1850 in science

none 1850 science 1850 The year 1850 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Biology May 25 – The young Hippopotamous Obaysch arrives at London Zoo from Egypt, the first seen in Europe since Roman times. Rewilding of Ascension Island begins. Chemistry April 15 – Capt. John William Reynolds presents his discovery of propylene.Reynolds John W. XV.—On "propylene," a new hydrocarbon of the series C n H n Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society 1850 3 2 111–120 10.1039/QJ8510300111 https://books.google.com/books?id=jJ8wAAAAYAAJ&dq=Propylene+Chemical+Society+of+London&pg=PA111 October 17 – James Young patents a method of distilling kerosene from coal. Rev. Levi Hill invents a color photography process, "helicromy", capable of basic rendering of reds and blues. Mathematics July 2 – William Thomson communicates Stokes' theorem to George Stokes.https://books.google.com/books?id=YrjkOEdC83gC&pg=PA97 The Correspondence between Sir George Gabriel Stokes and Sir William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs, Volume 1: 1846–1869 1990 Cambridge University Press Wilson David B. Cambridge, England 96–97 9780521328319 Stokes presents a paper on the numerical calculation of a class of definite integrals and infinite series.G. G. Stokes 1856 https://books.google.com/books?id=L_NYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA166 On the numerical calculation of a class of definite integrals and infinite series Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 9 1 166–188 Thomas Kirkman proposes Kirkman's schoolgirl problem.Query VI The Lady's and Gentleman's DiaryTahta Dick The Fifteen Schoolgirls Black Apollo Press 2006 Cambridge 1-900355-48-5 Victor Puiseux distinguishes between poles and branch points and introduces the concept of essential singular points. J. J. Sylvester originates the term matrix in mathematics.London, Edinburgh & Dublin Philosophical Magazine 37 (1850) p. 369 (OED).Tony Crilly 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know London Quercus 2007 978-1-84724-008-8 156 Medicine March – Dr Benjamin Guy Babington founds the London Epidemiological Society.International Journal of Epidemiology 30 2 226–230 2001 10.1093/ije/30.2.226 Benjamin Guy Babington: Founding President of the London Epidemiological Society Alun Evans 11369720 free Central Criminal Lunatic Asylum for Ireland opened in Dundrum, Dublin, the first secure hospital in Europe.http://www.cmhcarers.org/#/hospital-history/4534112428 History Central Mental Hospital Carers 2014-11-22 Meteorology April 3 – British Meteorological Society founded. Physics May – John Tyndall and Hermann Knoblauch publish a report on "The magneto-optic properties of crystals, and the relation of magnetism and diamagnetism to molecular arrangement". Rudolf Clausius publishes his paper on the mechanical theory of heat, which first states the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics.Clausius R. Über die bewegende Kraft der Wärme, pt I http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15164w/f384.table Annalen der Physik 79 368–397 1850 2011-04-26 10.1002/andp.18501550306 1850AnP...155..368C 2027/uc1.$b242250 freePt II http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15164w/f518.table Annalen der Physik 500–524 10.1002/andp.18501550403 155 1850AnP...155..500C 2027/uc1.$b242250 free English translation as https://archive.org/details/londonedinburghd02lond On the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws regarding the Nature of Heat itself which are deducible therefrom Philosophical Magazine 1851 2 1–21, 102–119 2011-04-26 Hippolyte Fizeau and E. Gounelle measure the speed of electricity. Léon Foucault demonstrates the greater speed of light in air than in water, and establishes that the speed of light in different media is inverse to the refractive indices of the media, using a rotating mirror. George Stokes publishes a paper on the effects of the internal friction of fluids on the motion of pendulums. Technology April 15 – Angers Bridge, a French suspension bridge, collapses in a storm with around 480 soldiers marching across it; about 226 are killed. July 14 – John Gorrie makes the first public demonstration of his ice-making machine, in Apalachicola, Florida.James Burke (science historian) James Burke Connections London Macmillan 1978 0-333-24827-9 240 Completion of the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève in Paris to the design of Henri Labrouste, the first major public building with an exposed cast-iron frame.Marvin Trachtenberg Isabelle Hyman Architecture: from Prehistory to Post-Modernism – the Western tradition London Academy Editions 1986 0856708992 478 Institutions Astronomer Maria Mitchell becomes the first woman member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The University of Oxford in England establishes an Honour School (i.e. an undergraduate course) in Natural Science. Awards Copley Medal: Peter Andreas HansenCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopædia Britannica 23 July 2020 Wollaston Medal: William HopkinsThe Geological Society of London – Wollaston Medal https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/About/Awards-Grants-and-Bursaries/Society-Awards/Wollaston-Medal www.geolsoc.org.uk 23 July 2020 Births January 5 – Sidney Browne (died 1941), British military nurse. January 15 (January 3 O.S.) – Sofia Kovalevskaya (died 1891), Russian-born mathematician. January 24 – Hermann Ebbinghaus (died 1909), German psychologist. January 29 – Edmond Nocard (died 1903), French veterinarian and microbiologist. February 15 – Sophie Bryant (died 1922), Irish-born mathematician and educationalist. March 31 – Charles Walcott (died 1927), American paleontologist. April 10 – Mary Emilie Holmes (died 1906), American geologist and educator. May 18 – Oliver Heaviside (died 1925), English physicist. May 21 – Giuseppe Mercalli (died 1914), Italian volcanologist. May 23 – George Claridge Druce (died 1932), English botanist. June 6 – Karl Ferdinand Braun (died 1918), German-born physicist. August 30 – Charles Richet (died 1935), French physiologist, Nobel Prize winner. Deaths March 27 – Wilhelm Beer (born 1797), German astronomer. April 9 – William Prout (born 1785), English chemist. May 10 – Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (born 1778), French chemist and physicist. July 12 – Robert Stevenson (born 1772), Scottish lighthouse engineer. August 5 – Mary Anne Whitby (born 1783), English scientist. December 4 – William Sturgeon (born 1783), English inventor. References Category:19th century in science Category:1850s in science