2011 England riots

6–11 August riots in cities and towns across England January 2014 September 2021 2011 England riots Carpetright store after Tottenham riots.jpg Firefighters watering a shop and apartments destroyed by arson during the initial rioting in Tottenham 6–11 August 2011 (copycat incidents continued after this period) Several boroughs of London; West Midlands, Merseyside, East Midlands, Greater Manchester, Bristol and several other areas https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/interactive/2011/aug/09/uk-riots-incident-map UK riots: every verified incident – interactive map The Guardian 11 August 2011 Simon Rogers Ami Sedghi Lisa Evans 10 December 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161115160607/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/interactive/2011/aug/09/uk-riots-incident-map 15 November 2016 live https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8689355/London-riots-all-incidents-mapped-in-London-and-around-the-UK.html London riots map: all incidents mapped in London and around the UK The Daily Telegraph 9 August 2011 Sebastian Payne 3 April 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20170920171101/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8689355/London-riots-all-incidents-mapped-in-London-and-around-the-UK.html 20 September 2017 live Rioting, looting, arson, robbery, assault, murder Shops, homes, vehicles destroyed Reported fatalities and injuries 205 (16 members of the public, 186 police officers, and 3 police community support officers) http://www.pcs.org.uk/en/news_and_events/pcs_comment/index.cfm/id/6E377B58-2B83-4B3C-804DC75DEAB6DB22 Police staff working rest days to cover riot workload https://web.archive.org/web/20110828134811/http://www.pcs.org.uk/en/news_and_events/pcs_comment/index.cfm/id/6E377B58-2B83-4B3C-804DC75DEAB6DB22 28 August 2011 Public and Commercial Services Union 12 August 2011 http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16046035 Live Updates From Sky News Team And Twitter: Riots Spread Across London BSkyB 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110811153947/http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16046035 11 August 2011 https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/world/police-warning-on-vigilante-justice-after-english-riots/news-story/26c98adb94a4057679651f0b2ddb4fe3 Police warning on vigilante justice after English riots The Australian 11 August 2011 11 August 2011 Peter Wilson https://web.archive.org/web/20110811025927/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/police-warning-on-vigilante-justice-after-english-riots/story-e6frg6so-1226112680585 11 August 2011 subscription live 5 3,000+ 2,815 homes, businesses attackedEngland rioters "poorer, younger, less educated" https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15426720 BBC News 24 October 2011 16 October 2020 Damage A series of riots took place between 6 and 11 August 2011 in cities and towns across England, which saw looting and arson, as well as mass deployment of police and the deaths of five people.Bridges Lee 20 June 2012 Four days in August: the UK riots http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396812446564 Race & Class SAGE Publishing Thousand Oaks, California 54 1 1–12 10.1177/0306396812446564 145666650 0306-3968 subscription The protests started in Tottenham Hale, London, following the killing of Mark Duggan, a local mixed-race man who was shot dead by police on 4 August.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14434318 Riots in Tottenham after Mark Duggan shooting protest BBC News 7 August 2011 30 January 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120119014842/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14434318 19 January 2012 live Several violent clashes with police followed Duggan's death, along with the destruction of police vehicles, a double-decker bus and many homes and businesses, which rapidly gained the attention of the media. Overnight, looting took place in Tottenham Hale retail park and in nearby Wood Green. The following days saw similar scenes in other parts of London, with the worst rioting taking place in Hackney, Brixton, Walthamstow, Wandsworth, Peckham, Enfield, Battersea, Croydon, Ealing, Barking, Woolwich, Lewisham and East Ham. From 8 to 11 August, other towns and cities in England (including Birmingham, Bristol, Coventry, Derby, Leicester, Liverpool, Manchester and Nottingham) faced what was described by the media as "copycat violence", with social media playing a role. By 10 August, more than 3,000 arrests had been made across England, with at least 1,984 people facing criminal charges for various offences related to the riots.London riots: More than 3,000 arrested https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-15611395 BBC News 7 November 2011 16 October 2020 Initially, courts sat for extended hours. A total of 3,443 crimes across London were linked to the disorder.https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/08/25/london-riots-more-than-2-000-people-arrested-over-disorder-115875-23371068/ London riots: More than 2,000 people arrested over disorder Daily Mirror 25 August 2011 2011 8 15 Along with the five deaths, at least 16 others were injured as a direct result of related violent acts. An estimated £200 million worth of property damage was incurred, and local economic activity – which in many cases was already struggling due to the Great Recession – was significantly compromised. Significant debate was generated among political, social, and academic figures about the causes and context of the riots. Attributions for the rioters' behaviour included social factors such as racial tension, class tension, economic decline and its consequent unemployment.Britain's rioters count cost of unrest as order restored http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/08/12/uk.riots CNN 12 August 2011 12 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120114142822/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/08/12/uk.riots/ 14 January 2012 deadhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14532532 England's week of riots BBC News 15 August 2011 20 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180623205000/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14532532 23 June 2018 liveLewis Paul Tottenham riots: a peaceful protest, then suddenly all hell broke loose The Guardian 7 August 2011 7 August 2011 https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/07/tottenham-riots-peaceful-protest https://web.archive.org/web/20130927020437/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/07/tottenham-riots-peaceful-protest 27 September 2013 liveTottenham in flames as protesters riot https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/06/police-cars-attacked-tottenham-mark-duggan The Guardian 6 August 2011 London 6 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20130927035838/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/06/police-cars-attacked-tottenham-mark-duggan 27 September 2013 live Police shooting of Mark Duggan Killing of Mark Duggan thumb|right|Ferry Lane, Tottenham Hale, location of the shooting On 4 August 2011, a police officer shot dead 29-year-old Mark Duggan during an intelligence-led, targeted vehicle stop procedure on the Ferry Lane bridge next to Tottenham Hale station.Mark Duggan shooting: Bullets results 'within 24 hours' BBC News 8 August 2011 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14443311 20 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20190226082918/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14443311 26 February 2019 livehttps://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna44091979 Soul searching lies ahead as UK riots cool 10 August 2011 NBC News 22 May 2022 The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC, now replaced by the Independent Office for Police Conduct) said that the planned arrest was part of Operation Trident, which at that time investigated gun crime in the black community. The incident had been referred to the IPCC,Man dead and police officer hurt in Tottenham shooting https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14412752 BBC News 5 August 2011 6 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110805062329/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14412752 5 August 2011 live which was standard practice if death or serious injury follows police contact.What does the IPCC do? http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/en/Pages/what_do.aspx Independent Police Complaints Commission 22 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111004144951/http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/en/Pages/what_do.aspx 4 October 2011 dead Following the shooting, the media widely reported that a bullet was found embedded in a police radio, implying that Duggan fired on the police. Friends and relatives of Duggan said that he was unarmed. The police later revealed that initial ballistics tests on the bullet recovered from the police radio indicate that it was a "very distinct" police issue hollow-point bullet.Doubts emerge over Duggan shooting as London burns Sandra Laville Paul Lewis Vikram Dodd Caroline Davies https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/07/police-attack-london-burns The Guardian 7 August 2011 7 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20130930191543/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/07/police-attack-london-burns 30 September 2013 liveGabbatt Adam https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2011/aug/07/tottenham-riots-police-duggan-live#block-44 London disturbances – Sunday 7 August The Guardian 4 August 2011 9 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20131002172405/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2011/aug/07/tottenham-riots-police-duggan-live#block-44 2 October 2013 live The IPCC later stated that a loaded Bruni/BBM blank-firing pistol, converted to fire live ammunition, was recovered from the scene.https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8699857/The-street-code-of-vengeance-that-sparked-the-riots.html The street code of vengeance that sparked the riots Lewis Jason 13 August 2011 The Daily Telegraph 18 August 2011 London https://web.archive.org/web/20110818095832/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8699857/The-street-code-of-vengeance-that-sparked-the-riots.html 18 August 2011 livehttps://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/no-evidence-that-mark-duggan-shot-at-police-says-ipcc-6431227.html https://archive.today/20120919080804/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23976974-no-evidence-that-mark-duggan-shot-at-police-says-ipcc.do dead 19 September 2012 'No evidence' that Mark Duggan shot at police, says IPCC 10 August 2011 London Evening Standard 18 August 2011 It was wrapped in a sock, and there was no evidence that it had been fired.The Independent Police Complaints Commission has just announced that there is no evidence The Guardian 10 August 2011 9 August 2011 https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2011/aug/09/london-riots-day-four-live-blog#block-63 registration Sam Jones Matt Wells Paul Owen Ben Quinn https://web.archive.org/web/20220129172108/https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/no-evidence-that-mark-duggan-shot-at-police-says-ipcc-6431227.html 29 January 2022 live On 13 August, the IPCC stated that Duggan did not open fire: "It seems possible that we may have verbally led journalists to [wrongly] believe that shots were exchanged." The bullet that had lodged in an officer's radio is believed to have been an overpenetration, having passed through Duggan's body.https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/world/mark-duggan-did-not-fire-his-weapon-at-police/news-story/a86723c5b9fbcf5c6df6c3b286814fbc Mark Duggan did not fire his weapon at police https://web.archive.org/web/20110810030025/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/mark-duggan-did-not-fire-his-weapon-at-police/story-e6frg6so-1226111938756 10 August 2011 The Australian subscription live 10 August 2011 At lunchtime on 6 August, a meeting was called by police between local community leaders, councillors and members of police advisory groups. In this meeting, police were warned several times that there could possibly be another riot similar to the Broadwater Farm riot of 1985 if local concerns regarding the death were not addressed.Tottenham in flames as riot follows protest Channel 4 News 16 September 2011 19 August 2011 http://www.channel4.com/news/could-the-tottenham-riots-have-been-prevented https://web.archive.org/web/20110909072458/http://www.channel4.com/news/could-the-tottenham-riots-have-been-prevented 9 September 2011 liveStephenson Wesley Tottenham police "could have stopped riots" BBC News 16 September 2011 25 August 2011 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14646187 https://web.archive.org/web/20110908192257/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14646187 8 September 2011 live On 8 January 2014, a coroner’s jury concluded that Duggan was lawfully killed. The verdict of lawful killing was upheld by the Court of Appeal in 2017.Taylor Diane Mark Duggan family lose appeal against lawful killing verdict 29 March 2017 https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/mar/29/mark-duggan-family-lose-appeal-against-lawful-killing-verdict The Guardian 29 March 2017 8 June 2020 Protest march On 6 August, a protest was held, initially peacefully, beginning at Broadwater Farm and finishing at Tottenham police station.Bolesworth Sarah Neild Barry Beaumont Peter Lewis Paul Laville Sandra Tottenham in flames as riot follows protest The Observer London 7 August 2011 7 August 2011 https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/06/tottenham-riots-protesters-police https://web.archive.org/web/20130930191539/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/06/tottenham-riots-protesters-police 30 September 2013 live The protest was organised by friends and relatives of Duggan to "demand justice" for the family.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14423942 Tottenham police shooting: Dead man was minicab passenger BBC News 5 August 2011 7 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110806204051/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14423942 6 August 2011 livehttp://www.channel4.com/news/police-patrol-tottenham-after-riots Tottenham riots are a disgrace, says MP 7 August 2011 Channel 4 News 7 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110901045616/http://www.channel4.com/news/police-patrol-tottenham-after-riots 1 September 2011 live The group of some 300 people demanded that a senior local police officer come out to speak to them. When Chief Inspector Ade Adelekan arrived, he was met with boos and cries of "murderer", "Uncle Tom" and "coconut".https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/london-riots--one-year-on-owen-jones-commences-a-series-of-special-reports-7965142.html London riots – one year on: Owen Jones commences a series of special reports The Independent https://web.archive.org/web/20150925163320/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/london-riots--one-year-on-owen-jones-commences-a-series-of-special-reports-7965142.html 25 September 2015 23 July 2012 22 May 2022 live The crowd stayed in front of the police station hours longer than they originally planned because they were not satisfied with the seniority of the officers available at the time. Rumours that a 16-year-old girl had sustained injuries after attacking police with a champagne bottle began circulating on social media. The girl was never publicly identified, and the report was never confirmed. However, the rumour alone was sufficient to further fuel tensions in the area.https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/sep/05/tottenham-riots-police-community Tottenham riots: missteps in the dance of police and a frustrated community Hugh Muir https://web.archive.org/web/20170407085727/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/sep/05/tottenham-riots-police-community 7 April 2017 The Guardian 5 September 2011 live 22 May 2022 Riots Timeline of the 2011 England riots thumb|A firefighter douses a blaze in Tottenham during the aftermath of the initial riot. The peaceful march on the morning of Saturday 6 August in Tottenham was followed by rioting and looting, first in Tottenham and later in Tottenham Hale Retail Park.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-10321233 England riots: Maps and timeline BBC News 17 August 2011 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110811192752/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-10321233 11 August 2011 live Rioting occurred shortly after about 120 people marched from the Broadwater Farm estate to Tottenham Police Station via the High Road.http://www.harrowobserver.co.uk/west-london-news/world-uk-news/2011/08/07/eight-officers-hurt-as-riots-erupt-116451-29192283 Eight officers hurt as riots erupt The Harrow Observer 7 August 2011 17 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111004001726/http://www.harrowobserver.co.uk/west-london-news/world-uk-news/2011/08/07/eight-officers-hurt-as-riots-erupt-116451-29192283/ 4 October 2011 The spread of news and rumours about the previous evening's disturbances in Tottenham sparked riots during the night of Sunday 7 August in the London districts of Brixton, Enfield, Islington and Wood Green and in Oxford Circus in the centre of London. thumb|left|Rioters facing police on the evening of Saturday 6 August 2011 In the evening of Monday 8 August, many areas of London were affected by widespread looting, arson and violence. There were significant outbreaks in parts of Battersea, Brixton, Bromley, Camden, Croydon, Ealing, East Ham, Hackney, Harrow, Lewisham, Peckham, Stratford, Tower Hamlets, Waltham Forest, Wandsworth, Woolwich, and Wood Green. A man was found shot in Croydon and died later in hospital. Another man who had been assaulted in Ealing died in hospital on Thursday 11 August.11 August 2011 Ealing riot: CCTV of Richard Mannington Bowes attack suspect en-GB BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-14490407 2021-10-12 Similar riots were reported outside London – most notably in Birmingham, Manchester, Nottingham, Wolverhampton, Liverpool, and Bristol.https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/look-back-bristol-riots-saw-317780 A look back at the Bristol riots that saw vandalism and looting across the city six years ago Ballinger Alex 13 August 2017 BristolLive 7 April 2023 There were reports of unrest on a smaller scale in other parts of the country, including Gillingham and Derby.https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/06/london-riots-ukcrime Unreported riots – trouble across the country Clifton Helen 6 December 2011 The Guardian 7 April 2023 thumb|Rioters attempt to loot a cycle shop in Chalk Farm, Camden. Following a greatly increased police presence, London was quiet on Tuesday 9 August, but rioting continued in Nottingham and Birmingham (where, according to the police account, 11 shots were fired at police, including at a police helicopter, and petrol bombs thrown at officershttp://www.west-midlands.police.uk/latest-news/appeal.asp?ID=4190 Footage released after shots fired at police in Birmingham disorder 20 August 2011 West Midlands Police 20 August 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20140728114513/http://www.west-midlands.police.uk/latest-news/appeal.asp?id=4190 28 July 2014 ) and spread to Leicester, parts of the West Midlands and to parts of Greater Manchester and Merseyside in the north-west of England. On 10 August, London remained quiet while hundreds of arrests were being made by the police. Three men were killed in Birmingham in a hit-and-run incident related to the disturbances.August 2026 Looting and violence continued in two locations around Manchester and Liverpool. Social media thumb|left|Bank workers in Walthamstow observe the destruction which was caused in the early hours of the morning. The existence of social media made the 2011 riots unparalleled to any before them in terms of the speed at which issues managed to spread and at which rioters were able to mobilise and organise. Many used sites such as Facebook and Twitter to promote and advertise sites for looting and disorder. As a result, many online organisers were handed severe sentences for their roles in the violence.Bell Brian 10 June 2021 CRIME DETERRENCE: EVIDENCE FROM THE LONDON 2011 RIOTS The Economic Journal Throughout the rioting, many of the rioters failed to cover their faces. Some posed for pictures with stolen goods, posting them on social networking sites.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-14463452 UK riots: What turns people into looters? 10 August 2011 BBC News 9 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110810052413/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-14463452 10 August 2011 live Although London employs CCTV cameras to monitor crime and large events, reports indicate that citizen footage contributed more to capturing looters in action than the police force.London and England riots: CCTV pictures of suspects are released by the police https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/uknews/8690951/London-riots-CCTV-pictures-of-suspects-are-released-by-the-Metropolitan-Police.html The Daily Telegraph 9 August 2011 17 May 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150519065116/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/uknews/8690951/London-riots-CCTV-pictures-of-suspects-are-released-by-the-Metropolitan-Police.html 19 May 2015 live Beyond the CCTV, looters were filmed and photographed with their faces visible. Police forces and investigators used websites like Flickr to find galleries of the looters to help solve and prevent cases of vandalism and further damage. Facebook pages were also created to identify looters.Popkins Helen Citizen Cameras Capture more Looters than London Cops http://www.technolog.msnbc.msn.com/technology/technolog/citizen-cameras-capture-more-london-looters-cops-121801 Blog TechnoBlog 28 March 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120420112134/http://www.technolog.msnbc.msn.com/technology/technolog/citizen-cameras-capture-more-london-looters-cops-121801 20 April 2012 thumb|Burnt-out cars in Liverpool Several interactive maps were implemented in the Google Maps website that showed satellite views of what was happening in the streets during the rioting. James Cridland, the managing director of the free media resources, created a Google Map that tracked verified locations of rioting. Channel 4 News had similar maps that progressively tracked the damage in the streets as well.Benedetti Winda Interactive maps reveal satellite's view of UK riots http://www.technolog.msnbc.msn.com/technology/technolog/interactive-maps-reveal-satellites-view-uk-riots-121583 Blog TechnoBlog 27 March 2012 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120508151113/http://www.technolog.msnbc.msn.com/technology/technolog/interactive-maps-reveal-satellites-view-uk-riots-121583 8 May 2012 The Guardian created both a map and a dataset of events of the riotsRogers Simon Rogersa Simon Sedghi Ami 2011-08-10 UK riots: every verified incident. Download the full list https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/09/uk-riots-incident-listed-mapped 2024-08-22 The Guardian en-GB 0261-3077UK RIOT LOCATIONS https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1CW4aGpaZYNAY3Lr5RsBTXoLdzPOzkajjaniTU5xQeuY/edit?hl=en_US&pli=1&hl=en_US&pli=1&gid=0#gid=0 2024-08-22 Google Docs en-US News channels also were able to utilise this public service to capture live footage on the streets and inform citizens of dangerous or crowded areas. BlackBerry Messenger thumb|left|Stand-off between rioters and police in Croydon There were reports that the BlackBerry Messenger (BBM) service was used by looters to organise their activities, and that inflammatory and inaccurate accounts of Mark Duggan's killing on social media sites may have incited disturbances.https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/08/london-riots-tottenham-duggan-blog#block-61 London riots – live blog Paul Lewis 8 August 2011 The Guardian 10 December 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20170407091111/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/08/london-riots-tottenham-duggan-blog#block-61 7 April 2017 live https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/aug/08/london-riots-facebook-twitter-blackberry London riots: how BlackBerry Messenger played a key role Josh Halliday 8 August 2011 The Guardian 10 December 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20170105100518/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/aug/08/london-riots-facebook-twitter-blackberry 5 January 2017 live One of the many messages shared between users was the following: "Everyone in edmonton enfield wood green everywhere in north link up at enfield town station at 4 o clock sharp!!!!," it began. "Start leaving ur yards n linking up with your niggas. Fuck da feds, bring your ballys and your bags trollys, cars vans, hammers the lot!!"Ball James Brown Symeon Why BlackBerry Messenger was rioters' communication method of choice https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/07/bbm-rioters-communication-method-choice The Guardian 28 March 2012 7 December 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20131211120658/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/07/bbm-rioters-communication-method-choice 11 December 2013 live thumb|A shop in Tottenham Hale Retail park after the looting Research in Motion assisted British police in tracking rioters who used BBM, stating, "We comply with the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act and co-operate fully with the Home Office and UK police forces."Garside Juliette UK riots: Mobile phone operators help police to identify looters https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/09/uk-riots-mobile-phone-operators The Guardian 28 March 2012 9 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20130930191558/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/09/uk-riots-mobile-phone-operators 30 September 2013 live Increased connectivity among individuals led to a greater ability to organise and execute massive gatherings.Jurgenson N. When atoms meet bits: social media, the mobile web and augmented revolution Future Internet 2012 4 83–91 10.3390/fi4010083 free Twitter Much like BBM, activity on social media shaped the London riots. During the Tottenham riots of 1985, citizens had to head into a public place to voice their message.Adams, Lee William London Riots: Organized via Twitter and Smart phones? http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2087337,00.html Time 8 August 2011 29 March 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120402122353/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2087337,00.html 2 April 2012 dead Yet, with access to Twitter as a communication medium, social media was used to rapidly spread messages of the riots. On Radio 4, a police official said social media was used to "organize [...] greed and criminality."Williams Olivia London Riots: Twitter That Caused Them? http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/08/08/london-riots-twitter-that_n_920791.html The Huffington Post- Canada 8 August 2011 29 March 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120422041808/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/08/08/london-riots-twitter-that_n_920791.html 22 April 2012 live The Daily Telegraph described Twitter as being an outlet for promoting gang violence. Evidence shows that Twitter is powerful because tweets of individuals were inspired by news content.Emma Tonkin Heather D. Pfeiffer Greg Tourte 17685324 Twitter, information sharing and the London riots Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 13 January 2012 38 2 10.1002/bult.2012.1720380212 49–57 free However, an article in Time magazine suggested that BlackBerry Messenger was more to blame. During the riots, Twitter accounted for two out of every 85 UK Internet visits on Monday 8 August. In addition, citizens also used Twitter to band together, after the destruction with hashtags including "#riotcleanup". Evidence shows that people were tweeting and re-tweeting news related to the riots, not original content. Mobile phones Other than BlackBerry Messenger and social networking sites, mobile phone operators T-Mobile and Orange prioritised police requests for information about the phones that were used to plan the riots that hit British cities. Under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act, phone companies were required to hand over data about the locations calls were made from, the owners of phones, and lists of calls made to and from a particular handset. Effects thumb|right|A burnt-out building being doused with water. Built by the London Co-operative Society in 1930 as "Union Point",http://www.apcg29.dsl.pipex.com/new%20goal%20for%20tottenham%20store.htm A new Goal for Tottenham's old Co-op store April 2003 Co-op News dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120425074409/http://www.apcg29.dsl.pipex.com/new%20goal%20for%20tottenham%20store.htm 25 April 2012 the building included a Carpetright on the ground floor and many Apartments on the upper storeys. Deaths and injuries Trevor Ellis Trevor Ellis, a 26-year-old man from Brixton Hill was shot dead in Croydon, South London, on 8 August.A young man shot in his car The Guardian UK 9 August 2011 https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2011/aug/09/london-riots-violence-looting-live#block-95 9 August 2011 Richard Adams Matt Wells Sam Jones Paul Owen https://web.archive.org/web/20130930191746/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2011/aug/09/london-riots-violence-looting-live#block-95 30 September 2013 livehttp://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/uk/shot-man-dies-after-london-rioting-16034399.html Shot man dies after London rioting The Belfast Telegraph 9 August 2011 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120202021304/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/uk/shot-man-dies-after-london-rioting-16034399.html 2 February 2012 livehttp://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16047768 Croydon Murder Victim Found Shot in Car Named 10 August 2011 Sky News 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111124052036/http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16047768 24 November 2011 His family denied reports that Ellis, who had come from the Brixton area to Croydon with a group of friends, had been involved in looting.http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/croydonnews/9189617.Suspected_looter_shot_dead_in_Croydon_named/ Suspected looter shot dead in Croydon named as man from Brixton 11 August 2011 Your Local Guardian dead https://web.archive.org/web/20131017074643/http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/croydonnews/9189617.Suspected_looter_shot_dead_in_Croydon_named/ 17 October 2013 Judd Terri First fatality of the riots was decorator with a baby girl https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/first-fatality-of-the-riots-was-decorator-with-a-baby-girl-2336315.html The Independent 12 August 2011 12 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20150626125325/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/first-fatality-of-the-riots-was-decorator-with-a-baby-girl-2336315.html 26 June 2015 live 13 people were arrested in connection with the murder. All were later bailed and then released without action. On 16 December, the eve of Ellis's birthday, detectives opened up a fresh appeal into the murder, asking for witnesses to come forward.Seventh Arrest in Trevor Ellis Murder The Voice UK 15 March 2012 http://voice-online.co.uk/article/seventh-arrest-trevor-ellis-murder?quicktabs_1=1 28 April 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20131017062128/http://voice-online.co.uk/article/seventh-arrest-trevor-ellis-murder?quicktabs_1=1 17 October 2013 live Haroon Jahan, Shahzad Ali and Abdul Musavir On 10 August, in Winson Green, Birmingham, three male employees of the automotive business owned by Amjad Hussain – Haroon Jahan, 21, and brothers Shahzad Ali, 30, and Abdul Musavir, 31 – who had joined a 40-strong community patrol were killed in a hit-and-run incident while attempting to protect a petrol station and shops from rioters and looters. Three killed protecting property during Birmingham riots BBC News 10 August 2011 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-14471405 20 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180804211559/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-14471405 4 August 2018 live Butt Riazat Wainwright Martin Birmingham riots: intense anger after deaths of three young men The Guardian UK 10 August 2011 https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/10/birmingham-riots-anger-deaths 10 August 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20131222023938/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/10/birmingham-riots-anger-deaths 22 December 2013 live Chazan Guy U.K. Ethnic Tensions Stoked by Riots 2011-08-11 https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904006104576499631544932082 11 August 2011 3 August 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170707182526/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904006104576499631544932082 7 July 2017 live Birmingham post-riot rally honours slain men CBC News 14 August 2011 https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/birmingham-post-riot-rally-honours-slain-men-1.990444 https://web.archive.org/web/20230205012132/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/birmingham-post-riot-rally-honours-slain-men-1.990444 5 February 2023 liveSanderson David Thousands remember riot car victims The Times 19 August 2011 https://www.thetimes.com/comment/register/article/thousands-remember-riot-car-victims-3l7mlfdblzx https://archive.today/20250605082736/https://www.thetimes.com/comment/register/article/thousands-remember-riot-car-victims-3l7mlfdblzx 5 June 2025 dead On 19 April 2012, eight men, each indicted on three counts of murder, were tried at Birmingham Crown Court before Mr Justice Flaux; the jury acquitted all of the defendants on all charges and the judge said that the jury had concluded that the deaths had resulted from a "terrible accident".Press Association, "Eight men cleared of murder over Birmingham riot deaths" https://web.archive.org/web/20170321084942/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jul/19/eight-cleared-birmingham-riot-deaths 21 March 2017 , The Guardian, 19 July 2012. Richard Mannington Bowes thumb|right|Floral tributes at the site of the fatal assault of Richard Mannington Bowes. The flowers at the top spell out the word "why". A 68-year-old man, Richard Mannington Bowes, died on 11 August after he was attacked while attempting to stamp out a litter-bin fire in Ealing on the evening of 8 August.Ealing riot: Richard Mannington Bowes dies after attack https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14500869 BBC News 11 August 2011 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110812013547/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14500869 12 August 2011 live The attacker inflicted severe head injuries which resulted in a coma. The assault was caught on CCTV and reportedly filmed on mobile phones by associates of the alleged assailant.London riots CCTV shows teenager Darrell Desuze fatally attacking pensioner https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qQylxpa9mA On Demand News 18 January 2023 13 March 2012 The attack on Bowes was witnessed by several police officers, but due to the number of rioters they were unable to come to his aid until riot squad officers pushed back the rioters while being attacked to reach Bowes. A line of officers then held back the rioters as paramedics arrived. Bowes' wallet and phone had been stolen, and police faced difficulty in identifying him. He died of his injuries at St Mary's Hospital on 11 August 2011 after being removed from life support.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14500869 Riots: Arrest over death of Richard Mannington Bowes https://web.archive.org/web/20181007205241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14500869 12 August 2011 7 October 2018 BBC News 22 May 2022 live Many tributes were paid to Bowes, including Ealing Council, who flew the Union Flag at half-mast over its town hall and announced the launch of a relief fund in his name,https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/12/man-arrested-murder-mannington-bowes London riots: Man arrested over murder of Richard Mannington Bowes https://web.archive.org/web/20170407091126/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/12/man-arrested-murder-mannington-bowes 7 April 2017 Alexandra Topping The Guardian 12 August 2011 live and Mayor of London Boris Johnson, who described him as a hero.http://www.ealinggazette.co.uk/ealing-news/riots/2011/08/11/boris-pledges-millions-to-help-ealing-recover-from-riots-64767-29221450 Boris pledges millions to help Ealing recover from riots Jessica Thompson Anoosh Chakelian Ealing Gazette 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111007095758/http://www.ealinggazette.co.uk/ealing-news/riots/2011/08/11/boris-pledges-millions-to-help-ealing-recover-from-riots-64767-29221450/ 7 October 2011 16-year-old Darrell Desuzehttp://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16187825 August Riots: Teen Who Killed Pensioner Named Sky News 13 March 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120316010611/http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16187825 16 March 2012 of Hounslow was charged with the murder of Bowes, violent disorder and four burglaries.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-14526428 'Witness' found over Richard Bowes death BBC News 15 August 2011 20 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180926173248/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-14526428 26 September 2018 live He appeared at Croydon Magistrates' Court on 16 August 2011, where he was remanded in custody until his appearance at the Central Criminal Court on 18 August 2011. His 31-year-old mother, Lavinia Desuze,http://www.4rfv.co.uk/nationalnews.asp?id=130553 https://web.archive.org/web/20120403032808/http://www.4rfv.co.uk/nationalnews.asp?id=130553 dead 3 April 2012 Teenager Remanded Over Ealing Riot Murder 4rfv.co.uk 16 August 2011 24 August 2011 was charged with perverting the course of justice.Evans Martin Teenager charged with riot murder https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8704678/Teenager-charged-with-riot-murder.html The Daily Telegraph 16 August 2011 London 3 April 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180707020114/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8704678/Teenager-charged-with-riot-murder.html 7 July 2018 live On 12 March 2012 at the Inner London Crown Court, Darrel Desuze pleaded guilty to manslaughter, after previously pleading guilty to burglary and violent disorder.http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16187198 Teen Admits Killing Pensioner During Riots Sky News 12 March 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120315003300/http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16187198 15 March 2012 The following day the Crown withdrew the murder charge against him.Metro is not a reliable source May 2022 After a trial at the Inner London Crown Court before Mr Justice Saunders and a jury, Lavinia Desuze was convicted of perverting the course of justice after she destroyed the clothing her son wore on the day of Bowes' death.http://www.westlondontoday.co.uk/wlt/content/mother-who-tore-riot-killer-sons-clothes-found-guilty Mother who tore up riot killer son's clothes found guilty West London Today https://web.archive.org/web/20120330230641/http://www.westlondontoday.co.uk/wlt/content/mother-who-tore-riot-killer-sons-clothes-found-guilty 30 March 2012 On 17 April 2012, Mr Justice Saunders sentenced Darrell Desuze to detention for a term of eight years, and Lavinia Desuze to imprisonment for eighteen months.K. Rawlinson https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/darrell-desuze-sentenced-for-killing-pensioner-richard-manningtonbowes-during-riots-7654371.html Darrell Desuze sentenced for killing pensioner Richard Mannington Bowes during riots https://web.archive.org/web/20150925155656/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/darrell-desuze-sentenced-for-killing-pensioner-richard-manningtonbowes-during-riots-7654371.html 25 September 2015 The Independent 17 April 2012 live Injuries thumb|left|A burnt-out and vandalised car in Hackney with misspelt graffiti. Arsonists set fire to 12 cars during the riots. In London, between Monday afternoon and the early hours of Tuesday, 14 people were injured by rioters. These included a 75-year-old woman who suffered a broken hip in Hackney.The night that rioters ruled and police lost control of the streets of London https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/the-night-that-rioters-ruled-and-police-lost-control-of-the-streets-of-london-2335067.html The Independent UK 10 August 2011 10 August 2011 Cahal Milmo https://web.archive.org/web/20121111235616/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/the-night-that-rioters-ruled-and-police-lost-control-of-the-streets-of-london-2335067.html 11 November 2012 live In Barking, East London, 20-year-old Malaysian student Ashraf Haziq Rossli was beaten and then robbed twice by looters emptying his rucksack. Footage of the second mugging, which appears to show the second set of muggers pretend to help him then proceed to ransack his rucksack, was uploaded onto YouTube. He suffered a broken jaw, requiring surgery."England riots: YouTube mugging victim 'recovering'" https://web.archive.org/web/20180919112057/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14476828 19 September 2018 . BBC News. Retrieved 11 August 2011.Wardrop Murray London riots: YouTube crime victim a Malaysian student https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8691953/London-riots-YouTube-crime-victim-a-Malaysian-student.html The Daily Telegraph UK 10 August 2011 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110811174844/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8691953/London-riots-YouTube-crime-victim-a-Malaysian-student.html 11 August 2011 live On 2 March 2012, two men, John Kafunda of Ilford and Reece Donovan of Romford, were found guilty of the robbery of Rossli and also violent disorder by a jury at Wood Green Crown Court.https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5i2i1fQRqj-3cCbUr4Kiun11ME1fg?docId=N0865721330685087691A https://web.archive.org/web/20120305050823/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5i2i1fQRqj-3cCbUr4Kiun11ME1fg?docId=N0865721330685087691A dead The Press Association: Two convicted of student attack 5 March 2012 The convictions were quashed by the Court of Appeal on 29 November 2012.https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-20546543 London riots: "Mugging" verdicts quashed BBC News 20 April 2015 29 November 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20150506132118/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-20546543 6 May 2015 live In Chingford, East London, three police officers were hit by a car used as a getaway vehicle by a group who had looted the Aristocrat store on Chingford Mount Road. Two of the officers were seriously injured and taken to hospital.http://www.guardian-series.co.uk/news/9183747.CHINGFORD__Injured_police__were_hit_by_fleeing_looter_s_car_/ CHINGFORD: Injured police 'were hit by fleeing looter's car' Daniel Binns East London and West Essex Guardian Series 8 August 2011 20 April 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143255/http://www.guardian-series.co.uk/news/9183747.CHINGFORD__Injured_police__were_hit_by_fleeing_looter_s_car_/ 27 April 2015 live In total, 186 police officers were injured as well as 3 Police Community Support Officers. Five police dogs were also reported injured.UK riots: Hundreds of arrests around the country as yobs find new targets https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/08/10/uk-riots-hundreds-of-arrests-around-the-country-as-yobs-find-new-targets-115875-23333702/ Daily Mirror UK 10 August 2011 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110810080505/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/08/10/uk-riots-hundreds-of-arrests-around-the-country-as-yobs-find-new-targets-115875-23333702/ 10 August 2011 live Ten firefighters were injured as the London Fire Brigade dealt with over 100 serious fires caused by the disturbances. The LFB also reported that eight of its fire appliances had their windscreens smashed and that two fire cars were attacked.http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/news/LatestNewsReleases_PR1564.asp London Fire Brigade Busiest time in recent memory for Brigade London-fire.gov.uk 13 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110821002556/http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/news/LatestNewsReleases_PR1564.asp 21 August 2011 Property and business damage Vehicles, homes and shops were attacked and set alight. At least 100 families are thought to have been made homeless by arson and looting.Families made homeless by riots will be compensated https://web.archive.org/web/20170407085417/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/11/families-homeless-riots-compensated 7 April 2017 , The Guardian, Thursday 11 August 2011 Shopkeepers estimated the damages in their Tottenham Hale and Tottenham branches at several million pounds.http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16045157 'Like The Blitz': Riot Eyewitnesses React Sky News 7 August 2011 7 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111124053544/http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16045157 24 November 2011 The riots caused the irretrievable loss of heritage architecture.Inglis Lucy The destruction of Tottenham's buildings isn't just a sentimental loss The Guardian 8 August 2011 8 August 2011 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/08/tottenham-riots-destroyed-more-just-buildings London https://web.archive.org/web/20150919035747/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/08/tottenham-riots-destroyed-more-just-buildings 19 September 2015 live It was estimated that retailers lost at least 30,000 trading hours.https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/8718713/UK-retailers-lost-30000-trading-hours-due-to-riots.html UK retailers lost 30,000 trading hours due to riots Emma Rowley 24 August 2011 The Daily Telegraph 24 August 2011 London https://web.archive.org/web/20110825103904/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/8718713/UK-retailers-lost-30000-trading-hours-due-to-riots.html 25 August 2011 live thumb|right|Cash Converters shop in Salford The Association of British Insurers said that they expected the industry to pay out in excess of £200 million.http://www.abi.org.uk/Media/Releases/2011/08/UK__Insurance_Industry_welcomes_Prime_Ministers_Compensation_Scheme_announcement_and_pledges_help_to_make_the_scheme_work_.aspx UK Insurance Industry welcomes Prime Minister's Compensation Scheme announcement and pledges help to make the scheme work Association of British Insurers 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120301213043/http://www.abi.org.uk/Media/Releases/2011/08/UK__Insurance_Industry_welcomes_Prime_Ministers_Compensation_Scheme_announcement_and_pledges_help_to_make_the_scheme_work_.aspx 1 March 2012 Estimated losses in London were indicated to be in the region of £100m.Alison Lock http://www.cityam.com/news-and-analysis/insurers-say-london-riot-losses-hit-100m Insurers say London riot losses "well over £100m" City A.M. 10 August 2011 9 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120117090150/http://www.cityam.com/news-and-analysis/insurers-say-london-riot-losses-hit-100m 17 January 2012 dead thumb|right|The remains of the House of Reeves shop in Croydon On 8 August 2011, a Sony DADC warehouse in Enfield at Enfield Lock, which also acted as the primary distribution centre for independent music distributor PIAS Entertainment Group, was destroyed by fire.https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/aug/09/independent-record-labels-stock-london-riots Independent record labels fear ruinous stock loss in London Riots Fire The Guardian UK Llewellyn Smith, Caspar 9 August 2011 10 December 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161105173522/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/aug/09/independent-record-labels-stock-london-riots 5 November 2016 liveLabels react to Sony/PIAS warehouse fire https://pitchfork.com/news/43478-labels-react-to-sonypias-warehouse-fire Pitchfork Media 9 August 2011 20 February 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200130002659/https://pitchfork.com/news/43478-labels-react-to-sonypias-warehouse-fire/ 30 January 2020 live Initially, because millions of items of stock were lost, including most of PIAS's inventory, it was thought that long-term damage to the British independent music industry might result.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-14579343 Independent record labels detail fire recovery plans BBC News 18 August 2011 19 August 2011http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/bpi-establishes-fund-for-indie-labels-impacted-1005316412.story BPI establishes fund for indie labels impacted by London riots Billboard Smirke, Richard 15 August 2011 17 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110901023920/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/bpi-establishes-fund-for-indie-labels-impacted-1005316412.story 1 September 2011 deadhttps://pitchfork.com/news/43540-bpi-starts-fund-for-labels-hurt-by-pias-fire BPI starts fund for labels hurt by PIAS fire Pitchfork Media Breihan, Tom 17 August 2011 17 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110820093057/http://www.pitchfork.com/news/43540-bpi-starts-fund-for-labels-hurt-by-pias-fire/ 20 August 2011 live On 18 August 2011, PIAS confirmed that their operations were back to normal.[PIAS] Back in Business For Labels Affected By Fire PIAS 18 August 2011 http://www.pias.com/uk/ 22 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110823005950/http://www.pias.com/uk/ 23 August 2011 live On 11 August 2011, London police reported that they had arrested three teenagers in connection with the warehouse fire.https://www.nme.com/news/various-artists/58573 Three teenagers arrested over Sony warehouse fire NME UK 11 August 2011 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20121114054704/http://www.nme.com/news/various-artists/58573 14 November 2012 live The Financial Times reported that an analysis showed that 48,000 local businesses – shops, restaurants, pubs and clubs – had suffered financial losses as a result of the looting and rioting in English streets.Riots hit retail shares "at worst time" 12 August 2011 Financial Times https://www.ft.com/content/a60382c6-c1d2-11e0-bc71-00144feabdc0 31 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110818172816/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/a60382c6-c1d2-11e0-bc71-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1We4WbJt5 18 August 2011 live According to BBC News, a total of 2,584 businesses were attacked and looted, 231 homes were targeted by burglars and vandals, 664 people were robbed or injured. Personal attacks and thefts A 15-year-old was accused in August 2011 of raping a 13-year-old girl while the riots were taking place. The prosecution described the incident as being geographically "close" to the riots.https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8700139/UK-Riots-Courts-struggle-to-cope-with-the-roll-call-of-accused.html UK Riots: Courts struggle to cope with the roll-call of accused The Daily Telegraph 19 August 2011 2 March 2012 Sawer, Patrick Lusher, Adam Leach, Ben London https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232132/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8700139/UK-Riots-Courts-struggle-to-cope-with-the-roll-call-of-accused.html 1 April 2012 live A 20-year-old student, Ashraf Haziq, was attacked while cycling along Queen's Road in Barking. The prosecution said that the victim was punched in the face by one of a group of 100 youths. His bike, PlayStation Portable and mobile phone were stolen. In September 2011, an accusation of robbery was made against 24-year-old Reece Donovan. The same month, a 17-year-old, Beau Isagba, was accused and in February 2012 convicted of breaking the victim's jaw with an unprovoked punch.https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/sep/05/riot-attacker-of-malaysian-student UK riots: teenager accused of punching Malaysian student appears in court The Guardian 5 September 2011 2 March 2012 Walker, Peter London https://web.archive.org/web/20151003101440/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/sep/05/riot-attacker-of-malaysian-student 3 October 2015 live Press Association 16 February 2012 Teenager convicted of attacking Malaysian student during London riots en-GB The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/feb/16/malaysian-student-attack-london-riots 10 July 2020 0261-3077 In February 2012, John Kafunda and Reece Donovan were convicted of stealing from Rossli, after being identified on camera pretending to help him.https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/02/malaysian-student-london-riots Men guilty of stealing from Malaysian student they pretended to help in riots The Guardian 2 March 2012 2 March 2012 Press Association London https://web.archive.org/web/20151003112247/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/02/malaysian-student-london-riots 3 October 2015 live Sony offered to replace his PSP after a video of the attack attracted attention, and Namco Bandai sent him a package of games.http://www.digitalspy.com/gaming/news/a334390/london-riots-victim-to-have-stolen-psp-replaced-by-sony/ London riots victim to have stolen PSP replaced by Sony Digital Spy 10 August 2011 10 November 2018 Reynolds, Matthew London https://web.archive.org/web/20181110123229/http://www.digitalspy.com/gaming/news/a334390/london-riots-victim-to-have-stolen-psp-replaced-by-sony/ 10 November 2018 live https://www.vg247.com/2011/08/10/injured-boy-mugged-in-riot-to-have-psp-replaced-by-scee/ Injured boy mugged in riot to have PSP replaced by SCEE VG247 10 August 2011 10 November 2018 Garratt, Patrick https://web.archive.org/web/20181110120901/https://www.vg247.com/2011/08/10/injured-boy-mugged-in-riot-to-have-psp-replaced-by-scee/ 10 November 2018 live Transport Four London buses were set on fire during the riots (two of which were completely destroyed, one suffered serious damage but was subsequently repaired, and one suffered less serious damage and was also repaired) and other buses suffered broken windows and other minor damage. On 9 August, Croydon's Tramlink was partly shut down due to damage inflicted along its route.Ross Lydall https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/shock-and-anger-as-city-awakes-to-worst-scenes-since-the-blitz-6430993.html https://archive.today/20121209083518/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23976771-shock-and-anger-as-city-awakes-to-worst-scenes-since-the-blitz.do live 9 December 2012 Shock and anger as city awakes to worst scenes since the Blitz London Evening Standard 9 August 2011 9 August 2011 Transport for London, London Overground and London Underground shut Barking, Peckham Rye and Harrow-on-the-Hill and Hackney Central stations. The train operating company Southern later announced that trains were not stopping at many stations in south London. National Express Coaches stopped serving Wolverhampton and suburban stops in the Birmingham area (but not Birmingham Coach Station itself) and Manchester (but not Manchester Airport).http://www.nationalexpress.com/coach/OurService/ServiceUpdateUnrest.aspx Coach Service Update Nationalexpress.com 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110927094957/http://www.nationalexpress.com/coach/OurService/ServiceUpdateUnrest.aspx 27 September 2011 dead Sporting fixtures Five Football League Cup games due to be played on 9 and 10 August were postponed after requests from police due to the riots. The games at Bristol City, Bristol Rovers, Charlton Athletic, Crystal Palace and West Ham United were all postponed, as they were all situated within a short distance of areas which had seen some of the worst disturbances.West Ham-Aldershot Carling Cup tie postponed on police advice https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/14368510 BBC Sport 8 August 2011 8 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20130716224311/http://www.ne/ 16 July 2013 liveLondon riots hit sports fixtures https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/14454137 BBC Sport 8 August 2011 8 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20130326214106/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/14454137 26 March 2013 liveCharlton-Reading Carling Cup match called off https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/14368434 BBC Sport 8 August 2011 8 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20190822094414/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/14368434 22 August 2019 live There was also uncertainty as to the Third Test cricket match between India and England, at Edgbaston in Birmingham, but the match was played.London riots continue, Birmingham test in jeopardy http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/london-riots-continue-birmingham-test-in-jeopardy-125318 NDTV 9 August 2011 9 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110810165300/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/london-riots-continue-birmingham-test-in-jeopardy-125318 10 August 2011 liveTest set to begin despite riots http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-india-2011/content/story/526739.html ESPNcricinfo 9 August 2011 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111219225131/http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-india-2011/content/story/526739.html 19 December 2011 live The international football friendly match between England and the Netherlands at Wembley Stadium due to take place on 10 August was cancelled, as well as the international friendly between Ghana and Nigeria scheduled for 9 August at Vicarage Road, Watford.Ghana versus Nigeria friendly in Watford called off https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/14465389 9 August 2011 9 August 2011 BBC NewsFour Carling Cup ties postponed http://www.teamtalk.com/news/2483/7089237/Four-Carling-Cup-ties-postponed 9 August 2011 9 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20131021063035/http://www.teamtalk.com/news/2483/7089237/Four-Carling-Cup-ties-postponed 21 October 2013 Tottenham Hotspur's opening game of the 2011–12 Premier League season against Everton on 13 August was postponed.Tottenham v Everton match postponed after London riots https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/14485169 11 August 2011 11 August 2011 BBC News https://web.archive.org/web/20190822094347/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/14485169 22 August 2019 livehttp://www.metro.co.uk/sport/football/872070-spurs-v-everton-off-but-liverpool-man-united-qpr-and-fulham-get-go-ahead Spurs v Everton off but Liverpool, Manchester United F.C., QPR and Fulham get go-ahead Metro UK 30 June 2011 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110817194730/http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/football/872070-spurs-v-everton-off-but-liverpool-man-united-qpr-and-fulham-get-go-ahead 17 August 2011 live The League Two game between Cheltenham Town and Swindon Town, due to be played the same day, was also initially postponed until further consultation allowed Gloucestershire Police to provide the required resources.http://www.ctfc.com/page/LatestNews/0,,10434~2417567,00.html Match back on! 11 August 2011 13 August 2011 Cheltenham Town F.C. https://web.archive.org/web/20120402022658/http://www.ctfc.com/page/LatestNews/0%2C%2C10434~2417567%2C00.html 2 April 2012 dead Reactions Timeline of the 2011 England riots Political Following the initial disorder in Tottenham, the constituency Labour MP David Lammy appealed for calm, saying that "true justice can only follow a thorough investigation of the facts"David Lammy Appeals for Calm after Tottenham Riots http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/08/07/david-lammy-appeals-for-c_n_920360.html Huffington Post USA 7 August 2011 7 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120112100207/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/08/07/david-lammy-appeals-for-c_n_920360.html 12 January 2012 live and that Tottenham had had its "heart ripped out" by the riots.https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8687150/Tottenham-riot-burned-out-shops-may-contain-dead-bodies-MP-David-Lammy-warns.html Tottenham riot: burned out shops may contain dead bodies, MP David Lammy warns The Daily Telegraph 7 August 2011 London Michael Howie 3 April 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20170216073242/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8687150/Tottenham-riot-burned-out-shops-may-contain-dead-bodies-MP-David-Lammy-warns.html 16 February 2017 live He said that rioters were not representative of the local community as a wholeAndrew Sparrow https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/aug/07/politicians-condemn-tottenham-riots Politicians condemn Tottenham riots The Guardian 7 August 2011 7 August 2011 London https://web.archive.org/web/20140118100822/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/aug/07/politicians-condemn-tottenham-riots 18 January 2014 live and insisted that the Independent Police Complaints Commission must fully establish the circumstances of Mark Duggan's death. Lammy voiced concerns that the EDL and BNP were playing on the London riots and people's fears to advance their political motives.Lammy David David Lammy: Prejudices of the few eclipsed by civic pride https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/david-lammy-prejudices-of-the-few-eclipsed-by-civic-pride-2337446.html https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/david-lammy-prejudices-of-the-few-eclipsed-by-civic-pride-2337446.html 1 May 2022 subscription live 19 August 2011 The Independent London 14 August 2011 thumb|London Mayor Boris Johnson Streatham's Labour MP Chuka Umunna condemned the violence in Brixton and Tottenham.Sam Jones Paul Lewis Matthew Taylor Ben Quinn https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/08/london-riots-spread-second-night London riots spread south of Thames The Guardian UK 8 July 2011 8 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20140118141148/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/08/london-riots-spread-second-night 18 January 2014 livehttp://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/streathamnews/9183106.UPDATE__Looters_cause_chaos_in_Streatham_and_Brixton Looters cause chaos in Streatham and Brixton 8 August 2011 Yourlocalguardian.co.uk 8 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20121004183502/http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/streathamnews/9183106.UPDATE__Looters_cause_chaos_in_Streatham_and_Brixton/ 4 October 2012 livehttp://www.streathamguardian.co.uk/news/9183409.UPDATE__Lambeth_Council_leader__They_were_looters_not_rioters_ UPDATE: Lambeth Council leader "They were looters, not rioters". (from the Streatham Guardian) Streathamguardian.co.uk 8 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110930030826/http://www.streathamguardian.co.uk/news/9183409.UPDATE__Lambeth_Council_leader__They_were_looters_not_rioters_/ 30 September 2011 dead Umunna called for the BlackBerry Messenger service, used by some of the rioters to co-ordinate their activities, to be "temporarily disabled" between 6pm and 6am BST.UK riots http://www.dracos.co.uk/work/bbc-news-archive/2011/08/09/22.25.html BBC News 9 August 2011 9 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111007000659/http://www.dracos.co.uk/work/bbc-news-archive/2011/08/09/22.25.html 7 October 2011 live The use of BlackBerry Messenger to encourage violent disorder led to arrests – a Colchester man was detained under the Serious Crime Act.Police reassure residents they are working to keep county safe http://www.essex.police.uk/news_features/latest_news_updates/police_reassure_residents_they.aspx Essex Police 16 August 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110828053503/http://www.essex.police.uk/news_features/latest_news_updates/police_reassure_residents_they.aspx 28 August 2011United Kingdom Greater London Location of incidents on 6 and 7 August: Red = 6 August, Yellow = 7 August 250 United Kingdom Greater London 51.5974 -0.0716 United Kingdom Greater London 51.60068 -0.06783 United Kingdom Greater London 51.588333 -0.059722 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.5981 -0.1149 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.4961 -0.0681 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.5615 -0.0731 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.58960 -0.10639 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.5835 -0.0999 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.6516 -0.0837 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.64918 -0.08682 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.6516 -0.0792 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.64198 -0.04319 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.463 -0.106 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.5440 -0.1027 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.5153 -0.142 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.686 -0.0331 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.4279 -0.1235 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.43357 -0.12892 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.545 -0.070 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.545 -0.076 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.4678 -0.0902 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.468 -0.0938 United Kingdom Greater London Yellow pog.svg 51.560558 -0.015465 John Randall, the Conservative MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip said: "It's a small minority of people causing the trouble. The events in Ealing brought it home, it's just down the Uxbridge Road."http://www.uxbridgegazette.co.uk/west-london-news/local-uxbridge-news/2011/08/10/police-praised-for-preventing-riots-in-hillingdon-113046-29210870 Police praised for preventing riots in Hillingdon Uxbridge Gazette 9 August 2011 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110927154434/http://www.uxbridgegazette.co.uk/west-london-news/local-uxbridge-news/2011/08/10/police-praised-for-preventing-riots-in-hillingdon-113046-29210870/ 27 September 2011 live Hackney North and Stoke Newington MP Diane Abbott called for the introduction of a curfew. Newark MP Colonel Patrick Mercer called for the deployment of water cannon.Theresa May urged to send in water cannon to tackle riots Haroon Siddique The Guardian UK 9 August 2011 https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/09/theresa-may-water-cannon-riots 9 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20140910214000/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/09/theresa-may-water-cannon-riots 10 September 2014 live In December 2010 Theresa May, the Home Secretary, had said that the deployment of water cannon by police forces on the British mainland was an operational decision which had been "resisted until now by senior police officers".Andrew Porter Police could use water cannon to disperse rioters, Theresa May says 12 December 2010 The Daily Telegraph UK https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/8197432/Police-could-use-water-cannon-to-disperse-rioters-Theresa-May-says.html 9 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120420083705/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/8197432/Police-could-use-water-cannon-to-disperse-rioters-Theresa-May-says.html 20 April 2012 live On 9 August 2011, May rejected their use and said: "The way we police in Britain is not through use of water cannon. The way we police in Britain is through consent of communities." Ken Livingstone, the former London mayor, said "The issue of water cannon would be very useful given the level of arson we are seeing here." Scotland Yard said officers did not have any water cannon and if their use was approved they would have to be brought over from Northern Ireland.London riots: Theresa May rejects calls for water cannon Tom Whitehead 9 August 2011 The Daily Telegraph UK https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8690466/London-riots-Theresa-May-rejects-calls-for-water-cannon.html 9 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110810175449/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8690466/London-riots-Theresa-May-rejects-calls-for-water-cannon.html 10 August 2011 live May said: "I condemn utterly the violence in Tottenham... Such disregard for public safety and property will not be tolerated, and the Metropolitan Police have my full support in restoring order." She returned to the UK from her summer holiday early to meet senior police officials on 8 August. A spokesman for the Prime Minister's office added: "The rioting in Tottenham last night was utterly unacceptable. There is no justification for the aggression the police and the public faced, or for the damage to property."London riots: Police patrol streets after violence https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14435251 BBC News 7 August 2011 20 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20110809203535/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14435251 9 August 2011 live The deputy prime minister Nick Clegg said that the riots were "completely unacceptable" and described the violence as "needless and opportunistic".https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-14443082 Nick Clegg: Riots 'completely unacceptable' BBC 8 August 2011 20 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20160202122828/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-14443082 2 February 2016 livehttp://www.heralddeparis.com/london-violence-needless-opportunistic-theft/143750 London violence: "needless opportunistic theft" Herald de Paris 8 August 2011 8 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111007022835/http://www.heralddeparis.com/london-violence-needless-opportunistic-theft/143750 7 October 2011 dead London's mayor, Boris Johnson, who cut short his summer holiday in Canada to return to the UK on 9 August, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-14444067 London riots: David Cameron cuts short holiday BBC News BBC News 10 August 2024 said: "I'm appalled at the scenes of violence and destruction in Tottenham" whilst his deputy Kit Malthouse told a Sky News reporter that "criminal elements were to blame for the trouble". Prime Minister David Cameron returned from his Italian summer holiday early and he chaired several COBRA emergency meetings with police officials. Cameron condemned the "terrible scenes of people looting, vandalising, thieving, robbing" and told rioters "You will feel the full force of the law. And if you are old enough to commit these crimes, you are old enough to face the punishment."https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14460554 UK riots: Trouble erupts in English cities 10 August 2011 BBC News 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110810025442/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14460554 10 August 2011 live Croydon Central MP Gavin Barwell called the damage caused in the London Borough of Croydon "sickening".Your Local Guardian Riot Fall Out Hits Croydon 8 August 2011 http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/topstories/9183466.LIVE__Riot_fallout_hits_Croydon/ 8 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111124051224/http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/topstories/9183466.LIVE__Riot_fallout_hits_Croydon/ 24 November 2011 live In a strongly worded criticism of what he deems to be a misplaced "hyper-sensitivity about race", dating back to the Macpherson Report of 1999, Civitas director David Green attributed the reluctance by police to use force to a fear of disciplinary action. He said that "officers in charge of [handling] a riot think it safer to wait for orders from the top".Lions led by donkeys: why the police 'had it coming' David Green The Sydney Morning Herald 9 August 2011 https://www.smh.com.au/world/lions-led-by-donkeys-why-the-police-had-it-coming-20110809-1ijux.html 20 February 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20140821165009/http://www.smh.com.au/world/lions-led-by-donkeys-why-the-police-had-it-coming-20110809-1ijux.html 21 August 2014 live In a public speech on 15 August, David Cameron blamed a "broken society" in "moral collapse"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-14524834 England riots: Broken society is top priority – Cameron 15 August 2011 BBC News 15 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110815171246/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-14524834 15 August 2011 live – broad societal change themes common to his party's election campaign theme Broken Britain. The city councils of Manchester and Salford were reported to be investigating their powers for ways of evicting tenants if they, or their children, have been involved in violence or looting in their cities.Rioters identified on CCTV face eviction say councils https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-14478498 10 August 2011 BBC News 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110811173429/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-14478498 11 August 2011 live The London Borough of Greenwich also stated on its website: "We shall seek the eviction of anyone living in council property if they are found to have been engaged in criminal acts."Leader: We will re-build our community http://www.greenwich.gov.uk/Greenwich/News/LatestNews/Council-pledges-help-after-Woolwich-looting-unrest.htm 12 August 2011 Greenwich Council 12 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110929190748/http://www.greenwich.gov.uk/Greenwich/News/LatestNews/Council-pledges-help-after-Woolwich-looting-unrest.htm 29 September 2011 International Several countries issued warnings advising caution to travellers visiting the United Kingdom during the riots.http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/08/10/uk.riots.international.view Barry Neild Libya, Iran revel in mocking Britain over riots CNN International 10 August 2011 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111102184739/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/08/10/uk.riots.international.view/ 2 November 2011 dead Khaled Kaim, the Deputy Foreign Minister of the Gaddafi government in Libya, called on Cameron to resign over the riots, stating that "Cameron has lost all legitimacy and must go", he also called for an international intervention in the UK against Cameron and accused Cameron of using Irish and Scottish mercenaries against rioters, mocking Cameron's comments on Gaddafi during the First Libyan Civil War that year.https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8694505/UK-riots-Gaddafi-calls-on-David-Cameron-to-step-down-over-rioting.html https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8694505/UK-riots-Gaddafi-calls-on-David-Cameron-to-step-down-over-rioting.html 12 January 2022 subscription live UK riots: Gaddafi calls on David Cameron to step down over rioting www.telegraph.co.uk 11 August 2011 In 2012, the Syrian Ambassador to the UN, Bashar Jaafari compared the situation and government response of the Syrian uprising to that of the 2011 England riots.https://www.itv.com/news/update/2012-06-20/syrian-diplomat-compares-uprising-to-london-riots/ Syrian diplomat compares uprising to London riots ITV News 6 January 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20120623140502/http://www.itv.com/news/update/2012-06-20/syrian-diplomat-compares-uprising-to-london-riots/ 23 June 2012 live Press thumb|upright|"Keep Calm and Candy On" graffiti on boards covering the windows of the Cyber Candy store in Upper Bull Street, Birmingham, smashed in the riotsThe riots were described by one journalist as "the worst disturbances of their kind since the 1995 Brixton riots".London riots: Tensions behind unrest revealed Peter Jackson https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14436529 BBC News BBC Television Centre, White City, London 7 August 2011 8 August 2011 Rioting has again erupted on the streets of Tottenham almost 26 years after the Broadwater Farm riot. But what lies beneath the latest violent outburst in this chequered corner of north London? https://web.archive.org/web/20110809203638/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14436529 9 August 2011 live David Millward Tottenham riot rekindles memories of unrest in the 1980s The Telegraph https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8687243/Tottenham-riot-rekindles-memories-of-unrest-in-the-1980s.html 7 August 2011 7 August 2011 London https://web.archive.org/web/20110808010400/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8687243/Tottenham-riot-rekindles-memories-of-unrest-in-the-1980s.html 8 August 2011 live Commentators likened the riots to the Broadwater Farm riot of 1985, during which a police officer, Keith Blakelock, was murdered.Lammy David Tottenham riot: The lesson of Broadwater Farm The Guardian London 7 August 2011 7 August 2011 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/07/tottenham-riot-broadwater-farm https://web.archive.org/web/20131002143501/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/07/tottenham-riot-broadwater-farm 2 October 2013 live The disturbances were preceded by calls for better oversight of the Metropolitan Police, repeating observations which go back to the murder of Stephen Lawrence and the New Cross Fire. In April 2011Police "failed miserably" dead reggae star Smiley Culture http://www.channel4.com/news/police-failed-miserably-dead-reggae-star-smiley-culture 16 April 2011 Channel 4 News 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110827035408/http://www.channel4.com/news/police-failed-miserably-dead-reggae-star-smiley-culture 27 August 2011 live there was a large nonviolent march to Scotland Yard as a result of the death of Smiley Culture.Fletcher Martin The sad truth behind London riot http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/08/07/7292281-the-sad-truth-behind-london-riot NBC News https://web.archive.org/web/20110812095200/http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/08/07/7292281-the-sad-truth-behind-london-riot 12 August 2011 The very widespread scale of the violence prompted comparisons with the Gordon Riots of 1780.Londoners: Rioting through the ages http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/08/2011891626155535.html Vallance Ted 9 August 2011 12 August 2011 Al Jazeera https://web.archive.org/web/20110810133816/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/08/2011891626155535.html 10 August 2011 live The Daily Telegraphs editorial said: "What we have experienced in London and elsewhere since Saturday night is a wholly new phenomenon: violent disorder whose sole intent is criminal... In such circumstances, there can be only one response if the law-abiding majority is to be protected: the thugs must be taught to respect the law of the land the hard way."The criminals who shame our nation https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/telegraph-view/8691352/The-criminals-who-shame-our-nation.html The Daily Telegraph UK 9 August 2011 3 April 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181002125320/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/telegraph-view/8691352/The-criminals-who-shame-our-nation.html 2 October 2018 live The Telegraph also reported: "Tottenham riots: police let gangs run riot and loot: Britain's biggest police force is facing criticism after it let looters run riot in north London for almost 12 hours..."Tottenham riots: police let gangs run riot and loot https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8687540/Tottenham-riots-police-let-gangs-run-riot-and-loot.html The Telegraph, 7 August 2011 27 February 2013 London Martin Beckford 7 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20130213123815/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8687540/Tottenham-riots-police-let-gangs-run-riot-and-loot.html 13 February 2013 live The Guardian called on the public to back the police: "... Britain's 2011 riots have become a defining contest between disorder and order. In that contest, important caveats notwithstanding, there is only one right side to be on. The attacks, the destruction, the criminality and the reign of fear must be stopped. The rule of law in the cities of Britain must not only be defended against delinquent destruction. It must also be enforced."Urban riots: The battle for the streets https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/09/urban-riots-battle-streets-editorial The Guardian UK 9 August 2011 9 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20150428143643/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/09/urban-riots-battle-streets-editorial 28 April 2015 live During the height of the riots, The Guardian was accused of anti-Semitic incitement by the media monitoring organisation, Comment Is Free Watch (CiFW), after Guardian journalist Paul Lewis singled out Hasidic Jewish residents who were not involved in the rioting.Guardian report on London riots omits the race or ethnicity of rioters – but, still mentions Jews http://cifwatch.com/2011/08/08/guardian-report-on-london-riots-omits-the-race-or-ethnicity-of-rioters-but-still-mentions-jews/ CiF Watch 12 August 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120922111658/http://cifwatch.com/2011/08/08/guardian-report-on-london-riots-omits-the-race-or-ethnicity-of-rioters-but-still-mentions-jews/ 22 September 2012 live The content of his report stated, "The make-up of the rioters was racially mixed. Most were men or boys, some apparently as young as 10....But families and other local residents, including some from Tottenham's Hasidic Jewish community, also gathered to watch and jeer at police." CIFW responded by condemning the newspaper saying, "A 1,800 Guardian report doesn't mention the race, ethnicity, or religion of the rioters, somehow found it pertinent to note that some of those who gathered to jeer police were, allegedly, Hasidic Jews." As a result of the negative publicity, The Guardian revised the story.The Guardian revises story about UK Riots which singled out Hasidic Jews http://cifwatch.com/2011/08/09/the-guardian-revises-story-about-uk-riots-which-singled-out-hasidic-jews/ CiF Watch 9 August 2011 12 August 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121017072305/http://cifwatch.com/2011/08/09/the-guardian-revises-story-about-uk-riots-which-singled-out-hasidic-jews/ 17 October 2012 live In its 9 August leading article, The Independent said the police's handling of Mark Duggan's death "looks to have been poor", and that there is "context of mistrust of the police here". The paper added that "it is spurious to draw a connection between that disaffection [by the inner-city youth] and specific outbreaks of violence of the sort we have seen in recent days."Leading article: The lessons to be drawn from mindless violence https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-lessons-to-be-drawn-from-mindless-violence-2333987.html The Independent UK 9 August 2011 9 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111017184717/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-lessons-to-be-drawn-from-mindless-violence-2333987.html 17 October 2011 live Psychiatrist Theodore Dalrymple wrote an opinion piece for the New York Daily News, in which he blamed the "sense of entitlement" that he sees as being common among Britain's youth as a cause for the riots, and said that British youth are today among "the most unpleasant and violent in the world" as a result.Daniels Anthony Behind England's riots, a violent and entitled generation of British young people http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-08-10/news/29887841_1_riots-young-people-football-tickets https://web.archive.org/web/20120516172800/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-08-10/news/29887841_1_riots-young-people-football-tickets dead 2012-05-16 Daily News 12 August 2011 Theodore Dalrymple New York 10 August 2011 Some journalists made comparisons between these riots and the 2005 riots in France.J. David Goodman http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/09/plus-ca-change-riots-in-london-and-paris Riots in London and Paris: Plus Ça Change? The New York Times 17 November 2006 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110810234134/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/09/plus-ca-change-riots-in-london-and-paris/ 10 August 2011 livehttp://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10744251 UK riots parallel France The New Zealand Herald 17 March 2011 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110811064838/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10744251 11 August 2011 live In both cases, the unrest started with the death of a young person during a confrontation with the police. In fact, a television report by France 2, broadcast in November 2005, showed a visit by a delegation from Évry (just outside Paris) to Tottenham, with the report calling "Tottenham part of London "regularly shaken by riots" in earlier decades, where "a lot of money was invested" and "the promotion of ethnic minorities", had been made a priority". Writing in Pakistan's Newsline, Mahir Ali likened the government's response to that of Margaret Thatcher to the 1981 England riots.http://www.newslinemagazine.com/2011/09/english-meltdown-trying-to-make-sense-of-the-london-riots/ http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110915204946/http://www.newslinemagazine.com/2011/09/english-meltdown-trying-to-make-sense-of-the-london-riots/ dead 15 September 2011 English Meltdown: Trying to Make Sense of The London Riots Newsline 13 September 2011 13 September 2011 Ali, Mahir Karachi There was plenty of breast-beating back then [1981] too, and Thatcher came up with prescriptions remarkably similar to the ones that Cameron has lately been offering. Public thumb|right|'Peace wall' in the Manchester Arndale Centre thumb|upright|A number of campaigns were launched, aiming to foster greater civic pride in their cities. Pictured is the CIS Tower, Manchester. Many people called for the government to urge the police to deploy anti-riot methods often used outside Great Britain, such as water cannon and baton rounds (which have been used in Northern Ireland), the use of which has long been resisted by senior police commanders and politicians.https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8690220/London-riots-send-in-water-cannon-to-clear-streets-Theresa-May-told.html London riots: send in water cannon to clear streets, Theresa May told Tom Whitehead Andrew Hough 8 August 2011 The Daily Telegraph 3 April 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181002121044/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8690220/London-riots-send-in-water-cannon-to-clear-streets-Theresa-May-told.html 2 October 2018 liveKenyans take shelter from London riots Capital FM News, Kenya 9 August 2011 http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2011/08/09/kenyans-take-shelter-from-london-riots https://archive.today/20130218201021/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2011/08/09/kenyans-take-shelter-from-london-riots dead 18 February 2013 Pauline Pearce, a 45-year-old woman from Hackney, was filmed close to the rioting, furiously chastising looters over their criminal behaviour.Duncan Gardham "Hackney speech woman" revealed to be local jazz singer 10 August 2011 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8692712/Hackney-speech-woman-revealed-to-be-local-jazz-singer.html The Daily Telegraph 11 August 2011 London https://web.archive.org/web/20110811035530/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8692712/Hackney-speech-woman-revealed-to-be-local-jazz-singer.html 11 August 2011 live Tom Harper A million hits for footage of Hackney woman berating looters 9 August 2011 http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23976731-a-million-hits-for-footage-of-hackney-woman-berating-looters.do https://archive.today/20130114051727/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23976731-a-million-hits-for-footage-of-hackney-woman-berating-looters.do dead 14 January 2013 London Evening Standard 10 August 2011 London riots: Woman confronts rioters in Hackney 9 August 2011 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8690275/London-riots-Woman-confronts-rioters-in-Hackney.html The Daily Telegraph UK 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110810055002/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8690275/London-riots-Woman-confronts-rioters-in-Hackney.html 10 August 2011 dead She was seen holding a walking-stick and gesturing. The resulting Heroine of Hackney video subsequently went viral. Its rapid spread was helped by tweeting from famous people such as newspaper editor Piers Morgan. Pearce was hailed as a heroine for helping to ease tensions in Hackney; her influence was acknowledged by politiciansSimon Hattenstone David Lammy: "There is a history in Tottenham that involves deaths in police custody" 14 August 2011 https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/aug/14/david-lammy-tottenham-mark-duggan The Guardian 15 August 2011 London https://web.archive.org/web/20151003122644/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/aug/14/david-lammy-tottenham-mark-duggan 3 October 2015 live http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/jennette-arnold/reactionary-ideas-are-not_b_928780.html Reactionary "Ideas" are not What London Needs Huffington Post 16 August 2011 5 September 2011 Arnold, Jennette New York City Jennette Arnold At a recent meeting with Mayor Johnson [...] I wish he had taken up my offer to come with me to Clarence Rd in Hackney, one of the worst affected areas in the Borough, for a street-reclaiming tea party that had been organised by the rector of Hackney, Fr Rob Wickham and the local community. [...] He also would have met Pauline Pearce. https://web.archive.org/web/20120112100221/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/jennette-arnold/reactionary-ideas-are-not_b_928780.html 12 January 2012 live and the national press.Allison Pearson Allison Pearson Raised to rampage 10 August 2011 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8693536/Raised-to-rampage.html The Daily Telegraph 12 August 2011 London https://web.archive.org/web/20110812033805/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8693536/Raised-to-rampage.html 12 August 2011 live Cassandra Jardine Burnt out but not bowed by the mob 12 August 2011 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8697990/Burnt-out-but-not-bowed-by-the-mob.html The Daily Telegraph 15 August 2011 London https://web.archive.org/web/20110815134516/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8697990/Burnt-out-but-not-bowed-by-the-mob.html 15 August 2011 live Zoe Williams Zoe Williams (writer) UK riots: the stories behind the people who defined the week 12 August 2011 https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/12/uk-riots-people-defined-the-week The Guardian 12 August 2011 London https://web.archive.org/web/20140113203849/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/12/uk-riots-people-defined-the-week 13 January 2014 live MP for Hackney South and Shoreditch, Meg Hillier, invited Pearce to the Houses of Parliament.Adrian Butler UK riots: the heroine of Hackney Pauline Pearce reveals why she took a stand 14 August 2011 https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/08/14/uk-riots-the-heroine-of-hackney-pauline-pearce-reveals-why-she-took-a-stand-115875-23342559/ Sunday Mirror 15 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110814015731/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/08/14/uk-riots-the-heroine-of-hackney-pauline-pearce-reveals-why-she-took-a-stand-115875-23342559/ 14 August 2011 live Speaking to The Australian newspaper, Pearce described the looting and vandalism as being "heart-breaking" and also contrasted people's relative poverty with expenditure for the Olympic Games.Mark Mistry Fordham, Craig Voice of reason amid London violence 9 August 2011 https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/world/voice-of-reason-amid-london-violence/news-story/a47de58d206e088e67cddaa379c4a13c The Australian 13 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20140203213214/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/voice-of-reason-amid-london-violence/story-e6frg6so-1226111679575 3 February 2014 subscription live Pearce was subsequently featured in The Spectator, dismissing David Starkey's view that hip-hop culture was partly to blame for the riots.http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/7204558/fifteen-minutes-later.thtml https://archive.today/20130421095140/http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/7204558/fifteen-minutes-later.thtml dead 21 April 2013 Fifteen minutes later The Spectator 3 September 2011 22 September 2011 Manzoor, Sarfraz She is equally so about historian David Starkey's controversial claim that hip-hop culture and in particular a "particular sort of violent, destructive, nihilistic gangster culture" was to blame for the riots. 'What do you I think of that?' she says. 'Well, in the Queen's English: balderdash. Pigswill. What's been going on has no link to hip-hop. Instead of guessing in his suit and tie he should put a pair of jeans on and get out there and walk around with the people.' In September 2011, she was awarded the Team London Award at the annual Peace Awards by Boris Johnson.http://www.hackneygazette.co.uk/news/london_mayor_boris_johnson_praises_hackney_heroine_pauline_pearce_1_1029077 London Mayor Boris Johnson praises "Hackney heroine" Pauline Pearce Hackney Gazette 21 September 2011 22 September 2011 Bartholomew, Emma London Mr Johnson presented [Pauline Pearce] with a Team London Award at the annual Peace Awards ceremony at City Hall, where he also thanked other "unsung heroes" of the recent disorder in the capital. https://web.archive.org/web/20111004032653/http://www.hackneygazette.co.uk/news/london_mayor_boris_johnson_praises_hackney_heroine_pauline_pearce_1_1029077 4 October 2011 live thumb|left|170px|Still image from Pauline Pearce's Heroine of Hackney speech On Amazon, sales of baseball bats and truncheons increased significantly overnight. Deputy Assistant Commissioner Stephen Kavanagh stated: "We are already seeing a community kickback. People are angry. This is their neighbourhoods that are at stake." Political commentator and foreign affairs analyst Nile Gardiner suggested that the British Government should prompt a debate which will allow British business owners the right to keep and bear arms.http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/nilegardiner/100100323/if-british-shopkeepers-had-the-right-to-bear-arms-vicious-thugs-would-think-twice-before-looting/ Nile Gardineer, "If British shopkeepers had the right to bear arms, vicious thugs would think twice before looting", The Telegraph, 10 August 2011. 14 July 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060035/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/nilegardiner/100100323/if-british-shopkeepers-had-the-right-to-bear-arms-vicious-thugs-would-think-twice-before-looting/ 4 March 2016 dead Three men killed in a hit-and-run incident in Birmingham, Haroon Jahan, Shazad Ali, and Abdul Musavir Tariq, were described as heroes for dying while attempting to defend their neighbourhood.Pettifor Tom Birmingham riots: family tributes to three men who died protecting their community from looters https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/08/11/birmingham-riots-family-tributes-to-three-men-who-died-protecting-their-community-from-looters-115875-23335899/ Daily Mirror 14 August 2011 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110813102144/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/08/11/birmingham-riots-family-tributes-to-three-men-who-died-protecting-their-community-from-looters-115875-23335899/ 13 August 2011 liveUK riots: hero's family vow to tell his unborn child he died protecting others https://www.mirror.co.uk/most-popular/headlines/2011/08/14/uk-riots-hero-s-family-vow-to-tell-his-unborn-child-he-died-protecting-others-115875-23342556/ Sunday Mirror 14 August 2011 14 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110814015653/http://www.mirror.co.uk/most-popular/headlines/2011/08/14/uk-riots-hero-s-family-vow-to-tell-his-unborn-child-he-died-protecting-others-115875-23342556/ 14 August 2011 live Tariq Jahan, the father of 21-year-old victim Haroon, gave a speech appealing for calm, social unity and an end to the violence, hours after his son's death. Jahan was hailed as a hero and a patriot for helping to ease tensions in Birmingham; his influence was acknowledged by politicians and the national press, receiving an award at the 2011 Pride of Britain Awards.http://www.prideofbritain.com/contentpages/winners/2011/tariq_jahan.aspx The Pride of Britain Awards – Tariq Jahan 20 April 2015 dead https://archive.today/20120906120647/http://www.prideofbritain.com/contentpages/winners/2011/tariq_jahan.aspx 6 September 2012https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/11/tariq-jahan-first-generation-muslim-migrant Tariq Jahan's is the patriotic voice of a first-generation Muslim migrant Faisal Hanif The Guardian 20 April 2015 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20150415061325/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/11/tariq-jahan-first-generation-muslim-migrant 15 April 2015 live Conservative MEP Daniel Hannan said of him: "Uncomplaining, in control of his emotions, Tariq Jahan reminds us of what it means to be British."Hannan Daniel Amid all the bad news, Tariq Jahan made me feel proud to be British http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/danielhannan/100100638/amid-all-the-bad-news-tariq-jahan-made-me-feel-proud-to-be-british The Daily Telegraph 11 August 2011 London 15 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20160407195606/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/danielhannan/100100638/amid-all-the-bad-news-tariq-jahan-made-me-feel-proud-to-be-british/ 7 April 2016 dead The Financial Times described Jahan as eloquent and inspiring, and said "His selfless intervention contrasted with the rapacious self-interest of the looters, and was a timely reminder of the obligations of community."https://www.ft.com/content/32d344c8-c4dc-11e0-9c4d-00144feabdc0 Disunited kingdom Financial Times 12 August 2011 20 April 2015 Tens of thousands of users of social networking sites coordinated clean-up operations of their local shopping areas and streets. Some of these groups began being referred to as 'riot wombles', taking up brooms and other tools to clear streets of debris and wreckage,Bell Melissa 2011-08-09 U.K. Riot Wombles hit the streets for clean up https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/uk-riot-wombles-hit-the-streets-for-clean-up/2011/08/09/gIQAxxhh4I_blog.html 2022-08-09 Washington Post en-US a term that was later used by Prime Minister David Cameron during a speech on the aftermath of the riots on 15 August 2011.PM's speech on the fightback after the riots https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pms-speech-on-the-fightback-after-the-riots 2022-08-09 GOV.UK 15 August 2011 en Social media sites Twitter and Facebook were also used for reporting information on the riots and to co-ordinate a voluntary citizens' operation to clear up riot-hit areas.http://londonist.com/2011/08/wombles-needed-how-to-help-with-the-riot-cleanup.php Wombles Needed: How To Help With The Riot Cleanup Londonist 9 August 2011 9 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111116214159/http://londonist.com/2011/08/wombles-needed-how-to-help-with-the-riot-cleanup.php 16 November 2011 livehttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14456857 Twitter and Facebook users arrange London riot clean-up BBC 9 August 2011 9 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110809171712/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14456857 9 August 2011 liveBradshaw Tim https://www.ft.com/content/bb2c434a-c263-11e0-9ede-00144feabdc0 Twitter users unite for riot clean-up Financial Times 28 July 2011 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120506225950/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/bb2c434a-c263-11e0-9ede-00144feabdc0.html 6 May 2012 live In Clapham Junction, dozens of volunteers carrying brooms turned out to assist with clean-up efforts.http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16046412 Locals Fight Back With Brooms And Marigolds Sky https://web.archive.org/web/20120211012951/http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16046412 11 February 2012https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bp_HsHrJb4A&feature=player_embedded London riots: The big community clean up in Clapham after night of looting and violence 10 August 2011 YouTube 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20130722213436/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bp_HsHrJb4A&feature=player_embedded 22 July 2013 live On Facebook, over 900,000 people joined a group entitled "Supporting the Met Police against the London rioters". Manchester City Councillor Pat Karney, the city centre spokesperson for Manchester City Council, said: "The true Mancunian civic spirit has been shown in Manchester today." Staff from city centre businesses and Manchester Metropolitan University joined the volunteers, as food outlets gave out free drinks and snacks.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-14478902 Hundreds join Manchester clean-up after riots BBC 10 August 2011 20 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180927222547/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-14478902 27 September 2018 live There were several fundraising initiatives to help independent business owners re-build their businesses and livelihoods.http://cravify.com/ Riots & Donations (dedicated to the UK) Cravify 24 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110905032402/http://cravify.com/ 5 September 2011 live Capital Community Foundation http://www.justgiving.com/lovelondonappeal Sonal Shah is fundraising for Capital Community Foundation Justgiving.com 24 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111007135137/http://www.justgiving.com/lovelondonappeal 7 October 2011 live On 17 August 2011, Prince Charles and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall visited areas of London, including the Tottenham Green Leisure Centre, which was transformed into an aid centre in the aftermath of the rioting and met families left homeless by the London riots.2011-08-17 Prince Charles visits riot-hit communities https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-08-18/charles-visits-riot-community/2844542 2025-10-02 ABC News en-AU2011-08-17 London riots: Charles and Camilla hear victims' tales https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-14560087 2025-10-02 BBC News en-gb A petition was submitted to the UK government proposing that any convicted rioters have their benefit payments cut. This petition was signed by over 200,000 people."Convicted London rioters should y loose lose all benefits" from e-petitions https://web.archive.org/web/20110920201124/http://epetitions.direct.gov.uk/petitions/7337 20 September 2011 . Epetitions.direct.gov.uk. Retrieved 17 August 2011. A petition on the UK government website demanding convicted rioters to be banished to the Outer Hebrides of Scotland was set up in the summer of 2011. The reaction caused a public outcry in Scotland and eventually Westminster offered an apology to Western Isles MP Angus Brendan MacNeil.E-petition calls for rioters to be sent to Outer Hebrides https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8785248/E-petition-calls-for-rioters-to-be-sent-to-Outer-Hebrides.html The Daily Telegraph 24 September 2011 London 3 April 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20160202122828/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8785248/E-petition-calls-for-rioters-to-be-sent-to-Outer-Hebrides.html 2 February 2016 live Vigilantism By 20:00 on 7 August, the major rioting had spread to Wood Green, but some riot police were on hand. Again, the police did not intervene to stop the looting. The mostly Turkish and Kurdish shop owners along Wood Green, Turnpike Lane and Green Lanes, Harringay, were said to have formed local "protection units" around their shops.Police lose control of streets shop owners form local 'protection units' The London Daily News http://www.thelondondailynews.com/police-lose-control-streets-shop-owners-form-local-protection-units-p-5381.html 7 August 2011 7 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111004082333/http://www.thelondondailynews.com/police-lose-control-streets-shop-owners-form-local-protection-units-p-5381.html 4 October 2011 dead On 8 and 9 August, people from Indian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Kurdish, Turkish, Sikh and English communities chased down masked youths in several areas of North and East London, including Green Street, Hackney, Haringey, and Tower Hamlets.https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/vigilantes-join-16000-police-on-capitals-streets-2334910.html Vigilantes join 16,000 police on capital's streets Jerome Taylor 10 August 2011 The Independent London 19 September 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170922001810/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/vigilantes-join-16000-police-on-capitals-streets-2334910.html 22 September 2017 liveLondon riots: 'People are fighting back. It's their neighbourhoods at stake' https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/09/london-riots-fighting-neighbourhoods The Guardian UK 10 August 2011 Peter Beaumont Jasmine Coleman Sandra Laville 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20131222045115/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/09/london-riots-fighting-neighbourhoods 22 December 2013 liveMuslim residents protect their communities http://muslimmatters.org/2011/08/08/the-london-rioting-updates-for-muslims/ MuslimMatters.org 10 August 2011 8 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111020073011/http://muslimmatters.org/2011/08/08/the-london-rioting-updates-for-muslims/ 20 October 2011 liveLondon riots: residents fight back https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8691761/London-riots-residents-fight-back.html The Daily Telegraph UK 10 August 2011 Martin Beckford James Hall Christopher Williams David Millward 9 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110810034001/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8691761/London-riots-residents-fight-back.html 10 August 2011 liveGraff Peter Foreigners stay calm and carry on in London riots https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-riots-foreigners-idUSTRE77A5PY20110811 Reuters 14 August 2011 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110812194725/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/11/us-britain-riots-foreigners-idUSTRE77A5PY20110811 12 August 2011 live Conservative MEP Daniel Hannan praised the community for their brave and responsible reactions to the crisis. On 9 August, vigilantes assembled in Enfield, including several members of the English Defence League,http://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/localnews/9188400.Deputy_Mayor_condemns_EDL_vigilantes_in_Enfield_last_night/ David Hardiman, "Deputy Mayor Kit Malthouse condemns Enfield Defence League vigilantes in Enfield last night", Enfield Independent, 10 August 2011. 10 August 2011 6 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120118052123/http://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/localnews/9188400.Deputy_Mayor_condemns_EDL_vigilantes_in_Enfield_last_night/ 18 January 2012 live locals and supporters of the football club Millwall in Eltham,Fearsome fans take on rioters http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/soccer/fearsome-fans-take-on-rioters/story-e6frey4r-1226112765999 The Daily Telegraph 10 August 2011 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20190822094346/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/z-redesign/archive-sport/fearsome-fans-take-on-rioters/news-story/c65c2ed4f6afc05d5c362ebb08429edf?nk=bec6284b19667a83483c244f33a9c2c6-1566467026 22 August 2019 liveUK Riot Vigilantes Attempt To 'Reclaim The Streets' http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/08/10/uk-riot-vigilantes-attemp_n_923110.html?1312983274 Huffington Post 10 August 2011 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120112180629/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/08/10/uk-riot-vigilantes-attemp_n_923110.html?1312983274 12 January 2012 live and the Sikh communities in Southall, East Ham, Ilford and Romford.http://www.sikhsangat.org/2011/08/hundreds-of-sikh-londoners-take-to-the-streets-to-keep-peace-in-various-towns-of-london Hundreds of Sikh Londoners take to the streets to keep peace in various towns of London Sikhsangat.org 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110930011902/http://www.sikhsangat.org/2011/08/hundreds-of-sikh-londoners-take-to-the-streets-to-keep-peace-in-various-towns-of-london/ 30 September 2011 Sangat TV and Sikh Channel urged their viewers to protect Sikh temples after a report that one was attacked in Birmingham.http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2011/08/sangat_tv_switc.php BizAsia 9 August 2011 Sangat TV switches to Birmingham riots coverage https://web.archive.org/web/20120408214116/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2011/08/sangat_tv_switc.php 8 April 2012 On the night of 9–10 August 2011, following violence, arson and rioting in London, members of the Sikh community in Southall volunteered to stand guard at various city Gurdwaras, with as many as 200 to 300 Sikhs from different age groups gathered in various Gurudwaras across Southall to safeguard their places of worship from rioters, some armed with swords and hockey sticks.Singh Tejashdeep http://www.sikhsiyasat.net/2011/08/10/sikhs-stood-guard-to-protect-gurudwaras-from-rioters-in-southall Sikhs stood guard to protect Gurudwaras from rioters in Southall Sikhsiyasat.net 23 July 2011 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110823132340/http://www.sikhsiyasat.net/2011/08/10/sikhs-stood-guard-to-protect-gurudwaras-from-rioters-in-southall/ 23 August 2011 livehttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-14470772 Southall Sikhs stand against London rioters BBC 11 August 2011 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110811031719/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14470772 11 August 2011 live The Sikhs drew praise from Prime Minister David Cameron for this action.http://www.sify.com/news/london-riots-cameron-hails-sikhs-for-protecting-gurdwara-news-international-lilskghcjij.html "London riots: Cameron hails Sikhs for protecting gurdwara". Sify News,11 August 2011. Sify 28 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110812010807/http://www.sify.com/news/london-riots-cameron-hails-sikhs-for-protecting-gurdwara-news-international-lilskghcjij.html 12 August 2011 dead On 10 August in Eltham, police clashed with a bottle-throwing crowd of about 200 vigilantes, including many English Defence League members.Hough Andrew https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8694472/London-riots-vigilantes-hurl-bottles-at-police-in-Eltham.html London riots: vigilantes hurl bottles at police in Eltham The Daily Telegraph 31 May 2011 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110811030141/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8694472/London-riots-vigilantes-hurl-bottles-at-police-in-Eltham.html 11 August 2011 live It was reported that 50 EDL members joined forces with locals to patrol the streets.http://www.channel4.com/news/police-clash-with-vigilantes-in-eltham Police clash with vigilantes in Eltham – Channel 4 News 11 August 2011 Channel 4 12 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110901024342/http://www.channel4.com/news/police-clash-with-vigilantes-in-eltham 1 September 2011 live That same day, a senior police officer said that some vigilante groups were hampering police operations in London.https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/10/london-riots-spark-copycat-birmingham UK riots: More than 1,000 arrests strain legal system to the limit 10 August 2011 The Guardian UK Sam Jones James Meikle 10 December 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20170407052729/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/10/london-riots-spark-copycat-birmingham 7 April 2017 live Race relations The ethnic makeup of the rioters varied in different cities: 76% of those arrested in Manchester were white, while 29% were white and 39% black in London, and the West Midlands was the only area where more than 6% were Asian.Phillips, Richard Phillips; Frost, Diane; and Singleton, Alex (March 2013). "Researching the Riots" https://web.archive.org/web/20130310101117/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2012.00463.x/full 10 March 2013 , The Geographical Journal, Vol. 179, No. 1: There has been much speculation about the causes and meanings of the riots that swept through English cities in August 2011...These disturbances began on 6 August following the police shooting of Mark Duggan, a black resident of Tottenham, North London. Over the following days, they spread within London and to other English cities....There were no riots in English cities such as Sheffield and Newcastle, and the streets of Welsh and Scottish cities remained equally calm.BBC News: "England riots: Who's been prosecuted?" https://web.archive.org/web/20180404135603/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18681866 4 April 2018 , quoting Ministry of Justice statistics from June 2012: 89% are listed as male, 53% were twenty or under, and ethnic statistics are given for each area Research conducted by the University of Nottingham suggested that race relations in Britain deteriorated in the period following the riots and that prejudice towards ethnic minorities increased.Taylor Matthew British public 'are more prejudiced against minorities after riots' https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/sep/05/british-public-prejudiced-minorities-riots The Guardian 5 September 2011 London 10 December 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161116055144/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/sep/05/british-public-prejudiced-minorities-riots 16 November 2016 live After the hit-and-run incident in Birmingham, in which three Asian men were killed by a black driver, racial tensions between blacks and Asians in Birmingham increased; hostilities were defused by the public appeals for an end to violence by Tariq Jahan, father of one of the victims.Kerrins Suzanne Sir Ian Botham: bring in corporal punishment and ban reality TV to save today's youth https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/news/8786663/Sir-Ian-Botham-bring-in-corporal-punishment-and-ban-reality-TV-to-save-todays-youth.html The Daily Telegraph London 24 September 2011 3 April 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20170427100640/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/news/8786663/Sir-Ian-Botham-bring-in-corporal-punishment-and-ban-reality-TV-to-save-todays-youth.html 27 April 2017 live The effects of Black culture were discussed by historian David Starkey in the edition of the BBC's Newsnight TV programme of 12 August. Starkey singled out the influence of black gangster and rap culture on youths of all races, contrasting contemporary youth patois with the speech patterns of black Tottenham MP David Lammy, who, Starkey said, "sounded white". The author Dreda Say Mitchell countered his argument by saying that there is no one single "black culture".https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-14513517 'The whites have become black' says David Starkey BBC 15 August 2011 12 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110815022708/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14513517 15 August 2011 live Some commentators remarked on the apparently high proportion of black people involved in the riots and took the view that there was a disproportionately high number of rioters who were black, compared to the overall demographics of the United Kingdom.A reckoning – The black community wrestles with the causes of the riots https://www.economist.com/britain/2011/09/03/a-reckoning The Economist 14 November 2011 3 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111025011708/http://www.economist.com/node/21528285 25 October 2011 live As the Ministry of Justice has admitted "the group of people brought before the courts is only a subset of all people who took part in the public disorder". In February 2012, a report was published by the Ministry of Justice providing demographic statistics of the people charged over participation the riots up to 1 February 2012, which revealed that 41% of those brought before the courts identified themselves as being from the White group, 39% from the black ethnic group, 12% from the Mixed ethnic group, 6% the Asian ethnic group, and 2% the Other ethnic group.Statistical bulletin on the public disorder of 6 to 9 August 2011 – February update These figures were disproportionate to the average UK population;Statistical bulletin on the public disorder of 6th–9th August 2011 full report http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/statistics/criminal-justice-stats/august-public-disorder-stats-bulletin-230212.pdf Ministry of Justice 26 June 2012 24 October 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20141219082623/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217805/august-public-disorder-stats-bulletin-230212.pdf 19 December 2014Gangs Had No "Pivotal Role" In English Riots http://news.sky.com/home/article/16095055 Sky News 13 November 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120112122926/http://news.sky.com/home/article/16095055 12 January 2012 however, the figures revealed varying demographics in different areas when compared to local populations. For example, in Haringey, the figures revealed that 55% of defendants in court over riot-related charges were black, compared to a 17% Black population; in Salford, 94% of rioters in court were white, compared to an 88% white population, and 6% of rioters were black, compared to a 2% black population.England rioters 'poorer, younger, less educated' https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15426720 13 November 2011 BBC News 24 October 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111111185150/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15426720 11 November 2011 live Additionally, looters from 44 foreign countries were jailed, with Jamaicans representing the largest group.Jailed rioters 'from 44 countries' https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/jailed-rioters-from-44-countries-28672797.html 15 January 2021 Belfast Telegraph 24 October 2011 The Ministry of Justice report also noted that rioters brought before the courts were disproportionately male (89%) and young (53% were aged 20 or under, with the number of "juveniles" ranging from 26% in London to 39% in Merseyside, and very few listed as over 40). Police Operations thumb|Keir Starmer, then Director of Public Prosecutions The Metropolitan Police launched Operation Withern, an investigation into the events leading up to and during the riots.London riots: Met Police launch major investigation https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14438109 BBC News 7 August 2011 20 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181017182730/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14438109 17 October 2018 live The operation was initially led by Detective Superintendent John Sweeney of the Metropolitan Police, with detectives from the Homicide and Serious Crime Command, specialist investigators from the Public Order Branch, and police support staff. Detective Superintendent Robin Bhairam, took over the post event investigation, where officers were drawn from all over the MPS, from different business groups, and placed into ten Investigation Hubs across London.Holehouse Matthew Tottenham riot: Metropolitan Police calls in reinforcements amid fears of second night of disorder https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8687559/Tottenham-riot-Metropolitan-Police-calls-in-reinforcements-amid-fears-of-second-night-of-disorder.html 15 November 2011 The Daily Telegraph 7 August 2011 London https://web.archive.org/web/20110813035854/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8687559/Tottenham-riot-Metropolitan-Police-calls-in-reinforcements-amid-fears-of-second-night-of-disorder.html 13 August 2011 liveDisorder: Updates and Advice from Sunday 7 August http://content.met.police.uk/News/Disorder-Updates-and-Advice-from-Sunday-7-August/1400002050912/1257246745756#16.20 Metropolitan Police 7 August 2011 15 November 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120401045106/http://content.met.police.uk/News/Disorder-Updates-and-Advice-from-Sunday-7-August/1400002050912/1257246745756#16.20 1 April 2012 live The Deputy Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, Steve Kavanagh, stated that the number of officers deployed tripled between 6 and 7 August.https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8688226/London-riots-Met-admits-too-few-officers-deployed.html London riots: Met admits too few officers deployed John Paul Rojas The Daily Telegraph UK 8 August 2011 0307-1235 49632006 8 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110809012747/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8688226/London-riots-Met-admits-too-few-officers-deployed.html 9 August 2011 live The BBC reported that West Midlands riot police officers were issued with plastic bullets to use against looters, but that none were fired.Birmingham gangs "not only to blame for riots" 6 September 2011 BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-14813632 6 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20150925222645/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-14813632 25 September 2015 live Metropolitan Police deputy assistant commissioner Stephen Kavanagh confirmed that police in London were considering using baton rounds against rioters, not previously used by mainland police in public order operations (though they were first approved for use in England and Wales in 2001).London and UK riots: live Raf Sanchez Matthew Holehouse Amy Willis 9 August 2011 The Daily Telegraph UK https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8687177/London-riots-live.html 9 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110809005208/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8687177/London-riots-live.html 9 August 2011 live The Metropolitan Police assigned 450 detectives to hunt for rioters and looters.Sandra Laville https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/09/london-riots-detectives-police London riots: 450 detectives in hunt for looters The Guardian 9 August 2011 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20151003170900/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/09/london-riots-detectives-police 3 October 2015 live The list of photographed looters was made available on their website.http://www.met.police.uk/disordersuspects Disorder Suspects Wanted 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110810105440/http://www.met.police.uk/disordersuspects/ 10 August 2011 Assistant Chief Constable Garry Shewan of Greater Manchester Police criticised "unprecedented" criminality. On 10 August, he warned: "Hundreds and hundreds of people, we have your image, we have your face, we have your acts of wanton criminality on film." Research in Motion (RIM), the maker of the BlackBerry, are reported to have contacted the police to offer help in investigating the use of their system for the organisation of riots.https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/08/london-riots-blackberry-messenger-looting London riots: BlackBerry to help police probe Messenger looting "role" Josh Halliday 8 August 2011 The Guardian UK 10 December 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161202002536/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/08/london-riots-blackberry-messenger-looting 2 December 2016 live According to The Independent, the costs to the Metropolitan Police of policing the disorder and disturbances in London were expected to exceed £34 million. This would have been more than their total bill for the policing of all major public disorder events in the year from April 2010 to March 2011.Riots to cost Met police £34m 30 August 2011 The Independent https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/riots-to-cost-met-police-34m-2346117.html 3 September 2011 London Wesley Johnson https://web.archive.org/web/20111021052419/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/riots-to-cost-met-police-34m-2346117.html 21 October 2011 live Arrests and charges By 15 August 2011, around 3,100 people had been arrested, of whom over 1,100 had appeared in court. On 25 August, the BBC reported that more than 2,000 people had been arrested in connection with the disorder in London.London riots arrests reach 2,000, Met Police says 25 August 2011 BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14668770 1 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110901024516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14668770 1 September 2011 live Justice system Prosecutions The then Director of Public Prosecutions and Head of the Crown Prosecution Service Keir Starmer said that he thought that speedy prosecutions were more effective as a deterrent than long sentences.Bawdon Fiona Lewis Paul Newburn Tim 3 July 2020 Rapid riot prosecutions more important than long sentences, says Keir Starmer https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jul/03/riot-prosecutions-sentences-keir-starmer live https://web.archive.org/web/20200420034812/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jul/03/riot-prosecutions-sentences-keir-starmer 20 April 2020 Some lawyers involved in the prosecutions criticised what they referred to as "chaos".Bawdon Fiona 22 December 2011 England riots: all-night courts praised, but were they a publicity stunt? https://www.theguardian.com/law/2011/dec/22/england-riots-all-night-courts live https://web.archive.org/web/20200704022552/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2011/dec/22/england-riots-all-night-courts 4 July 2020 The Guardian Sentencing guidelines It was reported in mid-August that some courts were advised by senior justice clerks to deal harshly with offences committed during the disturbances.UK riots: magistrates told "ignore the rule book" and lock up looters 15 August 2011 The Telegraph https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8703370/UK-riots-magistrates-told-ignore-the-rule-book-and-lock-up-looters.html 16 August 2011 London https://web.archive.org/web/20110816021255/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8703370/UK-riots-magistrates-told-ignore-the-rule-book-and-lock-up-looters.html 16 August 2011 live The advice was said to tell the courts that they could ignore existing sentencing guidelines and hand down heavy sentences. David Cameron defended the courts for handing out tough sentences, while some Liberal Democrat MPs and civil rights groups criticised some sentences being handed down.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14559294 PM defends "tough" riot sentences handed out by courts BBC 17 August 2011 20 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20171026193359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14559294 26 October 2017 liveMichael Settle http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/politics/coalition-split-on-sentences-linked-to-riots-1.1118308?localLinksEnabled=false Coalition split on sentences linked to riots The Herald Glasgow 18 August 2011 24 August 2011http://www.channel4.com/news/riot-sentences-criticised-as-out-of-proportion Riot sentences criticised as "out of proportion" – Channel 4 News 17 August 2011 Channel 4 24 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20150509074036/http://www.channel4.com/news/riot-sentences-criticised-as-out-of-proportion 9 May 2015 live Groups of lawyers complained that Crown Prosecutors were opposing bail in more cases than usual.James Meikle Simon Rogers https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/12/uk-riots-courts-warning UK riots: Judges warned by Law Society not to hand down "rushed justice" The Guardian 12 August 2011 24 August 2011 London https://web.archive.org/web/20141115233414/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/12/uk-riots-courts-warning 15 November 2014 live Empirical evidence suggests tougher sentencing reduced riot-related offences, but that non-riot offences increased.Bell, Brian, Laura Jaitman, and Stephen Machin. "Crime deterrence: Evidence from the London 2011 riots." The Economic Journal 124, no. 576 (2014): 480–506. Trials and sentencing On 1 September 2011 the BBC reported that official Ministry of Justice figures showed that of the 1,566 people that had appeared before magistrates on charges connected with the disorder, 1,027 had been in London, 190 in Greater Manchester, 132 in the West Midlands, 67 in Merseyside and 64 in Nottingham.England riots: Court appearance total rises above 1,500 1 September 2011 BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14746229 3 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110901172026/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14746229 1 September 2011 live Sentences of four years in a Young Offender Institution were given to two males who promoted riots via Facebook. The proposed events in Northwich and Warrington were not attended by any other people.https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/16/facebook-riot-calls-men-jailed Facebook riot calls earn men four-year jail terms amid sentencing outcry The Guardian 16 August 2011 17 August 2011 Bowcott, Owen London https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024912/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/16/facebook-riot-calls-men-jailed 3 December 2013 livehttps://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/four-years-jail-for-facebook-post-that-incited-no-one-20110817-1ix4h.html Four years' jail for Facebook post that incited no one The Sydney Morning Herald 17 August 2011 17 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20150925013010/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/four-years-jail-for-facebook-post-that-incited-no-one-20110817-1ix4h.html 25 September 2015 live These sentences were affirmed on appeal by the Court of Appeal. Giving the judgment of the court, the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, Lord Judge, sitting with Sir John Thomas and Lord Justice Leveson, stated that there is "an overwhelming obligation on sentencing courts to do what they can to ensure the protection of the public", that "the imposition of severe sentences, intended to provide both punishment and deterrence, must follow" and that "[t]hose who deliberately participate in disturbances of this magnitude, causing injury and damage and fear to even the most stout-hearted of citizens, and who individually commit further crimes during the course of the riots are committing aggravated crimes". The appeals were dismissed.Blackshaw, R. v (Rev 1) [2011] EWCA Crim 2312 https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222725/http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2011/2312.html 23 September 2015 , 18 October 2011. On 25 April 2012, the Court of Appeal (Lord Judge CJ, Openshaw & Irwin JJ) increased the sentence imposed by the Inner London Crown Court on Adam Ahmadzai from four years detention to seven years detention for offences of violent disorder, robbery, burglary and criminal damage committed during the riots on 8 August 2011, following a reference from Attorney General, Dominic Grieve QC.BBC News, "London riots: Croydon rioter's jail term extended" https://web.archive.org/web/20181007205339/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-17844425 7 October 2018 , BBC News, (25 April 2012) The Lord Chief Justice stated that the offences were of the "greatest possible seriousness".J. Colley, "Croydon riot ringleader Adam Khan Ahmadzai's sentence increased" https://web.archive.org/web/20170620114718/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/croydon-riot-ringleader-adam-khan-ahmadzais-sentence-increased-7678680.html 20 June 2017 , The Independent, 25 April 2012. A woman who had not taken part in the riots received five months for receiving a pair of stolen shorts. The sentence was later reduced on appeal.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-14589259 Riots: Ursula Nevin freed after handling stolen shorts BBC News 19 August 2011 24 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110824204700/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-14589259 24 August 2011 live Greater Manchester Police used Twitter to celebrate the five-month sentence; they later apologised and removed the tweet.David Batty https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/13/manchester-police-sorry-looter-sentence Manchester police say sorry over tweet on woman who accepted looted clothes The Guardian 13 August 2011 24 August 2011 London https://web.archive.org/web/20151003094929/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/13/manchester-police-sorry-looter-sentence 3 October 2015 live A teenager was freed when prosecutors found evidence he had been wrongly charged with arson. While in prison, his own flat was burned down.Neal Keeling http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1456384_police-got-the-wrong-man-salford-teen-charged-with-miss-selfridge-arson-during-manchester-riots-is-cleared Police got the wrong man: Salford teen charged with Miss Selfridge arson during Manchester riots is cleared Manchester Evening News 20 August 2011 24 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111111121803/http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1456384_police-got-the-wrong-man-salford-teen-charged-with-miss-selfridge-arson-during-manchester-riots-is-cleared 11 November 2011 live http://liberalconspiracy.org/2011/08/16/gm-police-publish-home-address-of-suspect-his-house-gets-burned-down/ GM Police publish details of riot suspect: His flat gets burnt down Liberal Conspiracy Sunny Hundal 20 April 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150427111310/http://liberalconspiracy.org/2011/08/16/gm-police-publish-home-address-of-suspect-his-house-gets-burned-down/ 27 April 2015 live The detaining of under-18s without criminal records was criticised by UNICEF in October 2011 for possibly breaching the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/oct/09/unicef-britain-riots-children-jailed Unicef criticises Britain for jailing children over riots The Guardian 9 October 2011 13 October 2011 Malik Shiv London The UN children's fund said official figures showing that 45% of all under 18s detained on charges of rioting and looting had no previous criminal history were "very worrying", and represented a possible breach of the 1989 UN convention on the rights of a child. https://web.archive.org/web/20131001040005/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/oct/09/unicef-britain-riots-children-jailed 1 October 2013 live By August 2012, 1,292 rioters had been handed custodial sentences totalling 1,800 years at 16.8 months on an average.http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3735373.ece London rioters given jail terms totalling 1,800 years 7 August 2012 Chennai, India The Hindu Hasan Suroor 7 August 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120808003347/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3735373.ece 8 August 2012 live Theatrical The Tricycle Theatre in Kilburn presented a piece of new writing, The Riots by Gillian Slovo, which looked into the events over those days in August and the thoughts and opinions of a range of people directly involved and politicians. It transferred to the Bernie Grant Arts Centre in Tottenham, about 400 metres from where the Mark Duggan protest took place, on 5 January 2012, and was due to run until 15 January. The piece included community leaders Stafford Scott and Martin Sylvester Brown, police constables on duty that night and a former resident of the Carpet-Right building, the burned remains now providing a reminder of the events.September 2021 They were combined with the views of Diane Abbott, Iain Duncan Smith, Michael Gove and Pastor Nims Obunge. It was received well by all critics,September 2021 with 4 stars from The Guardian.Michael Billington, "The Riots – review" https://web.archive.org/web/20170312072545/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2011/nov/23/the-riots-tricycle-review 12 March 2017 . The Guardian, 23 November 2011. Suggested contributory factors June 2021 The causes of the 2011 England riots both immediate and long-term have been the subject of media and academic debate. Several speculations have emerged as to what the likely contributory factors might be for the riots; from socio-economic causes focusing on unemployment and spending cuts, as well as social media, gang culture and criminal opportunism. The House of Commons Home Affairs select committee began examining the police response to the riots in late 2011. The then leader of the Opposition, Ed Miliband, called for a public inquiry into the wider causes of the riots and has stated that his party would set up such an inquiry if the coalition fails to do so.Patrick Wintour James Meikle https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/aug/12/ed-miliband-links-riots-scandals Ed Miliband promises riots inquiry The Guardian UK 15 August 2011 12 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20151003112508/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/aug/12/ed-miliband-links-riots-scandals 3 October 2015 live A wide-ranging LSE study called Reading the Riots concluded that the major contributory factors were opportunism, perceived social injustice, deprivation, and frustration at the way communities were policed.Introducing phase two of Reading the Riots: police, victims and the courts https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jul/01/introducing-phase-two-reading-riots The Guardian 1 July 2012 London Paul Lewis Tim Newburn 10 December 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20170407091408/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jul/01/introducing-phase-two-reading-riots 7 April 2017 live A YouGov poll was carried out on 8–9 August 2011 for The Sun asking what those surveyed believed to be the main cause of the riots. http://today.yougov.co.uk/sites/today.yougov.co.uk/files/yg-archives-pol-sun-riots-100811.pdf YouGov/The Sun Survey Results 9 August 2011 today.yougov.co.uk 12 August 2011 dead http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110811031843/http://today.yougov.co.uk/sites/today.yougov.co.uk/files/yg-archives-pol-sun-riots-100811.pdf 11 August 2011 In it, 42% of those polled thought "criminal behaviour" to be the main cause, whilst 26% thought "gang culture" was, 8% thought "government cuts" were, 5% thought "unemployment" was, 5% thought "racial tensions" was and 3% thought "poor policing" was. In a ComRes poll for the Sunday Mirror and Independent on Sunday, in which the question was "do you agree or disagree with these statements about the recent riots?", 90% of those polled agreed that the "Police should be allowed use "to use water cannon" would be expected to water cannon to disperse rioters", 90% agreed that "There is no excuse whatsoever for the violent rioting and looting over the last few days", 61% agreed that "Government ministers failed to return to their desks quickly enough from holidays" and 50% agreed that "The Government's response to the economic crisis (e.g. cuts to services, unemployment, reduced education funding) is helping fuel the rioters". http://www.comres.co.uk/polls/Ios_SM_LondonRiots_12thAugust11.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20121017193956/http://www.comres.co.uk/polls/Ios_SM_LondonRiots_12thAugust11.pdf dead 17 October 2012 London Riots Survey ComRes 29 August 2011 Researchers who study the causes of political instability suggest that the critical common factor is the density of youths. A nation's extent of political unrest, i.e. its vulnerability to riot, war or regime change, is directly associated with the percentage of 15- to 24-year-olds in its population. They argue that communities with more than 20% of individuals in this age group run the greatest risk of more frequent and more intense political instability. They describe the phenomena as the "youth bulge theory", where the "bulge" refers to the fattening of the population pyramid just before the base of the youngest age groups. http://www.significancemagazine.org/details/webexclusive/1315481/On-riots-and-youth-bulges.html On riots and youth bulges Significance Magazine https://archive.today/20130415203106/http://www.significancemagazine.org/details/webexclusive/1315481/On-riots-and-youth-bulges.html 15 April 2013 Poor relations with the police The riots in Tottenham after the death of Mark Duggan were initially blamed on poor relations between the police and the black community.Over 1,000 Arrested in U.K. as Anger over Inequality, Racism Boils Over into Insurrection 10 August 2011 Richard Seymour Democracy now http://www.democracynow.org/2011/8/10/over_1_000_arrested_in_uk 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110816235134/http://www.democracynow.org/2011/8/10/over_1_000_arrested_in_uk 16 August 2011 live Professor Gus John has argued that the tactical use of frequent "stop and search", particularly of young black men, has caused resentment of the police in the black community. https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gZ67UWu3mGjnb3TfN-jVwN77VevQ?docId=CNG.1dbda76336400d092358c2558c36e01d.4e1 Guy Jackson Depraved or deprived? UK split on riot causes 12 August 2011 AFP 15 August 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20140218235139/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gZ67UWu3mGjnb3TfN-jVwN77VevQ?docId=CNG.1dbda76336400d092358c2558c36e01d.4e1 18 February 2014 According to David Lammy, the MP for Tottenham, the "cracks that already existed between the police and the community became deep fissures".UK riots: political classes see what they want to see Aditya Chakrabortty 10 August 2011 12 August 2011 The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/10/uk-riots-political-classes London https://web.archive.org/web/20141115021625/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/10/uk-riots-political-classes 15 November 2014 live The Guardian Reading the Riots Survey concluded: "Although rioters expressed a mix of opinions about the disorder, many of those involved said they felt like they were participating in explicitly anti-police riots. They cited "policing" as the most significant cause of the riots, and anger over the police shooting of Mark Duggan, which triggered initial disturbances in Tottenham, was repeatedly mentioned – even outside London." https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/05/anger-police-fuelled-riots-study London The Guardian Paul Lewis Tim Newburn Matthew Taylor James Ball Rioters say anger with police fuelled summer unrest 5 December 2011 10 December 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161119055237/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/05/anger-police-fuelled-riots-study 19 November 2016 live Social exclusion Rioters themselves cited exclusion as a reason for their actions. One person, asked by a journalist if rioting was really the best way to accomplish their objectives, responded: "Yes, because if we weren't rioting, you wouldn't be talking to us."Richard Seymour, Darcus Howe, and Amy Goodman, "Over 1,000 Arrested in U.K. as Anger over Inequality, Racism Boils Over into 'Insurrection'" https://web.archive.org/web/20110816235134/http://www.democracynow.org/2011/8/10/over_1_000_arrested_in_uk 16 August 2011, Democracy Now!, 10 August 2011. Camila Batmanghelidjh writing in The Independent blamed social exclusion and social deprivation. https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/camila-batmanghelidjh-caring-costs-ndash-but-so-do-riots-2333991.html Camila Batmanghelidjh: Caring costs – but so do riots – Commentators, Opinion The Independent UK 9 August 2011 15 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110817181332/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/camila-batmanghelidjh-caring-costs-ndash-but-so-do-riots-2333991.html 17 August 2011 live Various journalists identified poverty and the growing gap between rich and poor as causative factors.Topping Alexandra Looting 'fuelled by social exclusion' The Guardian 8 August 2011 https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/08/looting-fuelled-by-social-exclusion London 10 December 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161202002534/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/08/looting-fuelled-by-social-exclusion 2 December 2016 liveRoss Monique Blame for riots turns to UK social system Australian Broadcasting Corporation 10 August 2011 http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-08-10/society-role-in-london-riots/2833168 10 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110814164618/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-08-10/society-role-in-london-riots/2833168 14 August 2011 liveEnglish riots: The return of the underclass 11 August 2011 Mark Easton BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14488486 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110811180756/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14488486 11 August 2011 live In a House of Commons debate on the riots Home Secretary Theresa May stated that the riots were symptomatic of a "wider malaise" including worklessness, illiteracy, and drug abuse but also stated that "Everybody, no matter what their background or circumstances, has the freedom to choose between right and wrong". https://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/house_of_commons/newsid_9560000/9560113.stm Democracy Live – In full: MPss debate England riots BBC News 11 August 2011 15 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110811202932/http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/house_of_commons/newsid_9560000/9560113.stm 11 August 2011 live Former Prime Minister Tony Blair, writing in The Observer, stated that the riots were not caused by a broken society, but due to a group of young, alienated, disaffected youth who are outside the social mainstream and who live in a culture at odds with any canons of proper behaviour; he added that this is found in virtually every developed nation.Blair Tony Riots Not Caused By Broken Society https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/20/tony-blair-riots-crime-family 21 August 2011 London The Guardian 20 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20150527092624/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/20/tony-blair-riots-crime-family 27 May 2015 live An article from the IWCA dubbed the riots as "the lumpen rebellion" and example of a neo-liberal riot.http://www.iwca.info/?p=10184 The lumpen rebellion 31 August 2011 IWCA 17 December 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190810201216/http://www.iwca.info/?p=10184 10 August 2019 live Max Hastings of the Daily Mail was quoted as blaming young people with an "entitlement culture" and being "bereft of discipline". https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/14/riots-courts-justice-metropolitan-police England riots: justice grinds on as courts sit through the night Tim Adams 14 August 2011 The Guardian UK 15 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20151004135702/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/14/riots-courts-justice-metropolitan-police 4 October 2015 live A journalist on Al Jazeera suggested a similarity to the disenfranchisement behind the Arab Spring revolutionary wave of 2011. Links were made to high youth unemployment and general disenfranchisement. http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/08/2011811122931660627.html From the Arab Spring to Liverpool? Aljazeera 11 August 2011 20 August 2011 Ryan Yasmin https://web.archive.org/web/20110817105719/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/08/2011811122931660627.html 17 August 2011 live A study by the Financial Times published in September 2011 found a strong link between rioting and deprivation. https://www.ft.com/content/236110aa-d716-11e0-bc73-00144feabdc0 Rioting link to deprivation revealed Financial Times Sally Gainsbury Natasha Culzac 4 September 2011 5 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110927090222/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/236110aa-d716-11e0-bc73-00144feabdc0.html 27 September 2011 live Family breakdown Christina Odone writing in The Daily Telegraph links the riots to a lack of male role models and argues that "Like the overwhelming majority of youth offenders behind bars, these gang members have one thing in common: no father at home."Odone Cristina http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/cristinaodone/100100154/london-riots-absent-fathers-have-a-lot-to-answer-for London riots: Absent fathers have a lot to answer for The Daily Telegraph 9 August 2011 15 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184011/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/cristinaodone/100100154/london-riots-absent-fathers-have-a-lot-to-answer-for/ 3 March 2016 dead This has been linked further with England's having the "worst record in family breakdown in Europe". Rioters Are Not 'Scum'! They Are The Fatherless http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/life/Rioters_Are_NOT_Scum_They_Are_The_Fatherless/44210/p1 10 August 2011 16 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110921034339/http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/life/Rioters_Are_NOT_Scum_They_Are_The_Fatherless/44210/p1/ 21 September 2011 live Government cuts The spending cuts of the coalition government in the United Kingdom have also been cited as a cause. http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-disorder-idUKTRE7752QX20110808 Riots spread on third night of violence Hemming Jon Ambrogi Stefano 8 August 2011 Reuters 8 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110827001213/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/08/08/uk-britain-disorder-idUKTRE7752QX20110808 27 August 2011 deadCroft Adrian Spending cuts, police blamed for London riot B4 The Vancouver Sun 8 August 2011 https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna44055812 More than 200 thugs arrested in London riots NBC News 8 August 2011 Somaiya Ravi London Sees Twin Perils Converging to Fuel Riot https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/08/world/europe/08britain.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all The New York Times 7 August 2011 26 February 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170622153857/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/08/world/europe/08britain.html 22 June 2017 live Ken Livingstone, the Labour Candidate for Mayor of London in 2012 has argued that "The economic stagnation and cuts being imposed by the Tory government inevitably create social division." http://www.labourlist.org/ken-livingstone-statement-on-tottenham-riots Ken Livingstone statement on Tottenham riots LabourList.org 7 August 2011 15 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120328123039/http://labourlist.org/2011/08/ken-livingstone-statement-on-tottenham-riots/ 28 March 2012 Nick Clegg, the Deputy Prime Minister and leader of the Liberal Democrats political party, made it clear that the government's planned cuts to police budgets will go ahead.James Meikle https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/aug/11/nick-clegg-police-funding-cuts-riots Nick Clegg: police funding cuts will not change despite riots The Guardian UK 15 August 2011 11 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20151003095852/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/aug/11/nick-clegg-police-funding-cuts-riots 3 October 2015 live The local government budget had been cut in the past year so Haringey Council, which includes Tottenham and Tottenham Hale, decided to close eight of its 13 youth clubs in 2011, rather than save money through increased efficiency or make cuts in other areas. http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/opinion/news-analysis/rolling-back-the-state-only-fans-the-flames-16037110.html Rolling back the state only fans the flames The Belfast Telegraph 24 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110821050146/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/opinion/news-analysis/rolling-back-the-state-only-fans-the-flames-16037110.html 21 August 2011 live"Hackney riots: 'The message when youth clubs close is that no one cares'" https://web.archive.org/web/20170407085641/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/13/hackney-riots-youth-clubs-closure?intcmp=239 7 April 2017 , The Observer. Retrieved 17 August 2011. Scrapping of the Education Maintenance Allowance, removing of funding for courses where the student already has an equal or lower level qualification and trebling of university tuition fees, combined with high youth unemployment has placed the British youth "between a rock and a hard place" alienating and angering the youth population.Young people have no right to riot, but they have a right to be angry Lloyd Saci https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/18/riot-young-people-a-level-school The Guardian 18 August 2011 20 August 2011 London https://web.archive.org/web/20151003170730/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/18/riot-young-people-a-level-school 3 October 2015 live Proponents of this argument say that Scottish youth did not riot partly because Scottish students do not have to pay tuition fees.A society that is slipping into Dickensian darkness Macwhirter Iain http://www.heraldscotland.com/mobile/comment/iain-macwhirter/a-society-that-is-slipping-into-dickensian-darkness-1.1118346 The Herald Glasgow 18 August 2011 20 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20130930190349/http://www.heraldscotland.com/comment/columnists/a-society-that-is-slipping-into-dickensian-darkness.14772416 30 September 2013 Unemployment and poverty David Lammy MP has said that Tottenham has the highest unemployment rate in London and the eighth highest in the United Kingdom.David Lammy Response to the Comprehensive Spending Review 25 February 2011 http://www.davidlammy.co.uk/Respond_to_the_Comprehensive_Spending_Review dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110725225202/http://www.davidlammy.co.uk/Respond_to_the_Comprehensive_Spending_Review 25 July 2011 The number of people chasing every one job vacancy in Haringey has been put at 23 and 54 in separate reports, and fears had spread of disorder after youth club closures in recent months. Alex Goy The toughest places to get a job in the UK: 6. Haringey 12 August 2011 26 June 2011 http://money.uk.msn.com/news/uk-economy/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=158344853&page=10 https://web.archive.org/web/20110901170244/http://money.uk.msn.com/news/uk-economy/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=158344853&page=10 1 September 2011 deadAlexandra Topping Cameron Robertson https://www.theguardian.com/society/video/2011/jul/31/haringey-youth-club-closures-video Haringey youth club closures: 'There'll be riots' (video) The Guardian 31 July 2011 12 August 2011 London https://web.archive.org/web/20130912122610/http://www.theguardian.com/society/video/2011/jul/31/haringey-youth-club-closures-video 12 September 2013 liveHannah Richardson https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-11607329 Youth service cuts 'could lead to social unrest' BBC News 22 October 2010 17 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120311184746/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-11607329 11 March 2012 live One report about a citizen's inquiry conducted in the aftermath of the violence noted that in Tottenham there were about 10,000 unemployed residents and only 367 job vacancies when the riots broke. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/feb/05/tottenham-citizens-inquiry-toxic-relations-police London The Guardian Paul Lewis Joblessness and "toxic relations" with police are blamed for Tottenham riot 5 February 2012 3 September 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20151004123502/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/feb/05/tottenham-citizens-inquiry-toxic-relations-police 4 October 2015 live Haringey has the fourth highest level of child poverty in London and 8.8% unemployed. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/08/context-london-riots London The Guardian Nina Power There is a context to London's riots that can't be ignored 8 August 2011 10 December 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20170203013335/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/08/context-london-riots 3 February 2017 live Rioting for fun Other academics have pointed to more prosaic causes of the 2011 riots, citing the carnivalesque atmospheres created through the usual uses of urban space. For example, researchers from the University of Birmingham noted that 'another sound could be heard above the mêlée, that of laughter. Above the bark of police dogs, and behind the masked and hooded faces of the throng, were smiles, laughter, and shrieks of joy.'"Panic on the streets of Birmingham? Struggles over space and belonging in the Revanchist City", in Justice Matters, Vol. 87, No. 1 (2012). Gang culture In a Newsnight discussion on 12 August, historian David Starkey blamed black gangster culture, saying that it had influenced youths of all races. The BBC received nearly 700 complaints about his statement that the "whites have become black". https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14542240 BBC News Hundreds complain about David Starkey's race comments 16 August 2011 20 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181123211523/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14542240 23 November 2018 live Criminal opportunism During the riots, on 9 August 2011, UK Home Secretary Theresa May said: "I think this is about sheer criminality. That is what we have seen on the streets. The violence we've seen, the looting we've seen, the thuggery we've seen – this is sheer criminality, and let's make no bones about it."Rioting spirals out of control 8 August 2011 London Evening Standard http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23976590-rioting-spirals-out-of-control.do https://archive.today/20120604014910/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23976590-rioting-spirals-out-of-control.do dead 4 June 2012 Paul Hobbs, London correspondent for One News said that looters are not politically motivated and called the riots "recreational violence".UK riots: 16,000 police on London streets http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/london-riots-military-could-brought-in-4343698 9 August 2011 TVNZ 9 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110811182640/http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/london-riots-military-could-brought-in-4343698 11 August 2011 A Manchester rioter said to a BBC correspondent: "Every time I go into town I just think how the shops got smashed up in 2011 by all of us, I just laugh about it every time I go back in now." https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/9572763.stm Rioters revel in thrill of seizing Manchester streets BBC News Newsnight 20 April 2015 The BBC reported that the Chief Constable of West Midlands Police had stated that he thought that the motivation for rioters targeting the city centre was not anger, but greed.How rioting spread around England BBC News 9 August 2011 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-14466477 9 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110810053922/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14466477 10 August 2011 live Moral decay at the top Daily Telegraph columnist Peter Oborne suggested that moral decay is just as bad at the top of society as it is at the bottom, with the rich and powerful generating anger among the British population. He cited the MPs' expenses scandal, bankers' bonuses, and the phone hacking scandal as setting poor examples.The moral decay of our society is as bad at the top as the bottom Oborne Peter http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/peteroborne/100100708/the-moral-decay-of-our-society-is-as-bad-at-the-top-as-the-bottom The Daily Telegraph 11 August 2011 20 August 2011 London https://web.archive.org/web/20160325141128/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/peteroborne/100100708/the-moral-decay-of-our-society-is-as-bad-at-the-top-as-the-bottom/ 25 March 2016 dead In the Financial Times cartoonist Ingram Pinn depicted a Union Flag being broken through by a looter in a hoodie carrying a stolen box of Adidas trainers, preceded by two men in suits carrying piles of cash, one saying "MP's Expenses" and another "Banker's Bonus"."Broken Britain Riots" https://web.archive.org/web/20131023004350/http://domesticempire.wordpress.com/2011/08/16/broken-britain-riots/ 23 October 2013 , 16 August 2011. Failure of the penal system Kenneth Clarke, the Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice, writing in The Guardian, described the riots in part as "an outburst of outrageous behaviour by the criminal classes". He drew attention to the statistic that almost three-quarters of the adults who had been charged with offences related to the disorder already had a criminal record. Clarke characterised this as the legacy of "a broken penal system", one that did not have a good record for preventing reoffending. He said he was proposing radical new measures intended to focus on robust punishment and on delivering reductions in reoffending.Punish the feral rioters, but address our social deficit too Kenneth Clarke 5 September 2011 The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/sep/05/punishment-rioters-help 6 September 2011 London https://web.archive.org/web/20131206175102/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/sep/05/punishment-rioters-help 6 December 2013 live Mainstream media relationship with the communities A conference held in November 2012 and its subsequent report by Dr Leah Bassel of the University of Leicester, entitled Media and the Riots – A Call For Action, examined the relationship between mainstream media and communities affected by the riots. It criticised the portrayal of young people in the media coverage, particularly young black people who were disproportionately singled out as being involved. It also criticised the press in spreading misinformation from unreliable sources and in particular disinformation emanating from the police.Roy Greenslade, "What the media did wrong in the riots – and how to put it right" https://web.archive.org/web/20170407090956/https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2012/jul/31/london-riots-universityofleicester 7 April 2017, Greenslade Blog, The Guardian, 31 July 2012.Marc Wadsworth, "Media Coverage Of 2011 Riots 'Was Disgraceful'" https://web.archive.org/web/20121021073034/http://voice-online.co.uk/article/media-coverage-2011-riots-was-disgraceful 21 October 2012 , The Voice, 10 June 2012."Special report about media and the riots" https://web.archive.org/web/20130402203648/http://www.the-latest.com/riots-and-media-report 2 April 2013, The Latest. In the article Youth voices in post-English riots Tottenham: The role of reflexivity in negotiating negative representations, Elster explores the subjective accounts of a group of eighteen 15- to 25-year-olds from Tottenham.Elster Julius 31 March 2020 Youth voices in post-English riots Tottenham: The role of reflexivity in negotiating negative representations The Sociological Review 68 6 1386–402 10.1177/0038026120915706 216285672 0038-0261 http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/5713/1/Youth%20voices%20in%20post-English%20riots%20Tottenham%20-%20final%20manuscript%20for%20The%20Sociological%20Review%20-%20Dr%20Julius%20Elster.pdf 2 June 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200507103917/http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/5713/1/Youth%20voices%20in%20post-English%20riots%20Tottenham%20-%20final%20manuscript%20for%20The%20Sociological%20Review%20-%20Dr%20Julius%20Elster.pdf 7 May 2020 live This study shows that the media portrayals of the communities associated with the riots were unrecognisable to those actually living in these communities. Its findings also indicate a consensus among the research participants, who were all from the "riot-hit areas", that the UK general public perceive them, and the wider communities in which they live, through media's "riot discourse". See also England Law Broken Britain Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000 Other riots in the UK 1981 Brixton riot 2001 England riots 2022 Leicester unrest 2023 Dublin riot 2024 Leeds riot 2024 United Kingdom riots 2025 Northern Ireland riots 2026 Southampton riots 2026 Northern Ireland riots Other riots in response to police incidents 1992 Los Angeles riots 2005 French riots 2006 Brussels riots 2007 Villiers-le-Bel riots 2013 Trappes riots 2013 Stockholm riots Ferguson unrest George Floyd protests Other major civil unrests Gezi Park protests 2008–2009 Oslo anti-Israel riots References 30em Further reading Daniel Briggs. The English Riots of 2011: A Summer of Discontent. Waterside Press, 2012. 1-9043-8088-3. External links Documentary on riots on Al Jazeera's People and Power Timeline and map of violence from the BBC Coverage at the Daily Telegraph Coverage at the Guardian Guardian dataset & map of verified incidents Coverage at the Independent Videos of the riot cleanup U.K. Citizen Isobel Wiles' Commentary from abroad https://web.archive.org/web/20110929130138/http://hesomagazine.com/featured/burning-questions-of-london-class-war-or-pure-criminality/ 29 September 2011 Tottenham MP David Lammy speaking on the aftermath of the riots The View from Hackney Official inquiry website https://web.archive.org/web/20130127050527/http://riotspanel.independent.gov.uk/ 27 January 2013 David Cameron's full statement on the UK riots Category:2011 crimes in the United Kingdom Category:2011 disasters in the United Kingdom Riots Category:2011 riots Category:2010s crimes in London Category:2010s fires in the United Kingdom Category:2011 fires in Europe Category:Arson in 2011 Category:Arson in England Category:Arson in London Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2011 Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in England Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in London Category:August 2011 crimes in Europe Category:August 2011 in the United Kingdom Category:Looting in England 2011 Category:Attacks on transport Category:Boris Johnson Category:Premiership of David Cameron Category:Boris Johnson controversies Category:Keir Starmer controversies