1900 in science

none 1900 science 1900 The year 1900 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Aeronautics July 2 – The first rigid airship flight is made by the LZ1 designed by Ferdinand von Zeppelin. c. October 3 – The Wright brothers begin their first manned glider experimental flights at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina; their first few attempts fail. Chemistry Moses Gomberg identifies the first organic radical (according to the modern definition), triphenylmethyl radical. Johannes Rydberg refines the expression for observed hydrogen line wavelengths. Earth sciences January 5 – Physicist Dr Henry A. Rowland of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore announces his theory that the cause of Earth's magnetic field is its own rotation, based on experiments to produce magnetism by the rotation of a motor.Magnetism of the Earth The New York Times January 6, 1900 1 Richard Dixon Oldham distinguishes between primary, secondary and tertiary waveforms as recorded by seismometers.Andrew Grout Oldham, Richard Dixon (1858–1936) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press 2004 http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37820 10.1093/ref:odnb/37820 2011-10-20 Exploration February 16 – The British-sponsored Southern Cross Expedition led by Carsten Borchgrevink achieves a new Farthest South of 78° 50'S, making the first landing at the Great Ice Barrier.Hugh Robert Mill Mill Hugh Robert The Siege of the South Pole Alston Rivers London 1905 402 American explorer Robert Peary first sights Kaffeklubben Island, the northernmost point of land on Earth. Genetics Hugo de Vries publishes the results of his experiments in Mendelian inheritance.De Vries H. 1900 Sur la loi de disjonction des hybrides On the law of hybrid disjunction https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3581872 Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences fr Paris 130 845–847 Mathematics Max Dehn introduces two examples of Dehn plane and the Dehn invariant. David Hilbert states his list of 23 problems which show where some further mathematical work is needed. Russell's paradox is first discovered by Ernst Zermelo but he does not publish it, and it is known only to Hilbert, Husserl and other members of the University of Göttingen. Gaston Tarry confirms Euler's conjecture that no 6×6 orthogonal Graeco-Latin square is possible.http://academic.scranton.edu/faculty/doughertys1/euler.htm 36 Officer Problem dead https://web.archive.org/web/20080828085817/http://academic.scranton.edu/faculty/doughertys1/euler.htm 2008-08-28 Alfred Young introduces the Young tableau. Medicine English surgeon and ophthalmologist Edward Treacher Collins describes the essential traits of Treacher Collins syndrome.Treacher Collins E. 1900 Cases with symmetrical congenital notches in the outer part of each lid and defective development of the malar bones Transactions of the Ophthalmological Societies of the United Kingdom 20 190–192 German gynecologist Hermann Johannes Pfannenstiel publishes his description of the "Pfannenstiel incision", a transverse incision used in genitourinary surgery that continues to be widely used. Paleontology Barnum Brown finds the first partial skeleton of Tyrannosaurus rex in eastern Wyoming. Dr. James K. Hampson identifies the Island 35 Mastodon skeleton in the Mississippi River. Photography Kodak introduce their first Brownie (camera). Physics April 26 – Guglielmo Marconi patents the tuned circuit. 6-10 August The first International Congress of Physics is held in ParisPoskett James https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Horizons/6m8XEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22International+Congress+of+Physics%22+lebedev&pg=PT160&printsec=frontcover Horizons: A Global History of Science 2022-03-24 Penguin Books Limited 978-0-241-39411-3 en Pyotr Lebedev presents first experimental evidence of radiation pressure during the conference October 7 – Max Planck hosts fellow physicist Heinrich Rubens for tea and considers news that Rubens' experiments have contradicted Planck's theories. Later this evening, Planck reviews and refines his calculations to what will be announced on October 19 as Planck's law.Edward G. Steward Quantum Mechanics: Its Early Development and the Road to Entanglement Imperial College Press London 2008 36–42 October 19 – Max Planck first states Planck's law of black-body radiation to a meeting of the German Physical Society in Berlin, marking the birth of modern quantum mechanics.Planck M. 1900 Über eine Verbesserung der Wien'schen Spectralgleichung https://archive.org/stream/verhandlungende01goog#page/n212/mode/2up Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft 2 202–204 Translated in ter Haar D. Dirk ter Haar 1967 On an Improvement of Wien's Equation for the Spectrum http://www.ffn.ub.es/luisnavarro/nuevo_maletin/Planck%20%281900%29,%20Improvement%20of%20Wien%27s.pdf The Old Quantum Theory Pergamon Press 79–81 66029628 2016-10-10 2016-10-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20161010010043/http://www.ffn.ub.es/luisnavarro/nuevo_maletin/Planck%20%281900%29,%20Improvement%20of%20Wien%27s.pdf dead December 14 – Max Planck restates his law, utilising the Planck postulate, at a meeting of the German Physical Society.Planck M. 1900 https://archive.org/stream/verhandlungende01goog#page/n247/mode/2up Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft 2 237–245 Translated in ter Haar D. 1967 http://www.ffn.ub.es/luisnavarro/nuevo_maletin/Planck%20%281900%29,%20Distribution%20Law.pdf The Old Quantum Theory Pergamon Press 82 66029628 2016-09-20 2016-10-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20160920053757/http://www.ffn.ub.es/luisnavarro/nuevo_maletin/Planck%20%281900%29,%20Distribution%20Law.pdf dead December 23 – Reginald Fessenden, experimenting with a high-frequency spark transmitter, successfully transmits speech over a distance of about 1.6 kilometers (one mile), from Cobb Island, Maryland, which appears to have been the first audio radio transmission. Gamma rays discovered by Paul Villard while studying uranium decay. Physiology Karl Landsteiner makes the first discovery of blood types, identifying the ABO blood group system.Landsteiner K. Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie 1900 27 357–62 Carl Rasch coins the term 'polymorphous light eruption'. Jōkichi Takamine and Keizo Uenaka discover adrenaline.Yamashima T. Jokichi Takamine (1854–1922), the samurai chemist, and his work on adrenalin Journal of Medical Biography 11 2 95–102 2003 12717538 10.1177/096777200301100211 Zoology Richard J. Ussher and Robert Warren publish The Birds of Ireland.Ussher Richard John http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/49473 The birds of Ireland; an account of the distribution, migrations and habits of birds as observed in Ireland, with all additions to the Irish list Warren Robert 1900 Gurney and Jackson (successors to Mr. Van Voorst) London 10.5962/bhl.title.49473 Awards Copley Medal: Marcellin BerthelotCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopædia Britannica 23 July 2020 Births January 2 – Una Ledingham (died 1965), English physician specialising in diabetes mellitus and pregnancy.The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil_0 registration 2000 Routledge New York March 4 – Heinrich Willi (died 1971), Swiss pediatrician. March 8 – Howard H. Aiken (died 1973), American computing pioneer. March 19 – Frédéric Joliot (died 1958), French physicist.The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-fred/facts/ NobelPrize.org 2 January 2022 March 20 – Amelia Chopitea Villa (died 1942), Bolivia's first female physician. April 3 – Albert Ingham (died 1967), English mathematician. April 25 – Wolfgang Pauli (died 1958), Austrian-born physicist. April 26 – Charles Richter (died 1985), American geophysicist and inventor. April 28 – Jan Oort (died 1992), Dutch astronomer. May 5 – Helen Redfield (died 1988), American geneticist. May 6 – Zheng Ji (died 2010), Chinese biochemist and nutritionist. May 10 – Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (died 1979), English-born American astronomer and astrophysicist.The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers 2007 Springer 9780387304007 New York May 22 – Honor Fell (died 1986), English biologist. June 3 – Leo Picard (died 1997), German-born Israeli geologist. June 24 – Wilhelm Cauer (killed 1945), German mathematician and electronic engineer. June 25 Zinaida Aksentyeva (died 1969), Ukrainian/Soviet astronomer. Philip D'Arcy Hart (died 2006), English medical researcher, pioneer in tuberculosis treatment. June 30 – James Stagg (died 1975) Scottish meteorologist. July 9 – Frances McConnell-Mills, born Frances Mary McConnell (died 1975), American toxicologist. August 25 – Hans Adolf Krebs (died 1981), German-born medical doctor and biochemist. August 26 – Hellmuth Walter (died 1980), German-born engineer and inventor. October 2 – Isabella Forshall (died 1989), English pediatric surgeon. November 5 – Ethelwynn Trewavas (died 1993), English ichthyologist.https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-ethelwynn-trewavas-1462529.html https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-ethelwynn-trewavas-1462529.html 2022-05-01 subscription live Obituary: Ethelwynn Trewavas 1993-08-21 The Independent London 2017-10-22 November 21 – Bettina Warburg (died 1990), German-born American psychiatrist. November 26 – Anna Maurizio (died 1993), Swiss biologist.http://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/maurizio-anna-1900-1993 Maurizio, Anna (1900–1993) Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary encyclopedia.com en 2017-10-22 October 23, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171023011417/http://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/maurizio-anna-1900-1993 live December 9 – Joseph Needham (died 1995), English biochemist and writer on the history of science and technology in China. December 12 – Mária Telkes (died 1995), Hungarian-American scientist and inventor. December 17 – Mary Cartwright (died 1998), English mathematician, one of the first people to analyze a dynamical system with chaos.http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Obits/Cartwright.html Mary Cartwright Times obituary www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk 2017-10-20 Robina Addis (died 1986), English psychiatric social worker.http://wellcomelibrary.org/collections/digital-collections/mental-healthcare/robina-addis/ Robina Addis Wellcome Library 2019-03-16 Margaret Altmann (died 1984), German-American biologist.American women of science since 1900 Wayne Tiffany K. 2011 ABC-CLIO 9781598841589 Santa Barbara, Calif. 189 702118874 Ernest Gibbins (killed 1942), English entomologist. Deaths January 13 – Peter Waage (born 1833), Norwegian chemist. January 22 – David E. Hughes (born 1831), British-American inventor. March 6 – Gottlieb Daimler (born 1834), German engineer, automotive pioneer. March 10 – George James Symons (born 1838), English meteorologist. April 1 – George Jackson Mivart (born 1827), English biologist. August 4 – Étienne Lenoir (born 1822), Belgian mechanical engineer. August 31 – John Bennet Lawes (born 1814), English agricultural scientist. September 4 – Charles Harrison Blackley (born 1820), English allergist. October 16 – Henry Acland (born 1815), English physician. October 29 – Bruno Abakanowicz (born 1852), Polish mathematician, inventor and electrical engineer. References Category:19th century in science Category:1900s in science