom, thousands protested in El-Arish on the Sinai Peninsula, large protests took place in the southern cities of Sohag and Minya, Egypt and nearly 100,000 people protested in and around local-government headquarters in Ismaïlia. Over 100,000 protesters gathered on 27 January in front of the city council in Zagazig.eljazeera77 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmhCDc0LK68 مظاهرات مدينه الزقازيق محافظه الشرقيه 28 يناير YouTube 9 February 2011 17 November 2012 Bedouins in the Sinai Peninsula fought security forces for several weeks.The New York Times Protests Swell in Rejection of Egypt"s Limited Reforms 8 February 2011 https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/world/middleeast/09egypt.html?pagewanted=2 8 February 2011 David D. Kirkpatrick https://web.archive.org/web/20111124135046/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/world/middleeast/09egypt.html?pagewanted=2 24 November 2011 live As a result of the decreased military border presence, Bedouin groups protected the borders and pledged their support of the revolution.http://www.arabawy.org/2011/02/16/bedouins/ Sinai Bedouins support the #Jan25 Revolution بدو سيناء يعلنون تأييدهم للثورة المصرية " 3arabawy 16 February 2011 Arabawy.org 13 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110328234013/http://www.arabawy.org/2011/02/16/bedouins/ 28 March 2011 live However, despite mounting tension among tourists no protests or civil unrest occurred in Sharm-El-Sheikh.Stevenson, Rachel https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/31/egypt-sharm-el-sheikh-tourists-tension Sharm El-Sheikh's Tourists Talking About a Revolution The Guardian UK 1 February 2011 31 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201021401/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/31/egypt-sharm-el-sheikh-tourists-tension 1 February 2011 live Deaths thumb|alt=Roped-off rectangle of framed photographs|Tahrir Square memorial made by demonstrators in honour of those who died during the protests, regarded as shuhada' (ar شهداء martyrs). The photo captions attribute most of the deaths to police violence. thumb|alt=Portraits of people on a wall, below deer-like animals|Graffiti at Tahrir Square, commemorating martyrs of the revolution Before the protests six cases of self-immolation were reported, including a man arrested while trying to set himself afire in downtown Cairo.Rosenberg, David http://www.themedialine.org/news/news_detail.asp?NewsID=31194 Self-Immolation Spreads Across the Mideast, Inspiring Protest, Controversy The Media Line 24 January 2011 25 January 2011 subscription dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110427032241/http://www.themedialine.org/news/news_detail.asp?NewsID=31194 27 April 2011 The cases were inspired by (and began one month after) the acts of self-immolation in Tunisia which triggered the Tunisian revolution. The self-immolators included Abdou Abdel-Moneim Jaafar,http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/7F5D64C8-241F-4F34-B36A-4F259CBF3371.htm?GoogleStatID=20 ar:مصري يحرق نفسه أمام البرلمان ar Al Jazeera 17 January 2011 25 January 2011 13 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110813070202/http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/7F5D64C8-241F-4F34-B36A-4F259CBF3371.htm?GoogleStatID=20 dead Mohammed Farouk Hassan,https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE70H3L720110118 Egyptians Set Themselves Ablaze After Tunisia Unrest Zayed, Dina 18 January 2011 Reuters 25 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110119045756/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE70H3L720110118 19 January 2011 live Mohammed Ashour Sorourhttp://www.elosboaonline.com/show.asp?id=20522&vnum=fesal&page=mahalyat ar:موظف بـ'مصر للطيران' يهدد بحرق نفسه أمام نقابة الصحفيين ar 18 January 2011 El-Aosboa (newspaper) 25 January 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110421032332/http://www.elosboaonline.com/show.asp?id=20522&vnum=fesal&page=mahalyat 21 April 2011 and Ahmed Hashim al-Sayyed, who later died from his injuries.https://news.yahoo.com/nphotos/slideshow/photo//110118/ids_photos_wl/r3428700330.jpg/ https://web.archive.org/web/20110122194536/http://news.yahoo.com/nphotos/slideshow/photo/110118/ids_photos_wl/r3428700330.jpg/ 22 January 2011 Mother of Ahmed Hashim al-Sayyed 18 January 2011 Reuters (via Yahoo! News) 2 February 2011 dead As of 30 January, Al Jazeera reported as many as 150 deaths in the protests.2011-01-30 Police Disappear from Streets: Prisoners Breakout https://timep.org/2011/01/30/jan30-11/ The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy en-US The nationwide death toll over the last six days was reported to have breached 100 by The Guardian, while Al-Jazeera reported a total of 150 deaths since January 28 alone. By 29 January, 2,000 people were confirmed injured.https://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE70S0LX20110129 Update 1-Death Toll in Egypt's Protests Tops 100 – Sources Reuters 29 January 2009 5 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110204123844/https://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE70S0LX20110129 4 February 2011 dead That day, an employee of the Azerbaijani embassy in Cairo was killed on their way home from work;https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-30/azerbaijani-embassy-worker-shot-dead-in-egypt-ministry-says.html Azerbaijani Embassy Worker Shot Dead in Egypt, Ministry Says Agayev, Zulfugar Bloomberg 30 January 2011 2 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201231917/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-30/azerbaijani-embassy-worker-shot-dead-in-egypt-ministry-says.html 1 February 2011 live the following day, Azerbaijan sent a plane to evacuate citizenshttp://en.trend.az/news/politics/1820813.html Ambassador: Embassy will continue providing necessary help to Azerbaijanis in Egypt En.trend.az 31 January 2011 5 February 2011 and opened a criminal investigation into the killing.http://en.trend.az/news/society/1821118.html Prosecutor General's Office Files Lawsuit on Murder of Accountant of Azerbaijani Embassy in Egypt 31 January 2011 Funerals for those killed during the "Friday of Anger" were held on 30 January. Hundreds of mourners gathered, calling for Mubarak's removal.Nolan, Dan http://english.aljazeera.net/video/middleeast/2011/01/2011129171519806580.html Hundreds Mourn the Dead in Egypt Al Jazeera 29 January 2011 2 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201120747/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/middleeast/2011/01/2011129171519806580.html 1 February 2011 live By 1 February the protests left at least 125 people dead,https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/8293442/Egypt-crisis-country-braced-for-march-of-a-million.html Egypt Crisis: Country Braced for 'March of a Million' The Daily Telegraph UK 31 January 2011 2 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201231445/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/8293442/Egypt-crisis-country-braced-for-march-of-a-million.html 1 February 2011 live although Human Rights Watch said that UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay claimed that as many as 300 might have died in the unrest. The unconfirmed tally included 80 Human-Rights-Watch-verified deaths at two Cairo hospitals, 36 in Alexandria and 13 in Suez;Carol J. Williams http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2011/02/egypt-rights-advocates-report-protest-death-toll-as-high-as-300.html Egypt: Rights Advocates Report Protest Death Toll as High as 300 Los Angeles Times 1 February 2011 2 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201232154/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2011/02/egypt-rights-advocates-report-protest-death-toll-as-high-as-300.html 1 February 2011 livehttp://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/8060066-egypt-unrest-claimed-about-300-lives-un-high-commissioner-for-human-rights-navi-pillay Egypt Unrest Claimed About 300 Lives – UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay Allvoices.com 1 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201231550/http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/8060066-egypt-unrest-claimed-about-300-lives-un-high-commissioner-for-human-rights-navi-pillay 1 February 2011 deadhttps://www.haaretz.com/news/international/un-human-rights-chief-300-reported-dead-in-egypt-protests-1.340583?localLinksEnabled=false UN Human Rights Chief: 300 Reported Dead in Egypt Protests Haaretz 1 February 2011 1 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201231910/http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/un-human-rights-chief-300-reported-dead-in-egypt-protests-1.340583?localLinksEnabled=false 1 February 2011 dead over 3,000 people were reported injured. An Egyptian governmental fact-finding commission about the revolution announced on 19 April that at least 846 Egyptians died in the nearly three-week-long uprising. http://www.ffnc-eg.org/assets/ffnc-eg_final.pdf Fact-Finding National Commission About 25 Jan Revolution Final Report 19 April 2011 19 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110421051229/http://www.ffnc-eg.org/assets/ffnc-eg_final.pdf 21 April 2011 deadhttp://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/*/Article_2011-04-19-ML-Egypt/id-ccead68d1b1749dc9bae6d30db014c6 Egypt: At least 846 killed in protests Associated Press 19 April 2011 19 April 2011http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/406169 At least 846 killed in Egypt's revolution Al-Masry Al-Youm 19 April 2011 19 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110429125954/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/406169 29 April 2011 live One prominent Egyptian who was killed was Emad Effat, a senior cleric at the Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah school of Al-Azhar University. He died 16 December 2011, after he was shot in front of the cabinet building.Senior al-Azhar Sheikh Emad Effat shot dead during Cairo protests Reuters 18 December 2011 At Effat's funeral the following day, hundreds of mourners chanted "Down with military rule".Egypt: The Mayhem, Yasmine El Rashidi, The New York Review of Books International reaction International reactions to the Egyptian revolution of 2011 International response to the protests was initially mixed,http://www.eurasiareview.com/world-news/world/regional-reaction-mixed-for-egypt-protests-30012011/ Regional Reaction Mixed For Egypt Protests Eurasia Review 19 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110222062734/http://www.eurasiareview.com/world-news/world/regional-reaction-mixed-for-egypt-protests-30012011/ 22 February 2011 dead although most governments called for peaceful action on both sides and a move towards reform. Most Western nations expressed concern about the situation, and many governments issued travel advisories and attempted to evacuate their citizens from Egypt.http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90854/7277514.html Travel warning issued, evacuation to start as protests continue in Egypt 31 January 2011 English People's Daily Online 19 February 2011 The European Union Foreign Affairs Chief said, "I also reiterate my call upon the Egyptian authorities to urgently establish a constructive and peaceful way to respond to the legitimate aspirations of Egyptian citizens for democratic and socioeconomic reforms."Ashton Catherine Factbox: International Reaction to Egyptian Protests https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-world-idUSTRE70S2B920110129?pageNumber=2 9 April 2011 Reuters 29 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110501063148/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/29/us-egypt-world-idUSTRE70S2B920110129?pageNumber=2 1 May 2011 live The United States, the United Kingdom, France and Germany issued similar statements calling for reform and an end to violence against peaceful protesters. Joe Hoover (2011),O'Mahoney Joe 2011-12-15 Critical Realism and the Self https://doi.org/10.1558/jcr.v10i1.122 Journal of Critical Realism 10 1 122–129 10.1558/jcr.v10i1.122 1476-7430 subscription a political analyst, argued that U.S. policy toward the protests reflected the rift between pro-democracy rhetoric and its long-standing realist goal of stability in the region. Washington initially hesitated to support the removal of Mubarak, fearing that rapid change could jeopardize its security partnerships and peace treaties in the region. Hoover claims that the Obama Administration'sPresidency of Barack Obama 2025-11-14 Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Barack_Obama&oldid=1322123398 2025-11-16 en February 2026cautious statements, combined with the eventual call for a "peaceful transition," revealed the limits of the U.S. democracy promotion agenda when compared to maintaining influence and counter-terrorism cooperation in the Middle East. Many states in the region expressed concern and supported Mubarak; Saudi Arabia issued a statement "strongly condemn[ing]" the protests,Egypt Protests Draw Mixed Reaction in Region http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-29/world/egypt.middle.east.reaction_1_egyptian-people-egyptian-president-hosni-mubarak-populous-arab-nation?_s=PM:WORLD 9 April 2011 15 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110402000717/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-29/world/egypt.middle.east.reaction_1_egyptian-people-egyptian-president-hosni-mubarak-populous-arab-nation?_s=PM%3AWORLD 2 April 2011 dead while Tunisia and Iran supported them. Israel was cautious, with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu asking his government ministers to maintain silence and urging Israel's allies to curb their criticism of President Mubarak;Israel's Big Fears over a Post-Mubarak Egypt http://www.euronews.net/2011/01/31/israels-big-fears-over-a-post-mubarak-egypt/ 31 January 2011 Euronews 31 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201014913/http://www.euronews.net/2011/01/31/israels-big-fears-over-a-post-mubarak-egypt/ 1 February 2011 liveIsrael Urges World To Curb Criticism of Egypt's Mubarak https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-urges-world-to-curb-criticism-of-egypt-s-mubarak-1.340238 31 January 2011 Haaretz 31 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110131193335/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-urges-world-to-curb-criticism-of-egypt-s-mubarak-1.340238 31 January 2011 dead however, an Arab-Israeli parliamentarian supported the protests. Solidarity demonstrations for the protesters were held worldwide. Chinese state media framed the Egyptian protests through the lens of securitization, according to Joobani and Helmy (2016).Joobani Hossein Aghaie Helmy Nadia April 2016 China's Media Policy on the Egyptian Revolution: A Case for Securitization https://doi.org/10.1111/aspp.12247 Asian Politics & Policy 8 2 377–382 10.1111/aspp.12247 1943-0779 subscription The government portrayed the mass mobilization displayed during the protests as a source of disorder and foreign interference. This aligned with China's policy of discouraging similar descent at home while maintaining its own stability for its citizens. The media emphasized chaos and uncertainty over the real goal of democratization. Chinese outlets2025-09-25 Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications 11 4 10.30958/ajmmc_v11i4 2407-9499 free attempted to sway public opinion away from large-scale protests and to present the authoritarian government as a safeguard for national security. Non-governmental organizations expressed concern about the protests and the heavy-handed state response, with Amnesty International describing attempts to discourage the protests as "unacceptable".Trimel Suzanne Amnesty International Rebukes Egyptian Leaders for "Failed" Response to Protest Demands Organization Says Leaders' Efforts to Discourage Protests are "Unacceptable" http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGUSA20110211001&lang=e&rss=recentnews 9 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110501085142/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGUSA20110211001&lang=e&rss=recentnews 1 May 2011 dead Many countries (including the US, Israel, the UK and Japan) issued travel warnings or began evacuating their citizens, and multinational corporations began evacuating expatriate employees.http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/30/egypt.evacuations/ Foreign governments, businesses begin evacuations from Egypt CNN 30 January 2011 30 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110130170918/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/30/egypt.evacuations/ 30 January 2011 dead Many university students were also evacuated. Post-ouster Many nations, leaders and organizations hailed the end of the Mubarak regime, and celebrations were held in Tunisia and Lebanon. World leaders, including German Chancellor Angela Merkel and UK Prime Minister David Cameron, joined in praising the revolution.Baird-Remba Rebecca Mubarak Steps Down: Reactions From Around the World. http://www.allmediany.com/details_news_article.php?news_artid=658 https://web.archive.org/web/20110213023656/http://allmediany.com/details_news_article.php?news_artid=658 dead 13 February 2011 9 April 2011 US President Barack Obama praised the achievement of the Egyptian people and encouraged other activists, saying "Let's look at Egypt's example".Obama Barack Follow Egypt's Example, Obama Tells Mideast. 15 February 2011 http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/02/15/137779.html 9 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110403114641/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/02/15/137779.html 3 April 2011 live Amid growing concern for the country, Cameron was the first world leader to visit Egypt, ten days after Mubarak's resignation. A news blackout was lifted as the prime minister landed in Cairo for a brief five-hour stopover, hastily added to the beginning of a planned tour of the Middle East.https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/feb/21/david-cameron-visits-egypt?CMP=twt_fd David Cameron visits Egypt The Guardian London 21 February 2011 Nicholas Watt 21 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110307153510/http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/feb/21/david-cameron-visits-egypt?CMP=twt_fd 7 March 2011 live On 15 March, United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton visited Egypt; she was the highest-ranking US official to visit the country since the handover of power from Mubarak to the military. Clinton urged military leaders to begin the process of a democratic transition, offering support to protesters and reaffirming ties between the two nations.Thomson Hillary Clinton Egypt Trip Marks Highest Level Visit Since Mubarak's Ouster https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/15/hillary-clinton-egypt-arrives_n_835897.html 9 April 2011 The Huffington Post 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110317093807/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/15/hillary-clinton-egypt-arrives_n_835897.html 17 March 2011 live Results Domestic responses to the Egyptian revolution of 2011 thumb|alt=Military vehicles and soldiers positioned around the Egyptian Museum during the 2011 revolution|Army forces around the Egyptian Museum. On 29 January, Mubarak indicated that he would change the government because, despite the crossing of a "point of no return", national stability and law and order must prevail. He asked the government, formed only months ago, to step down and promised that a new government would be formed.https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna41318467 Protesters Return to Cairo's Main Square – Egyptian President Fires His Cabinet But Refuses To Step Down NBC News 29 January 2011 4 February 2011 Mubarak appointed Omar Suleiman, head of Egyptian Intelligence, vice president and Ahmed Shafik prime minister.Slackman Michael Choice of Suleiman Likely to Please the Military, Not the Crowds https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/30/world/middleeast/30suleiman.html?src=twrhp 3 February 2011 The New York Times 29 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20121115034154/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/30/world/middleeast/30suleiman.html?src=twrhp 15 November 2012 live On 1 February, he said he would stay in office until the next election in September, and then leave. Mubarak promised political reform, but made no offer to resign. The Muslim Brotherhood joined the revolution on 30 January, calling on the military to intervene and all opposition groups to unite against Mubarak. It joined other opposition groups in electing Mohamed el Baradei to lead an interim government.https://www.theguardian.com/news/blog/2011/jan/30/egypt-protests-live-updates#block-33 Egypt protests – as they happened London The Guardian Matthew Weaver Owen Bowcott 30 January 2011 Many of the Al-Azhar imams joined protesters throughout the country on 30 January.http://www.elaph.com/Web/arts/2011/1/628400.html ar:خالد الصاوي يقود مظاهرة في ميدان التحرير ar 30 January 2011 Elaph 30 January 2011 Christian leaders asked their congregations not to participate in the demonstrations, although a number of young Christian activists joined protests led by New Wafd Party member Raymond Lakah.http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/1049E146-447D-45F9-800E-7F2A064112E1.htm?GoogleStatID=9 ar:الكنيسة بمنأى عن مظاهرات مصر ar 27 January 2011 Al Jazeera 29 January 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110131142733/http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/1049E146-447D-45F9-800E-7F2A064112E1.htm?GoogleStatID=9 31 January 2011 On 31 January, Mubarak swore in his new cabinet in the hope that the unrest would fade. Protesters in Tahrir Square continued demanding his ousting since a vice-president and prime minister were already appointed.http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/2011131132324475241.html Mubarak Swears in New Cabinet – Egypt's President Appoints New Cabinet in an Attempt To Quell Ongoing Mass Street Protests Against His Rule Al Jazeera 31 January 2011 1 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110131230817/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/2011131132324475241.html 31 January 2011 live He told the new government to preserve subsidies, control inflation and provide more jobs.http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/201113101237787481.html Mubarak Orders State Subsidies – Hosni Mubarak Ordered His New PM To Preserve Subsidies, Control Inflation and Provide More Jobs Al Jazeera 31 January 2011 1 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110131220746/http://english.aljazeera.net//news/middleeast/2011/01/201113101237787481.html 31 January 2011 dead On 1 February, Mubarak said that although his candidacy had been announced by high-ranking members of his National Democratic Party,El-Ghatrify, Alaa http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/211975 NDP Official: President To Run for 6th Term; Gamal Mubarak Candidacy 'Delusory' Almasry Alyoum 21 October 2010 4 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110629044340/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/211975 29 June 2011 live he never intended to run for reelection in September.http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/201121191413252982.html Defiant Mubarak Vows To Finish Term – Violence Erupts in Alexandria Shortly After Egyptian President's Announcement That He Will Not Seek Another Term Al Jazeera 2 February 2011 4 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110203102926/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/201121191413252982.html 3 February 2011 live He asked parliament for reforms: According to my constitutional powers, I call on parliament in both its houses to discuss amending article 76 and 77 of the constitution concerning the conditions on running for presidency of the republic and it sets specific a period for the presidential term. In order for the current parliament in both houses to be able to discuss these constitutional amendments and the legislative amendments linked to it for laws that complement the constitution and to ensure the participation of all the political forces in these discussions, I demand parliament to adhere to the word of the judiciary and its verdicts concerning the latest cases which have been legally challenged. Hosni Mubarak 1 February 2011Hosni Mubarak's Speech: Full Text – Egypt President Delivers TV Address to the Nation – and Pledges To Step Down at the Next Election and Pave Way for New Leader https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/02/president-hosni-mubarak-egypt-speech The Guardian UK 2 February 2011 2 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110202074353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/02/president-hosni-mubarak-egypt-speech 2 February 2011 live Opposition groups, including the Muslim Brotherhood (MB), repeated their demand that Mubarak resign; after the protests turned violent, the MB said that it was time for military intervention.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12307698 Live: Egypt Unrest 29 January 2011 28 January 2011 BBC News 29 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110129054756/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12307698 Mubarak must step down. It is time for the military to intervene and save the country dead dmy Mohamed ElBaradei, who said he was ready to lead a transitional government,Memmott Mark https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/01/27/133275390/el-baradei-back-in-egypt-says-its-time-for-a-new-government ElBaradei Back in Egypt; Says It's Time for a New Government: The Two-Way NPR 27 January 2011 1 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201025025/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/01/27/133275390/el-baradei-back-in-egypt-says-its-time-for-a-new-government 1 February 2011 live was a consensus candidate from a unified opposition, which included the 6 April Youth Movement, the We Are All Khaled Said Movement, the National Association for Change, the 25 January Movement, Kefaya and the Muslim Brotherhood.https://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/01/110130_egypt_demo_new.shtml ar:الجيش يدفع بتعزيزات اضافية وطائرات حربية تحلق فوق المتظاهرين في القاهرة ar BBC Arabic 30 January 2011 30 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110131210955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/01/110130_egypt_demo_new.shtml 31 January 2011 live ElBaradei formed a "steering committee".http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/A5D9789E-24E2-4A8F-B8E5-CC585AF34A23.htm ar:لجنة وطنية لمفاوضة نظام مبارك ar Al Jazeera 30 January 2011 31 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110207212302/http://aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/A5D9789E-24E2-4A8F-B8E5-CC585AF34A23.htm 7 February 2011 live On 5 February, talks began between the government and opposition groups for a transitional period before elections. Scholars have noted that the broad coalition which formed during the uprising began to fragment shortly after Mubarak stepped down. Political scientist Benjamin Abrams (2024)Abrams Benjamin 2024-06-27 Movement split: how the structure of revolutionary coalitions shapes revolutionary outcomes Public Choice 200 3–4 473–495 10.1007/s11127-024-01170-4 0048-5829 free describes the fragment as "movement split," where revolutionary alliances split into different factions after the initial goal had been completed. In the Egyptian Revolution, the conservative faction was satisfied with the removal of Mubarak and was focused on restoring stability, while the more radical groups pushed for more extensive reform to the existing political, economic, and social systems. The split factions made it difficult to produce a unified negotiating position during the transition period. The loss of unity made it difficult for the coalition to challenge the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF),Jumet Kira D. 2017-10-19 Protest Dynamics under the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Transitional Government https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190688455.003.0005 Oxford Scholarship Online 1 10.1093/oso/9780190688455.003.0005 subscription 2023-06-30 Crisis: a timeline https://doi.org/10.46692/9781447368397.003 Health in a Post-COVID World 11–26 10.46692/9781447368397.003 978-1-4473-6839-7 subscription ultimately leading to the rise of military authority in the months following the uprising. Building on this perspective, political scientist Mostafa Shehata (2018)Shehata Mostafa 2018-10-17 Egypt's Political Actors Post-2011 Revolution: Incomplete Struggle for Democracy https://doi.org/10.1111/dome.12140 Digest of Middle East Studies 27 2 205–226 10.1111/dome.12140 1060-4367 dives into the post-revolution fragmentation between political factions and their inability to form a unified front. According to Shehata, opposition parties and new movements faced distrust, competition, and weak internal structures, which hindered the democratic front's success. The incomplete organization of party politics, combined with an absence of coordination between revolutionary actors, explains why early democratic gains were quickly undermined during the transition. This disorganization made it easier for the previously mentioned Supreme Council of the Armed Forces to reemerge in power, embracing authoritarian ideals. The government cracked down on the media, halting internet accessCowie James 27 January 2011 http://www.renesys.com/blog/2011/01/egypt-leaves-the-internet.shtml Egypt Leaves the Internet Renesys 4 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110204074349/http://www.renesys.com/blog/2011/01/egypt-leaves-the-internet.shtml 4 February 2011 dead (a primary means of opposition communication) with the help of London-based Vodafone.Matt Richtel Egypt Cuts Off Most Internet and Cell Service https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/29/technology/internet/29cutoff.html 1 June 2013 The New York Times 28 January 2011Stephen C. Webster Vodafone confirms role in Egypt's cellular, Internet blackout https://www.rawstory.com/2011/01/vodafone-confirms-role-egypts-cellular-internet-blackout/ The Raw Story 28 January 2011 1 June 2013 2 February 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140202122816/http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2011/01/28/vodafone-confirms-role-egypts-cellular-internet-blackout/ liveRyan Singel Egypt Shut Down Its Net With a Series of Phone Calls https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/01/egypt-isp-shutdown/ Wired 28 January 2011 1 June 2013 Journalists were harassed by supporters of the regime, eliciting condemnation from the Committee to Protect Journalists, European countries and the United States. Narus, a subsidiary of Boeing, sold the Mubarak government surveillance equipment to help identify dissidents.Amy Goodman Digital Darkness: U.S., U.K. Companies Help Egyptian Regime Shut Down Telecommunications and Identify Dissident Voices http://www.democracynow.org/seo/2011/2/1/digital_darkness_us_uk_companies_help Democracy Now! 1 February 2011 1 June 2013 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20130517063808/http://www.democracynow.org/seo/2011/2/1/digital_darkness_us_uk_companies_help 17 May 2013 Reforms September 2026 Egyptian constitutional review committee of 2011 List of political parties in Egypt The revolution's primary demands, chanted at every protest, were bread (also jobs and other material needs), freedom, social justice and human dignity.El Bernoussi Zaynab https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/dignity-in-the-egyptian-revolution/E66234FA0A694166A7FEC7EF62582A15 Dignity in the Egyptian Revolution: Protest and Demand during the Arab Uprisings 2021 Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84585-4 Cambridge The fulfillment of these demands has been uneven and debatable. Demands stemming from the main four include the following: thumb|upright|alt=Large banner hanging from tall apartment building, with woman holding sign in foreground|Sign with protester demands thumb|upright|alt=Cardboard box overflowing with shredded paper, with more shredded paper on floor|Shredded documents at the State Security Investigations Service + Protesters' demandshttp://globalvoices.org/2011/02/10/egypt-a-list-of-demands-from-tahrir-square/ Egypt: A List of Demands from Tahrir Square Global Voices 10 February 2011DemandStatusDate1. Resignation of President MubarakMet11 February 20112. New minimum and maximum wagesPartially metThe basic minimum wage rose from 246 to 870 on 22 March 2015"Basic minimum wage jumps from EGP 250 to EGP 870", Daily News Egypt.3. Canceling emergency lawMethttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18283635 BBC News Egypt state of emergency lifted after 31 years 31 May 201231 May 20124. Dismantling the State Security Investigations ServiceClaimed met;Egypt dissolves notorious internal security agency, BBC News, 31 May 2012 reneged in 2013Patrick Kingsley https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/29/egypt-restores-secret-police-units https://web.archive.org/web/20130730131327/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/29/egypt-restores-secret-police-units dead 30 July 2013 Egypt restores feared secret police units The Guardian 29 July 201331 May 20125. Announcement by vice-president Omar Suleiman that he would not run for presidentClaimed met;https://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFWEA576620110203/ https://web.archive.org/web/20110222062911/http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFWEA576620110203/ dead 22 February 2011 Egypt's Suleiman says will not run for president Reuters Africa 3 February 2011reneged in April 20123 February 20116. Dissolution of parliamentMet13 February 20117. Release of those imprisoned since 25 JanuaryOngoing; More have been arrested and faced military trials under the SCAF8. Ending the curfewMethttp://english.aljazeera.net/video/middleeast/2011/06/201161563513344977.html Egypt's military council lifts nightly curfew Al Jazeera News 15 June 201115 June 20119. Removing the SSI-controlled university policeClaimed met3 March 201110. Investigation of officials responsible for violence against protestersOngoing11. Firing Minister of Information Anas el-Fiqqi and halting media propagandaClaimed met; minister fired, however ministry still exists and propaganda ongoingAbigail Hauslohner http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2107910,00.html https://web.archive.org/web/20120229165043/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2107910,00.html dead 29 February 2012 The Most Powerful Weapon of Egypt's Ruling Generals: State TV Time 29 February 201212. Reimbursing shop owners for losses during the curfewAnnounced; not met7 February 201113. Announcing demands on government television and radioClaimed met11–18 February 201114. Dissolution of the NDPMet16 April 201115. Arrest, interrogation and trial of Hosni Mubarak and his sons, Gamal and AlaaMethttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18306126 BBC News Mubarak sentenced to jail for life over protest deaths 2 June 201224 May 201116. Transfer of power from SCAF to civilian councilMethttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18656396 BBC News Brotherhood's Mursi sworn in as Egyptian president 30 June 201230 June 2012 thumb|alt=Very long line of men outside a building|Voter queue in Mokattam, Cairo, during the 19 March 2011 constitutional referendum extending from the built-up area of Mokattam into the desert. The referendum had an unprecedented voter turnout of over 18 million. On 17 February, an Egyptian prosecutor ordered the detention of three former ministers (interior minister Habib el-Adli, tourism minister Zuhair Garana and housing minister Ahmed el-Maghrabi) and steel magnate Ahmed Ezz pending trial for wasting public funds. The public prosecutor froze the bank accounts of Adli and his family following accusations that over 4 million ($680,000) were transferred to his personal account by a businessman. The foreign minister was requested to contact European countries to freeze the other defendants' accounts.Egypt detains ex-ministers Al Jazeera http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/2011217221111216445.html 17 February 2011 18 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110218053134/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/2011217221111216445.html 18 February 2011 live That day, the United States announced that it would give Egypt $150 million in aid to help it transition towards democracy. US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said that William J. Burns (undersecretary of state for political affairs) and David Lipton (a senior White House adviser on international economics) would travel to Egypt the following week. On 19 February a moderate Islamic party which had been banned for 15 years, Al-Wasat Al-Jadid (ar حزب الوسط الجديد, New Center Party), was finally recognised by an Egyptian court. The party was founded in 1996 by activists who split from the Muslim Brotherhood and sought to create a tolerant, liberal Islamic movement, but its four attempts to register as an official party were rejected. That day, Prime Minister Ahmed Shafiq also said that 222 political prisoners would be released. Shafiq said that only a few were detained during the uprising; he put the number of remaining political prisoners at 487, but did not say when they would be released.Egypt recognizes moderate Islamic party, promises to release political prisoners https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/crisis-in-egypt/egypt-recognizes-moderate-islamic-party-promises-to-release-political-prisoners/article1914290/ 19 February 2011 20 February 2011 The Globe and Mail Toronto https://web.archive.org/web/20110222062733/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/crisis-in-egypt/egypt-recognizes-moderate-islamic-party-promises-to-release-political-prisoners/article1914290/ 22 February 2011 dead On 20 February Yehia El Gamal ar يحيى الجمل, an activist and law professor, accepted on television the position of deputy prime minister. The next day, the Muslim Brotherhood announced that it would form a political party, the Freedom and Justice Party led by Saad Ketatni, for the upcoming parliamentary election.http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/325599 Muslim Brotherhood to establish 'Freedom and Justice Party' Al-Masry Al-Youm dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110314145947/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/325599 14 March 2011 http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=28088 The Muslim Brotherhood Official English Website Ikhwanweb 23 February 2011 5 March 2011Gordon Evelyn https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=209563&R=R3 Muslim Brotherhood sits at Egypt's new democratic table The Jerusalem Post 23 February 2011 5 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110224110646/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=209563&R=R3 24 February 2011 live A spokesperson said, "When we talk about the slogans of the revolution – freedom, social justice, equality – all of these are in the Sharia (Islamic law)."http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/02/23/138826.html Muslim Brothers see corruption-free Egypt flourishing Al Arabiya 23 February 2011 5 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110307151844/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/02/23/138826.html 7 March 2011 dead On 3 March, Prime Minister Shafiq submitted his resignation to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. The SCAF appointed Essam Sharaf, a former transportation minister and a vocal critic of the regime following his resignation after the 2006 Qalyoub rail accident, to replace Shafik and form a new government. Sharaf's appointment was seen as a concession to protesters, since he was actively involved in the events in Tahrir Square.BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12634117 Egypt's Prime Minister Ahmed Shafiq resigns 3 March 2011 3 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110303102725/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12634117 3 March 2011 livehttp://fr.euronews.net/depeches/772863-egypte-demission-du-premier-ministre-ahmad-chafic/ Egypte: le Premier ministre remplacé, satisfaction des opposants Euronews fr 3 March 2011 3 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110307143402/http://fr.euronews.net/depeches/772863-egypte-demission-du-premier-ministre-ahmad-chafic/ 7 March 2011 livehttp://english.ahram.org.eg/~/NewsContent/1/64/6892/Egypt/Politics-/Meet-Essam-Sharaf-Egypts-first-postrevolution-Prim.aspx Meet Essam Sharaf: Egypt's first post-revolution Prime Minister Ahram Online 3 March 2011 3 March 2011 Sharaf appointed former International Court of Justice judge Nabil Elaraby foreign minister and Mansour El Essawi as interior minister.https://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=211001 Egypt's Elaraby accepts foreign minister post The Jerusalem Post 6 March 2011 7 March 2011http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/03/2011365436227288.html Egypt PM appoints new key ministers Al Jazeera 7 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110307091655/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/03/2011365436227288.html 7 March 2011 live On 16 April the Higher Administrative Court dissolved the former ruling National Democratic Party (NDP), ordering its funds and property to be transferred to the government.Egypt dissolves former ruling party http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/04/2011416125051889315.html 16 April 2011 16 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110419053336/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/04/2011416125051889315.html 19 April 2011 live On 24 May it was announced that Hosni Mubarak and his sons, Gamal and Alaa, would be tried for the deaths of anti-government protesters during the revolution.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13527102 Egypt: Hosni Mubarak and sons to be tried over deaths and should be killed for their crimes. 24 May 2011 BBC News 24 May 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110525112010/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13527102 25 May 2011 live Trials Trials and judicial hearings following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 Mubarak's resignation was followed by a series of arrests of, and travel bans on, high-profile figures on charges of causing the deaths of 300–500 demonstrators, injuring 5,000 more, embezzlement, profiteering, money laundering and human rights abuses. Among those charged were Mubarak, his wife Suzanne, his sons Gamal and Alaa, former interior minister Habib el-Adly, former housing minister Ahmed El-Maghrabi, former tourism minister Zoheir Garana and former secretary for organizational affairs of the National Democratic Party Ahmed Ezz.http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1036/eg31.htm How the mighty have fallen Al-Ahram Weekly 2 February 2011 16 March 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110501064050/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1036/eg31.htm 1 May 2011 Mubarak's ouster was followed by allegations of corruption against other government officials and senior politicians.Phillip Inman https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/04/hosni-mubarak-family-fortune Mubarak family fortune could reach $70bn, say experts The Guardian UK 4 February 2011 16 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314144323/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/04/hosni-mubarak-family-fortune 14 March 2011 livehttp://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=289811&IssueID=2068 مصطفى الفقى: شخصية كبيرة فى الرئاسة أكدت لى أن "مبارك" لن يترشح وابنه سيكون البديل ar Mustafa Fiki: a big figure in the presidency confirmed that 'Mubarak' will not run, his son would be the alternative Almasry-alyoum.com 16 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110425201529/http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=289811&IssueID=2068 25 April 2011 dead On 28 February 2011, Egypt's top prosecutor, Yehia Galal, ordered an assets freeze on Mubarak and his family.https://www.voanews.com/a/egypt-issues-travel-ban-asset-freeze-on-mubarak-117076003/135759.html Egypt Issues Travel Ban, Asset Freeze on Mubarak Voice of America 28 February 2011 16 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110302143133/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Egypt-Issues-Travel-Ban-Asset-Freeze-on-Mubarak-117076003.html 2 March 2011 live This was followed by arrest warrants, travel bans and asset freezes for other public figures, including former parliament speaker Fathi Sorour and former Shura Council speaker Safwat El Sherif.http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/6644/Egypt/Politics-/NDP-fires-Mubarak--then-what.aspx NDP fires Mubarak – then what? Ahram Online 28 February 2011 16 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110430024635/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/6644/Egypt/Politics-/NDP-fires-Mubarak--then-what.aspx 30 April 2011 livehttp://www.masrawy.com/news/Egypt/Politics/2011/March/6/elshrief_announcement.aspx الشريف ينفي امتلاكه حسابات خاصة خارج مصر Masrawy.com 6 March 2011 16 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314144003/http://www.masrawy.com/news/Egypt/Politics/2011/March/6/elshrief_announcement.aspx 14 March 2011 dead Arrest warrants were issued for financial misappropriations by public figures who left the country at the outbreak of the revolution, including former trade and industry minister Rachid Mohamed Rachid and businessman Hussein Salem; Salem was believed to have fled to Dubai.http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000619367&fid=1725 Hussein Salem caught in Dubai with $500m Globes 31 January 2011 16 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110131230843/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000619367&fid=1725 31 January 2011 dead Trials of the accused officials began on 5 March 2011, when former interior minister Habib el-Adli appeared at the Giza Criminal Court in Cairo.http://www.masrawy.com/News/Egypt/Politics/2011/february/27/adly_judgment.aspx 5 مارس.. بدء محاكمة العادلي أمام الجنايات Masrawy.com 27 February 2011 16 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314144015/http://www.masrawy.com/News/Egypt/Politics/2011/february/27/adly_judgment.aspx 14 March 2011 dead In March 2011 Abbud al-Zumar, one of Egypt's best-known political prisoners, was freed after 30 years. Founder and first emir of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, he was implicated on 6 October 1981 assassination of Anwar Sadat.Atkins Stephen E. The 9/11 Encyclopædia https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA456 6 May 2011 31 May 2011 ABC-CLIO 978-1-59884-921-9 456– On 24 May, Mubarak was ordered to stand trial on charges of premeditated murder of peaceful protestors during the revolution; if convicted, he could face the death penalty. The list of charges, released by the public prosecutor, was "intentional murder, attempted killing of some demonstrators ... misuse of influence and deliberately wasting public funds and unlawfully making private financial gains and profits". Analysis Regional instability Arab Spring The Egyptian and Tunisian revolutions sparked a wave of uprisings, with demonstrations spreading across the Middle East and North Africa. Algeria, Bahrain, Iran, Jordan, Libya, Morocco, Yemen and Syria witnessed major protests, and minor demonstrations occurred in Iraq, Kuwait, Mauritania, Oman, Saudi Arabia, SomaliaJune 2014 and Sudan. The Egyptian protests were not centred around religion-based politics, but nationalism and social consciousness.http://palestinenote.com/blogs/blogs/archive/2011/02/28/secularism-is-what-the-arab-world-needs.aspx Secularism is what the Arab world needs – Blog Post Palestinenote.com 28 February 2011 5 March 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110307200155/http://palestinenote.com/blogs/blogs/archive/2011/02/28/secularism-is-what-the-arab-world-needs.aspx 7 March 2011 Before the uprising, the best-organised and most-prominent opposition movements in the Arab world usually came from Islamist organisations with members who were motivated and ready to sacrifice. However, secular forces emerged from the revolution espousing principles shared with religious groups: freedom, social justice and dignity. Islamist organisations emerged with a greater freedom to operate. Although the cooperative, inter-faith revolution was no guarantee that partisan politics would not re-emerge in its wake, its success represented a change from the intellectual stagnation (created by decades of repression) which pitted modernity and Islamism against one another. Islamists and secularists were faced with new opportunities for dialogue on subjects such as the role of Islam and Sharia in society, freedom of speech and the impact of secularism on a predominantly Muslim population.https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0304/An-upside-of-Arab-revolts-Islamists-talk-democracy An upside of Arab revolts: Islamists talk democracy The Christian Science Monitor 4 March 2011 5 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110305035013/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0304/An-upside-of-Arab-revolts-Islamists-talk-democracy 5 March 2011 live Despite the optimism surrounding the revolution, commentators expressed concern about the risk of increased power and influence for Islamist forces in the country and region and the difficulty of integrating different groups, ideologies and visions for the country. Journalist Caroline Glick wrote that the Egyptian revolution foreshadowed a rise in religious radicalism and support for terrorism, citing a 2010 Pew Opinion poll which found that Egyptians supported Islamists over modernizers by an over two-to-one margin.https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Article.aspx?id=206121 Our World: Clueless in Washington Glick, Caroline 10 April 2011 The Jerusalem Post February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110427073738/http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Article.aspx?id=206121 27 April 2011 live Another journalist, Shlomo Ben-Ami, said that Egypt's most formidable task was to refute the old paradigm of the Arab world which sees the only choices for regimes repressive, secular dictatorships or repressive theocracies. Ben-Ami noted that with Islam a central part of the society, any emergent regime was bound to be attuned to religion. In his view, a democracy which excluded all religion from public life (as in France) could succeed in Egypt but no genuine Arab democracy could disallow the participation of political Islam.http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/benami51/English7 Saving the Egyptian Revolution Project Syndicate 3 March 2011 6 March 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110430171001/http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/benami51/English7 30 April 2011 Since the revolution Islamist parties (such as the Muslim Brotherhood) have strengthened in the democratic landscape, leading constitutional change, voter mobilization and protests.https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/21/world/middleeast/21egypt.htm Egyptian Voters Approve Constitutional Changes MacFarquhar, Neil 10 April 2011 The New York Times 20 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111128102754/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/21/world/middleeast/21egypt.htm 28 November 2011 liveBradley Matt https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704587004576244922383434098 Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood to Rejoin Protests The Wall Street Journal 3 February 2011 13 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110409104007/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704587004576244922383434098.html 9 April 2011 live This was a concern of the secular and youth movements, who wanted elections to be held later so they could catch up to the already-well-organised groups. Elections were held in September 2011, with Liberty and Justice (the Muslim Brotherhood party) winning 48.5 per cent of the vote. In 2014 in Upper Egypt, several newspapers reported that Upper Egypt wanted to secede from the rest of the country to improve its standard of living.http://www.iar-gwu.org/content/egypt-breaking-apart Is Egypt Breaking Apart? International Affairs Review 17 February 2014 Gratowski, J. Thomas 18 February 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150816/http://www.iar-gwu.org/content/egypt-breaking-apart 22 February 2014 dead Alexandria church bombing 2011 Alexandria bombing Early on New Year's Day 2011 a bomb exploded in front of an Alexandria church, killing 23 Coptic Christians. Egyptian officials said that "foreign elements" were behind the attack.Egypt Church Blast Death Toll Rises to 23 https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE7010M020110104 Reuters 4 January 2011 4 February 2011 Other sources claim that the bomb killed 21 people only and injured more than 70.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12101748 Egypt bomb kills 21 at Alexandria Coptic church 2011-01-01 BBC News en-GB 2016-11-19https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/02/world/middleeast/02egypt.html Coptic Church in Egypt Is Hit by Fatal Bomb Attack Fahim Kareem 2011-01-01 Stack Liam The New York Times 0362-4331 2016-11-19 Some Copts accused the Egyptian government of negligence; Slackman Michael https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/04/world/middleeast/04egypt.html Clashes Grow as Egyptians Remain Angry After an Attack The New York Times 4 January 2011 after the attack, many Christians protested in the streets (with Muslims joining later). After clashing with police, protesters in Alexandria and Cairo shouted slogans denouncing Mubarak's ruleEgypt Media Warn of Civil War after Bombing https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gM4ojQSkgen45AIWUkmRXYIsEFwA 28 January 2011 Agence France-Presse 2 January 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110304210621/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gM4ojQSkgen45AIWUkmRXYIsEFwA 4 March 2011 Stack, Liam Kirkpatrick, David D. Egypt Orders Tighter Security After Church Bombing https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/03/world/middleeast/03egypt.html?partner=rss&emc=rss 28 January 2011 The New York Times 2 January 2011Jouini Hassen Muslims Protect Churches https://nationalpost.com/news/world/Muslims+protect+churches/4078614/story.html http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20110122114611/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/world/Muslims+protect+churches/4078614/story.html dead 22 January 2011 28 January 2011 National Post Canada 8 January 2011 in support of unity between Christians and Muslims. Their sense of being let down by national security forces was cited as one of the first grievances sparking 25 January uprising.Interview. "Vivian Ibrahim of the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London". BBC News 3 February 2011; 12:55 UTC. On 7 February a complaint was filed against Habib al-Adly (interior minister until Mubarak dissolved the government during the protests' early days), accusing him of directing the attack.http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/tuesday%E2%80%99s-papers-funeral-martyr-journalist-ghoneim-release-al-adli-under-investigation Tuesday's papers: Funeral for martyr journalist, Ghoneim release, al-Adli under investigation Heba Helmy 8 February 2011 Al Masry Al Youm dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110222121358/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/tuesday%E2%80%99s-papers-funeral-martyr-journalist-ghoneim-release-al-adli-under-investigation 22 February 2011 Role of women thumb|alt=Woman covered in black except for her eyes, holding a sign|Female protester wearing a niqābFatma Naib http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/02/2011217134411934738.html Women of the revolution – Features Al Jazeera 19 February 2011 13 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110415070749/http://english.aljazeera.net//indepth/features/2011/02/2011217134411934738.html 15 April 2011 dead Egyptian women have been participating actively in the revolution, in the same way that they played an active role in the strike movement in the few last years, in several cases pressurizing the men to join the strikes.http://www.marxist.com/key-role-of-women-in-egyptian-revolution.htm The key role of women in the Egyptian revolution Niklas Albin Svensson In Defence of Marxism 8 March 2011 25 June 2015 In earlier protests in Egypt, women only accounted for about 10 per cent of the protesters, but on Tahrir Square they accounted for about 40 to 50 per cent in the days leading up to the fall of Mubarak. Women, with and without veils, participated in the defence of the square, set up barricades, led debates, shouted slogans and, together with the men, risked their lives. Some participated in the protests, were present in news clips and on Facebook forums and were part of the revolution's leadership during the Egyptian revolution. In Tahrir Square, female protesters (some with children) supported the protests. The diversity of the protesters in Tahrir Square was visible in the women who participated; many wore head scarves and other signs of religious conservatism, while others felt free to kiss a friend or smoke a cigarette in public. Women organised protests and reported events; female bloggers, such as Leil Zahra Mortada, risked abuse or imprisonment by keeping the world informed of events in Tahrir Square and elsewhere. Wolf Naomi 28 February 2011 http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/wolf33/English The Middle East's Feminist Revolution Project Syndicate 1 March 2011 Among those who died was Sally Zahran, who was beaten to death during one of the demonstrations. NASA reportedly planned to name one of its Mars exploration spacecraft in Zahran's honour.12 February 2011 http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/nasa-rocket-to-bear-name-of-egyptian-woman-killed-in-protests-84866 NASA rocket to bear name of Egyptian woman killed in protests NDTV 6 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110307143359/http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/nasa-rocket-to-bear-name-of-egyptian-woman-killed-in-protests-84866 7 March 2011 live The participation and contributions by Egyptian women to the protests were attributed to the fact that many (especially younger women) were better educated than previous generations and represent more than half of Egyptian university students. This is an empowering factor for women, who have become more present and active publicly. The advent of social media also provided a tool for women to become protest leaders. Role of the military thumb|alt=A truck ablaze|One of two army vehicles burnt during the army attacks on 9 April 2011 The Egyptian Armed Forces initially enjoyed a better public reputation than the police did; the former was seen as a professional body protecting the country, and the latter was accused of systemic corruption and lawless violence. However, when the SCAF cracked down on protesters after becoming the de facto ruler of Egypt the military's popularity decreased.https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/4/27240/Opinion/Why-and-How-SCAF-must-fold-in-Egypt.aspx Why and How SCAF must fold in Egypt Ahram Online 22 Nov 20112011-12-02 Egypt: Is There a Way Forward? https://carnegieendowment.org/events/2011/12/egypt-is-there-a-way-forward?lang=en 2024-11-19 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace en All four Egyptian presidents since the 1950s have a military background. Key Egyptian military personnel include defence minister Tantawi and armed forces chief of staff Sami Hafez Enan.http://apnews.myway.com//article/20110213/D9LC1NLO0.html Key members of Egypt Armed Forces Supreme Council Apnews.myway.com 13 February 2011Black, Ian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/30/egypt-military-hosni-mubarak All Eyes on Egypt's Military as Hosni Mubarak Fortifies Position The Guardian UK 30 January 2011 31 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110131053323/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/30/egypt-military-hosni-mubarak 31 January 2011 live Ian Black (journalist) The Egyptian military numbers about 468,500 active personnel, plus a reserve of 479,000.https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-egypt-protests-military-idUKTRE70T29420110130 Factbox – Egypt's Powerful Military Reuters 30 January 2011 31 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201013300/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/30/uk-egypt-protests-military-idUKTRE70T29420110130 1 February 2011 live thumb|An Egyptian blocking a SWAT van in response to the protests As head of Egypt's armed forces, Tantawi has been described as "aged and change-resistant" and is attached to the old regime. He has used his position as defence minister to oppose economic and political reform he saw as weakening central authority. Other key figures (Sami Hafez Anan chief among them) are younger, with closer connections to the US and the Muslim Brotherhood. An important aspect of the relationship between the Egyptian and American military establishments is the $1.3 billion in annual military aid provided to Egypt, which pays for American-made military equipment and allows Egyptian officers to train in the US. Guaranteed this aid package, the ruling SCAF is resistant to reform.Kotb Amrou 2013-10-31 http://masroregypt.wordpress.com/2013/10/31/inclusive-democracy-is-no-longer-a-suggestion-its-an-order/ In Egypt, Inclusive Democracy is no Longer just a Suggestion Masr or Egypt 2013-12-06https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/14/wikileaks-cables-egyptian-military-head WikiLeaks cables: Egyptian military head is 'old and resistant to change' The Guardian UK 14 February 2011 6 March 2011 Julian Borger James Ball https://web.archive.org/web/20110307153819/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/14/wikileaks-cables-egyptian-military-head 7 March 2011 livehttps://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/feb/04/egypt-arms-trade?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487 Egypt's military-industrial complex The Guardian UK 4 February 2011 6 March 2011 Pratap Chatterjee https://web.archive.org/web/20110307154001/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/feb/04/egypt-arms-trade?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487 7 March 2011 live One analyst, conceding the military's conservatism, says it has no option but to facilitate democratisation. It will have to limit its political role to continue good relations with the West, and cannot restrict Islamist participation in a genuine democracy. American political scientist Nathan Toronto coined the term "coupvolution" to describe the military's consolidation of power after the revolution.Toronto Nathan 2011 Egypt's 'Coup-volution' https://blog.nus.edu.sg/middleeastinstitute/2011/02/16/egypts-coup-volution/ https://web.archive.org/web/20190426133837/http://blog.nus.edu.sg/middleeastinstitute/2011/02/16/egypts-coup-volution/ 26 April 2019 Middle East Insights 6 1–3Fain Egor Issaev Leonid Korotayev Andrey Andrey Korotayev 2024 Coupvolution as a Mechanism of Regime Change in the Sahel János Besenyő Besenyő János Issaev Leonid Korotayev Andrey Andrey Korotayev https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta_-EAAAQBAJ Terrorism and Political Contention: New Perspectives on North Africa and the Sahel Region Springer 978-3-031-53428-7 134, 136 10.1007/978-3-031-53429-4_7 The military has led a violent crackdown on the Egyptian revolution since the fall of Mubarak. On 9 March 2011 military police violently dispersed a sit-in in Tahrir Square, arresting and torturing protesters. Seven female protesters were forcibly subjected to virginity tests.https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/egypt-admission-forced-virginity-tests-must-lead-justice-2011-05-31 Egypt: Admission of forced 'virginity tests' must lead to justice – Amnesty International 31 May 2011 Amnesty International 4 December 2016 23 December 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20141223195714/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/egypt-admission-forced-virginity-tests-must-lead-justice-2011-05-31 dead During the night of 8 April 2011 military police attacked a sit-in in Tahrir Square by protesters and sympathetic military officers, killing at least one.http://newsblogged.com/video-tahrir-square-egypt-army-attack-protesters-89-april-2011-youtube Video: Tahrir Square Egypt Army Attack Protesters 8/9 April 2011 (Youtube) Newsblogged.com 9 April 2011 17 November 2012 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20121122074505/http://newsblogged.com/video-tahrir-square-egypt-army-attack-protesters-89-april-2011-youtube 22 November 2012 On 9 October the Egyptian military crushed protesters under armed personnel carriers and shot live ammunition at a demonstration in front of the Maspero television building, killing at least 24.The "Maspero Crime": Accounts Against the Counter-Revolution https://web.archive.org/web/20120109185518/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3022/the-maspero-crime_accounts-against-the-counter-rev 9 January 2012 . Jadaliyya On 19 November the military and police engaged in a continuous six-day battle with protestors in the streets of downtown Cairo and Alexandria, killing nearly 40 and injuring over 2,000.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/24/egypts-generals-defy-tahrir-protests-elections London The Guardian Martin Chulov Jack Shenker Egypt's generals defy Tahrir protests over elections 25 November 2011 On 16 December 2011 military forces dispersed a sit-in at the Cabinet of Ministers building, killing 17.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/23/tahrir-square-rally-denounces-violence London The Guardian Tahrir Square rally denounces violence against protesters 23 December 2011 Soldiers fired live ammunition and attacked from the rooftop with Molotov cocktails, rocks and other missiles.Manshy007 http://scaf-crimes.blogspot.com/ SCAF Crimes – جرائم العسكر Scaf-crimes.blogspot.com 19 December 2011 17 November 2012 Impact on foreign relations Foreign relations of Egypt Foreign governments in the West (including the US) regarded Mubarak as an important ally and supporter in the Israeli–Palestinian peace negotiations. After wars with Israel in 1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973, Egypt signed a peace treaty in 1979 (provoking controversy in the Arab world). According to the 1978 Camp David Accords (which led to the peace treaty), Israel and Egypt receive billions of dollars in aid annually from the United States; Egypt received over US$1.3 billion in military aid each year, in addition to economic and development assistance.Background Note: Egypt United States Department of State 10 November 2010 https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm#relations 22 September 2013 According to Juan Cole many Egyptian youth felt ignored by Mubarak, feeling that he put the interests of the West ahead of theirs.https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/01/30/opinion/main20030008.shtml https://web.archive.org/web/20110201042540/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/01/30/opinion/main20030008.shtml dead 1 February 2011 Why Egypt's Class Conflict Is Boiling Over – Juan Cole: How Decades of Economic Stumbles Set the Stage for Egypt's Current Political Turmoil Cole, Juan 30 January 2011 CBS News 4 February 2011 The cooperation of the Egyptian regime in enforcing the blockade of the Gaza Strip was deeply unpopular with the Egyptian public.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/25/egypt.israelandthepalestinians1 Mubarak under pressure The Guardian UK 6 February 2011 25 January 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20110207195918/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jan/25/egypt.israelandthepalestinians1 7 February 2011 live Online activism and social media thumb|alt=Red, white and blue placard in English and Arabic, with a Twitter hashtag|Man holding a poster reading "Facebook, #jan25, The Egyptian Social Network" during the 2011 protests thumb|People take to the streets on 7 April 2008, in Mahalla, Egypt. In the days following the planned strike on 6 April that was shut down by government force, a series of uprisings and military reprisals turned the city of Mahalla, about two hours north of Cairo, into a conflict zone. Rising food prices fuelled the unrest. The 6 April Movement was formed in the wake of the uprisings which fed revolutionary sentiment and helped lead to the 2011 revolution. The 6 April Youth Movement (Arabic: حركة شباب 6 أبريل) is an Egyptian Facebook group begun in spring 2008 to support workers in El-Mahalla El-Kubra, an industrial town, who were planning to strike on 6 April. Activists called on participants to wear black and stay home the day of the strike. Bloggers and citizen journalists used Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, blogs and other media tools to report on the strike, alert their networks about police activity, organize legal protection and draw attention to their efforts. The New York Times has called it the political Facebook group in Egypt with the most dynamic debates.https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/25/magazine/25bloggers-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 Revolution, Facebook-style The New York Times Magazine 22 January 2009 22 June 2014 In March 2012 it had 325,000https://www.facebook.com/shabab6april 6 April Youth Movement – حركة شباب 6 إبريل Facebook 17 November 2012 predominantly young and members, most previously inactive politically, whose concerns included free speech, nepotism in government and the country's stagnant economy. Their Facebook forum features intense and heated discussions, and is frequently updated. According to political scientist Shingo Hamanaka (2020),Hamanaka Shingo 2020-03-10 The role of digital media in the 2011 Egyptian revolution https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2020.1737676 Democratization 27 5 777–796 10.1080/13510347.2020.1737676 1351-0347 subscription social media networks such as Facebook and Twitter did not act as isolated triggers of the 2011 Revolution but as mobilizing tools that connected pre-existing activist groups like 6 April Youth MovementApril 6 Youth Movement 2025-08-16 Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_6_Youth_Movement&oldid=1306141081 2025-11-16 enFebruary 2026 to a broader audience. Hamanaka's analysis of two data sets show that individuals who were already highly engaged online, were significantly more likely to join street demonstrations. The study distinguishes between two groups, "early movers," who organized protests through digital platforms, and "late followers," who were influenced on digital platforms when widespread mass demonstrations began. We are all Khaled Said is a Facebook group which formed in the aftermath of Said's beating and death. The group attracted hundreds of thousands of members worldwide, playing a prominent role in spreading (and drawing attention to) the growing discontent. As the protests began, Google executive Wael Ghonim revealed that he was behind the account. He was later detained for a few days until the government was able to get a hold of certain information that they needed. Many questions were left around that subject, no one really understood what had actually happened or what has had been said. Who is Wael Ghonim? 8 February 2011 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/who-is-wael-ghonim-1.983967 CBC News 17 February 2011 In a TV interview with SCAF members after the revolution, Abdul Rahman Mansour (an underground activist and media expert) was disclosed as sharing the account with Ghonim. تقرير خاص- من داخل الثورة المصرية http://ara.reuters.com/article/topNews/idARACAE73C0QW20110413?sp=true https://web.archive.org/web/20110721201811/http://ara.reuters.com/article/topNews/idARACAE73C0QW20110413?sp=true dead 21 July 2011 13 April 2011 Reuters transcript 6 February 2011 Another online contribution was made by Asmaa Mahfouz, an activist who posted a video challenging people to publicly protest. Women play vital role in Egypt's uprising https://www.npr.org/2011/02/04/133497422/Women-Play-Vital-Role-In-Egypts-Uprising 4 February 2011 NPR transcript 6 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110205032511/http://www.npr.org/2011/02/04/133497422/Women-Play-Vital-Role-In-Egypts-Uprising 5 February 2011 live Facebook had previously suspended the group because some administrators were using pseudonyms, a violation of the company's terms of service. Can Egypt's Internet Movement Be Exported? 18 February 2011 The Nation http://www.thenation.com/print/article/158717/can-egypts-internet-movement-be-exported 23 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110222074906/http://www.thenation.com/print/article/158717/can-egypts-internet-movement-be-exported 22 February 2011 live Social media has been used extensively.https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/social-media-cellphone-video-fuel-arab-protests-2227088.html Social media, cellphone video fuel Arab protests The Independent UK 27 February 2011 6 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110301071004/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/social-media-cellphone-video-fuel-arab-protests-2227088.html 1 March 2011 deadhttp://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8089/the-realist-prism-politics-vs-social-media-in-the-arab-uprising The Realist Prism: Politics vs. Social Media in the Arab Uprising World Politics Review 25 January 2011 6 March 2011http://www.dailykos.com/story/2011/02/17/946150/-History-of-the-Revolution-on-Facebook History of the Revolution on Facebook Daily Kos 17 February 2011 29 May 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110518094058/http://www.dailykos.com/story/2011/02/17/946150/-History-of-the-Revolution-on-Facebook 18 May 2011 livehttps://techcrunch.com/2011/02/11/feb11/ Mubarak Shut Down The Internet, And The Internet Paid Him in Kind TechCrunch 11 February 2011 26 June 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110515172848/http://techcrunch.com/2011/02/11/feb11/ 15 May 2011 live As one Egyptian activist tweeted during the protests, "We use Facebook to schedule the protests, Twitter to coordinate, and YouTube to tell the world."http://www.miller-mccune.com/politics/the-cascading-effects-of-the-arab-spring-28575/ The Arab Uprising's Cascading Effects Miller-McCune 23 February 2011 6 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110301052550/http://www.miller-mccune.com/politics/the-cascading-effects-of-the-arab-spring-28575/ 1 March 2011 dead Internet censorship has also been extensive, in some cases to the extent of taking entire nations virtually offline. http://www.monkey.org/~labovit/blog/ Craig Labovitz's Blog Monkey.org 6 March 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110308060557/http://www.monkey.org/~labovit/blog/ 8 March 2011 Facebook, Twitter and blogging helped spread the uprising. Egyptian businessman Khaled Said was beaten to death by police in June 2010, reportedly in retaliation for a video he posted showing Egyptian police sharing the spoils of a drug bust. Wael Ghonim's memorial Facebook page to Said grew to over 400,000 followers, creating an online arena where protestors and those discontented with the government could gather and organise. The page called for protests on 25 January, later known as the "Day of Wrath". Hundreds of thousands of protestors flooded the streets to show their discontent with murder and corruption in their country. Ghonim was jailed on 28 January, and released 12 days later. Egyptian activist and 6 April Youth Movement member Asmaa Mahfouz posted a video urging the Egyptian people to meet her at Tahrir Square, rise up against the government and demand democracy. In the video, she spoke about four protesters who had immolated themselves in protest of 30 years of poverty and degradation. On 24 January Mahfouz posted another video relating efforts made in support of the protest, from printing posters to creating flyers. The videos were posted on Facebook and then YouTube. The day after her last video post, hundreds of thousands of Egyptians poured into the streets in protest. Since 25 January 2011, videos (including those of a badly beaten Khaled Said, disproving police claims that he had choked to death), tweets and Facebook comments have kept the world abreast of the situation in Egypt. Amir Ali documents the ways in which social media was used by Egyptian activists, Egyptian celebrities and political figures abroad to fan the protests.Amir Ali http://harvardhrj.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/185-220.pdf The Power of Social Media in Developing Nations: New Tools for Closing the Global Digital Divide and Beyond Harvard Human Rights Journal 24 1 185–189, 208–210 17 July 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20121114083745/http://harvardhrj.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/185-220.pdf 14 November 2012 dead Democracy Now! journalist Sharif Abdel Kouddous provided live coverage and tweets from Tahrir Square during the protests, and was credited with using social media to increase awareness of the protests.http://www.democracynow.org/2011/3/30/sharif_abdel_kouddous_transitions_from_democracy Sharif Abdel Kouddous Transitions from Democracy Now! Senior Producer to Middle East Correspondent Democracy Now 17 November 2012http://pulitzercenter.org/people/sharif-abdel-kouddous Sharif Abdel Kouddous Pulitzer Center 17 November 2012 The role of social media in the Egyptian uprising was debated in the first edition of the Dubai Debates: "Mark Zuckerberg – the new hero of the Arab people?"http://www.dubaidebates.com/debates/view/1/mark-zuckerberg-the-new-hero-of-the-arab-people Previous Debate DubaiDebates.com 22 February 2011 17 November 2012 Amir Ali has argued that, based in part on the Egyptian revolution, social media may be an effective tool in developing nations.Amir Ali http://harvardhrj.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/185-220.pdf The Power of Social Media in Developing Nations: New Tools for Closing the Global Digital Divide and Beyond Harvard Human Rights Journal 24 1 205–208 17 July 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20121114083745/http://harvardhrj.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/185-220.pdf 14 November 2012 dead Critics who downplay the influence of social networking on the Arab Spring cite several points: Fewer than 20 per cent of Egyptians had internet access, and the internet reached less than 40 per cent of the countryAfrica Internet Usage, Facebook and Population Statistics. Internetworldstats.com. Retrieved on 2013-12-06. Social-networking sites were generally unpopular in the Middle East,http://blog.sysomos.com/2009/06/21/a-look-at-twitter-in-iran/ A Look at Twitter in Iran « Sysomos Blog Blog.sysomos.com 21 June 2009 17 November 2012 24 June 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090624133142/http://blog.sysomos.com/2009/06/21/a-look-at-twitter-in-iran/ dead https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/09/iran-twitter-revolution-protests London The Guardian Matthew Weaver Iran's 'Twitter revolution' was exaggerated, says editor 9 June 2010 Such sites were not sufficiently private to evade authoritieshttps://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125978649644673331 The Wall Street Journal Farnaz Fassihi Iranian Crackdown Goes Global 3 December 2009 Many people did not trust social networking as a news sourcehttp://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jun2009/tc20090617_803990_page_2.htm Businessweek – Business News, Stock market & Financial Advice Businessweek.com dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110914103909/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jun2009/tc20090617_803990_page_2.htm 14 September 2011 Social-networking sites were promoted by the mediahttps://www.rferl.org/a/tunisia_can_we_please_stop_talking_about_twitter_revolutions/2277052.html Tunisia: Can We Please Stop Talking About 'Twitter Revolutions'? Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 15 January 2011 17 November 2012 Social-networking sites did not involve non-activists in the revolutionRebekah Heacock http://globalvoices.org/2011/04/15/egypt-gene-sharp-taught-us-how-to-revolt/ Egypt: Gene Sharp Taught Us How To Revolt! Global Voices 15 April 2011 17 November 2012 Some protesters discouraged the use of social media. A widely circulated pamphlet by an anonymous activist group titled "How to Protest Intelligently" (Arabic: كيف للاحتجاج بذكاء؟), asked readers "not to use Twitter or Facebook or other websites because they are all being monitored by the Ministry of the Interior".Madrigal Alexis C. Egyptian Activists' Action Plan: Translated https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/01/egyptian-activists-action-plan-translated/70388/ The Atlantic 28 January 2011 15 June 2014 Television, particularly live coverage by Al Jazeera English and BBC News, was important to the revolution; the cameras provided exposure, preventing mass violence by the government in Tahrir Square (in contrast to the lack of live coverage and more-widespread violence in Libya).Hearns-Branaman, Jesse Owen (2012), 'The Egyptian Revolution did not take place: On live television coverage by Al Jazeera English', International Journal of Baudrillard Studies Vol 9, no 1 https://www.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/vol-9_1/v9-1-branaman.html IJBS - Volume 9-1 January 2012 17 May 2015 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20150321094852/http://www.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/vol-9_1/v9-1-branaman.html 21 March 2015 Its use was important in order to portray the violence of the Egyptian government, as well as, building support for the revolution through several different mediums. On one front was social media giving minute by minute updates via YouTube, Facebook and Twitter, and in the other hand was the use of the mainstream media to report to a wider audience about the overall developments occurring in Egypt.Eltantawy Nahed Wiest Julie B. 2011-09-02 The Arab Spring Social Media in the Egyptian Revolution: Reconsidering Resource Mobilization Theory http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1242 International Journal of Communication en 5 18 1932-8036 The ability of protesters to focus their demonstrations on a single area (with live coverage) was fundamental in Egypt but impossible in Libya, Bahrain and Syria, irrespective of social-media use. A social-media expert launched a network of messages with the hashtag #jan25 on 11 February 2011, when Mubarak's resignation was announced.Panisson André The Egyptian Revolution on Twitter https://gephi.org/2011/the-egyptian-revolution-on-twitter/ 26 December 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20111225095702/http://gephi.org/2011/the-egyptian-revolution-on-twitter/ 25 December 2011 Social media helped secure solidarity for the revolutionaries from people outside of Egypt. This is evident through movements like the "March of Millions", "Voice of Egypt Abroad", "Egyptians Abroad in Support of Egypt" and "New United Arab States", who had their inception during the revolution inside the realms of Twitter and Facebook. Journalism scholar Heather Ford studied the use of infoboxes and cleanup templates in the Wikipedia article regarding the revolution. Ford claims that infoboxes and cleanup tags were used as objects of "bespoken-code" by Wikipedia editors. By using these elements, editors shaped the news narrative in the first 18 days of the revolution. Ford used the discussion page and the history of edits to the page. She shows how political cartoons were removed, and how the number of casualties became a source of heated debate. Her research exemplifies how editors coordinated and prioritised work on the article, but also how political events are represented through collaborative journalism.'Ford, Heather. "Infoboxes and cleanup tags: Artifacts of Wikipedia newsmaking". Journalism (2014): 1464884914545739. Role of media disruption on 28 January 2011 During the early morning hours of 28 January the Mubarak regime shut down internet and cell phone networks in the whole country. This media shutdown was likely one of the reasons why the numbers of protestors exploded on 28 January. While the regime disrupted the media, people needed to engage in face-to-face communication on a local level, which the regime could not monitor or control. In such a situation it is more likely that radicals will influence their neighbours, who are not able to see the public opinion displayed in social media, therefore these people are then more likely to also engage in civil unrest.Hassanpour Navid 2014 Media Disruption and Revolutionary Unrest:Evidence From Mubarak's Quasi-Experiment Political Communication 31 1–24 10.1080/10584609.2012.737439 143328555 This vicious circle can be explained through a threshold model of collective behaviour, which states that people are more likely to engage in risky actions if other people inside their networks (neighbours, friends, etc.) have taken action. Radicals have a small threshold and are more likely to form new networks during an information blackout, influencing the people. Disrupting the media and communication had 2 main results: it increased the local mobilisation of people and empowered radicals who influenced their surroundings, which resulted in an increase in protests.Hassanpour Navid 2014 Media Disruption and Revolutionary Unrest: Evidence From Mubarak's Quasi-Experiment Political Communication 31 5–6 10.1080/10584609.2012.737439 143328555 During 28 January the increased local mobilisation pushed a large amount of apolitical Egyptians into action, either to look after their friends and family in the absence of mobile communication or to complain about the shutdown, resulting in large protests not only in Cairo. Meanwhile, the Mubarak regime was unable to communicate a possible threat to the protestors via social media and was therefore unable to dissuade the crowds through this mean, which spread the protests further. Post-revolutionary art Contemporary_art_in_Egypt#Egyptian_arts_post-2011_revolution Egyptian art after the 2011 Revolution The 25 January Revolution and the fall of Hosni Mubarak the following month ushered in a new artistic era reflecting a changed social and political environment;Smith Amelia Revolution Graffiti: Street Art of the new Egypt http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/media-review/book-review/5599-revolution-graffiti-street-art-of-the-new-egypt Middle East Monitor 15 April 2013 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20130412121254/http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/media-review/book-review/5599-revolution-graffiti-street-art-of-the-new-egypt 12 April 2013 "the revolution triggered a new public culture".Abaza Mona Walls, Segregating Downtown Cairo and the Mohammed Mahmud Street Graffiti Theory, Culture & Society 9 October 2012 30 1 Since its beginning, artists played a significant role in the protests; street art and music (electro or techno sha'bi) were used to craft a public culture.Parshley Lois For Egypt's Graffiti Artists Revolution Brings Inspiration and Uncertainty https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/for-egypts-graffiti-artists-revolution-brings-inspiration-and-uncertainty/245941/ The Atlantic 15 April 2013 Artists documented and captured the essence of the revolution, distributing their art through online and face-to-face social networks.Kholeif Omar The Social Impulse: Politics, Media and Art After the Arab Uprisings http://www.artandeducation.net/paper/the-social-impulse-politics-media-and-art-after-the-arab-uprisings/ Art & Education 15 April 2013 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20130403032924/http://www.artandeducation.net/paper/the-social-impulse-politics-media-and-art-after-the-arab-uprisings/ 3 April 2013 See also Egypt Politics 2000 uprising in Egypt 2011 virginity tests of protestors in Egypt Cross border attacks in Sabah 1997 Asian financial crisis#Indonesia 1967 Hong Kong riots Lebanese Civil War Syrian civil war Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa Muslim Brotherhood in post-Mubarak electoral politics of Egypt Mohamed Mahmoud graffiti Freedom in the World List of freedom indices List of modern conflicts in the Middle East List of modern conflicts in North Africa 2008 financial crisis 2007–2008 world food price crisis Ahmed Seada – political activist University on the Square – a university 2011 documentation project 2019 Egyptian protests 2016–17 Egyptian protests References Further reading Bradley John R. John R. Bradley https://archive.org/details/insideegyptlando00brad Inside Egypt: the land of the Pharaohs on the brink of a revolution Palgrave Macmillan 2008 978-0-230-12066-2 New York 156832004 Egypt: the moment of change Zed Books 2009 978-1-84813-021-0 El-Mahdi Rabab London Marfleet Philip Faris David Revolutions Without Revolutionaries? Social Media Networks and Regime Response in Egypt 17 May 2010 PhD University of Pennsylvania 20.500.14332/27943 Ketchley Neil https://books.google.com/books?id=VdQoDwAAQBAJ Egypt in a time of revolution: contentious politics and the Arab Spring 2017 Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18497-8 Cambridge studies in contentious politics Cambridge; New York Maurushat Alana Chawki Mohamed Al-Alosi Hadeel El Shazly Yassin 9 October 2014 The Impact of Social Networks and Mobile Technologies on the Revolutions in the Arab World—A Study of Egypt and Tunisia https://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers/1953/ Laws 3 4 674–692 10.3390/laws3040674 free 2075-471X Radsch Courtney C. 2008 Core to Commonplace: The Evolution of Egypt's Blogosphere https://www.arabmediasociety.com/core-to-commonplace-the-evolution-of-egypts-blogosphere/ Arab Media & Society American University of Cairo 6, Fall Rutherford Bruce K. Egypt after Mubarak: liberalism, Islam, and democracy in the Arab world Princeton University Press 2008 978-0-691-13665-3 Princeton studies in Muslim politics Princeton 228427187 Albrecht Holger October 2015 The Myth of Coup-proofing: Risk and Instances of Military Coups d'état in the Middle East and North Africa, 1950–2013 Armed Forces & Society 41 4 659–687 10.1177/0095327X14544518 0095-327X 48669889 2011 Egyptian protests 2011 Egypt anti-government protests General Egypt Resources from Google Crisis Response Egyptian revolution of 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20170629234025/https://botw.org/top/Regional/Africa/Egypt/Society_and_Culture/Politics/Protests_2011/ 29 June 2017 at the Best of the Web Directory Media library documenting Egypt's 25 Jan revolution with thousands of videos & photos Digital Library includes photos, videos, visual art, and oral histories contributed by student activists, academics, security officers, and demonstrators in and around Cairo. Web Archive includes archived versions of blogs, Twitter feeds, local and regional media coverage, and other sites related to 25 January Revolution. Middle East and North Africa in turmoil – Tracking the Protests. Chart provided by The Washington Post to keep up day by day with all of the anti-government protests which as off May 2011 are spreading rapidly through the Middle East and North Africa. Timeline: Transition in Egypt. Key events leading up to the first presidential election since the ouster of President Hosni Mubarak and subsequent developments as provided by The Washington Post Egypt Elections: Key Events Timeline In Egyptian Uprising And Transition as provided by Agence France-Presse Egypt's revolution: Interactive map as provided by BBC News Middle East Vox Populi: ongoing project by Lara Baladi which includes a series of media initiatives, art projects, publications and a portal into web based archives Live coverage https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12307698 Egypt's new era BBC News UK 26 March 2011 https://www.theguardian.com/world/series/egypt-protests Egypt protests live The Guardian UK 1 February 2011 http://www.youtrust.org/themes/egyptian-revolution-one-year-on/ Egyptian Revolution – One Year On Thomson Reuters Foundation UK 25 January 2012 http://live.reuters.com/Event/Unrest_in_Egypt Unrest in Egypt Reuters UK 30 January 2011 28 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110130092405/http://live.reuters.com/Event/Unrest_in_Egypt dead Egypt Real Time Video Stream at Frequency Crowdsourcing http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/anger-in-egypt/ Egypt's Revolution Al Jazeera Qatar dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110129065812/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/anger-in-egypt/ 29 January 2011 Emergency Law and Police Brutality in Egypt https://web.archive.org/web/20110130194542/http://crowdvoice.org/emergency-law-and-police-brutality-in-egypt/ 30 January 2011 at CrowdVoice Citizen Media coverage on Egypt Protests by Global Voices Online Testimonials From Egyptians https://web.archive.org/web/20110212123951/http://www.therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=33&Itemid=74&jumival=684 12 February 2011 at The Real News http://www.youtrust.org/packages/?id=2d45ee86-4a13-4cf3-b0f8-3416251ff410&themeid=7feaa14f-7588-4a40-b4e5-77b2bfa674d2/ Egyptian elections Thomson Reuters Foundation UK http://www.aucegypt.edu/onthesquare/ https://archive.today/20121126235903/http://www.aucegypt.edu/onthesquare/ dead 2012-11-26 University on the Square: Documenting Egypt's 21st Century Revolution American University in Cairo Egypt Interviews Interview with Wael Ghonim, Google mideast manager: Guardian via Dream TV, subtitled; Full translation http://digitalcollections.aucegypt.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15795coll2 Egypt's 21st Century Revolution Oral Histories American University in Cairo Egypt dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120701213330/http://digitalcollections.aucegypt.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15795coll2 1 July 2012 Documentaries Egypt: A Nation in Waiting (Al Jazeera documentary focusing on past trends in Egypt's political history and the events which led to the revolution.) Revolution in Cairo (PBS Frontline documentary about the role of 6 April youth movement, cyberactivism and the Muslim Brotherhood in the revolution) How to Start a Revolution (A multi-award winning British documentary on nonviolent action and the Arab Spring focusing on Gene Sharp.) https://web.archive.org/web/20120210160810/http://howtostartarevolutionfilm.com/ 10 February 2012 Uprising (2012 film) The Square (2013 film) Tickling Giants 1/2 Revolution Analysis and criticism Norman Finkelstein: An important analysis of the Egyptian revolution and counter-revolution. http://wiki.aucegypt.edu/isqatalnizam/index.php/Main_Page Isqat Al-Nizam American University in Cairo Egypt 25 March 2012 13 April 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120413032713/http://wiki.aucegypt.edu/isqatalnizam/index.php/Main_Page dead http://dar.aucegypt.edu/handle/10526/2364 Egyptian and Arab Revolution Scholarly Works American University in Cairo Egypt Demonstrations in Tahrir Square: Two Years Later, What has Changed?: Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, 26 February 2013 External links Tahrir Documents http://www.TahrirDocuments.org/ University of California, Los Angeles Collected from demonstrations in Cairo's Tahrir Square 2011–present Category:Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) Category:Arab Spring by country Category:2011 in Egypt Category:2011 protests Category:2011 riots Category:January 2011 in Africa Category:February 2011 in Africa Category:2010s revolutions Category:Nonviolent revolutions Category:Politics of Egypt Category:Protests in Egypt Category:Protest-related deaths in Egypt Category:Riots and civil disorder in Egypt Category:Revolutions in Egypt Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Category:Articles containing video clips Category:2010s internet outages Category:Social movements in Egypt Category:Hosni Mubarak