1912 Jamaica hurricane

Category 3 Atlantic hurricane August 2014 1912 Jamaica hurricane 1912 Atlantic hurricane 7 November 18.jpg Surface weather analysis of the hurricane skirting Jamaica on November 18 1912 11 11 1912 11 22 100 965 1912 105 1500000 Cuba, Jamaica 1912 Atlantic hurricane season The 1912 Jamaica hurricane was a slow-moving tropical cyclone that meandered about the island of Jamaica, causing torrential rainfall and severe flooding in November 1912. The strongest hurricane in the Atlantic that year, the cyclone formed from a low pressure area in the southwestern Caribbean Sea early on November 11. Initially, the storm tracked slowly to northwest, before eventually curving north-northeastward. Late on November 13, the cyclone became a hurricane. After reaching hurricane status, further deepening was slow, though after recurving toward northeastward, the storm began to quicken its rate of intensification. Early on November 17, the system peaked as a 115 mph (185 km/h) Category 3 hurricane on the modern day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. It continued north-northeastward and made landfall near Negril, Jamaica, on November 18. The storm weakened continually after landfall and reentry into the Caribbean Sea. On November 20, the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm north of Jamaica. The system tracked westward across the Caribbean, before dissipating on November 22 to the southwest of Grand Cayman. Heavy rainfall was reported in Jamaica, with as much as 36 in mm of precipitation recorded in some areas. Several bridges were severely damaged in the northern and eastern portions of the island. Strong winds generated by the storm destroyed approximately 25% of banana trees, while telegraph lines were downed in a number of places. Railway lines were also heavily damaged by the winds and rain. Rough seas also lashed the island, with Savanna-la-Mar suffering near complete destruction and 42 deaths in that city alone. Across western Jamaica, roughly a hundred homes were destroyed, while 5,000 buildings were damaged or demolished. About 100 fatalities and $1.5 million (1912 USD) in damage occurred in Jamaica. Extensive flooding and five fatalities occurred in Cuba in the Guantánamo Bay area. Meteorological history AL07 1912 path.png new The origins of the 1912 Jamaica hurricane can be definitively traced to a low-pressure area first identified on November 10 in the central Caribbean Sea, south of Hispaniola. Although a tropical wave that crossed the Lesser Antilles several days prior was believed to be a possible precursor to the hurricane, this could not be fully concluded due to the lack of observations in the eastern Caribbean Sea.Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html National Hurricane Center August 12, 2014 Christopher Landsea etal April 2014 Early on November 11, the development of a closed atmospheric circulation led to the classification of a tropical storm about 110 mi km on north of Cacique, Colón, in Panama at 06:00 UTC that day. Decreasing barometric pressures in the region confirmed the presence of a cohesive and developing system.Henry C. Frankenfield Weather, Forecasts and Warnings Monthly Weather Review November 1912 40 11 1747–1778 10.1175/1520-0493(1912)40<1747:WFAW>2.0.CO;2 http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/040/mwr-040-11-1747.pdf August 12, 2014 American Meteorological Society 1912MWRv...40.1747F free The tropical cyclone remained weak as it moved slowly northward, but gradually intensified into a Category 1 hurricane on the modern day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale east of Nicaragua at 18:00 UTC on November 13. A ship at or near the storm's center during that time documented a pressure of 992 mbar (hPa; 29.30 inHg). Slow intensification took place after classification as a hurricane, though after recurving northeastward, the storm began to quicken in strengthening. On November 18, the cyclone reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h), making it equivalent to a Category 3 hurricane. Initially, it was believed that the storm became a Category 4 hurricane, but this was determined to be too strong of an intensity.November 2020 A relatively small tropical cyclone, the hurricane made landfall along the western coast of Jamaica late on November 18. At the time of landfall, a pressure of 965 mbar (hPa; 28.50 inHg) at South Negril Point — the lowest barometric pressure documented anywhere during the storm's existence. Despite only briefly moving inland, the hurricane quickly weakened after landfall and continued to do so upon reentry into the Caribbean Sea. On November 20, the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm south of Cuba. Due to ambiguous surface observations in the area at the time, the storm was originally believed to have progressed northwards through the Atlantic before clipping Newfoundland; another scenario indicating that the storm made landfall in New York also seemed possible. However, reanalysis concluded that the system instead tracked westward across the Caribbean, slowly weakening before dissipating on November 22 north of Honduras. Impact and aftermath While the hurricane was developing in the southern Caribbean Sea, its outer rainbands caused extremely heavy rainfall in the Jamaican parishes of Saint Thomas, Portland, Saint Andrew, and Saint Mary. During the period extending from November 10–12, as much as 36 in mm on of precipitation was recorded, causing extensive flooding and damaging roads. In eastern and northern areas of Jamaica, bridges were heavily damaged.Banana Trees Injured https://www.newspapers.com/clip/850330/1912_jamaica_hurricane/? August 12, 2014 The Washington Post November 16, 1912 Washington, D.C. 1 Newspapers.com 13310 Strong winds associated with these rainbands blew down a multitude of banana trees,The Storms Of November In Jamaica, West Indies Monthly Weather Review November 1912 40 11 1756–1757 10.1175/1520-0493(1912)40<1756b:TSONIJ>2.0.CO;2 http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/040/mwr-040-11-1756b.pdf August 12, 2014 American Meteorological Society 1912MWRv...40R1756. free with overall losses estimated at 25%.Unprecedented Rains Hurt Jamaican Fruits https://www.newspapers.com/clip/850519/1912_jamaica_hurricane/? August 12, 2014 San Francisco Chronicle November 17, 1912 San Francisco, California 1 Newspapers.com 101 126 The United Fruit Company sustained heavy losses due to the damage to banana trees,Hurricane Off Jamaican Coast https://www.newspapers.com/clip/850273/ August 12, 2014 The Evening Observer November 15, 1912 Dunkirk, New York 3 Newspapers.com 78 56 including several banana plantations reporting losses as high as 60% individually.Hurricane Causes Damage https://www.newspapers.com/clip/851081/1912_jamaica_hurricane/? August 12, 2014 The Leavenworth Times November 19, 1912 Leavenworth, Kansas 1 Newspapers.com These losses exacerbated bananas losses sustained during the passage of another hurricane in August 1912.High Cost Of Bananas https://www.newspapers.com/clip/849979/august_1912_jamaica_hurricane/? August 12, 2014 the Kane Republican November 12, 1912 Kane, Pennsylvania 1 Newspapers.com 21 51 Conditions on the island worsened as the hurricane neared the coast, with railway lines heavily damaged by the winds and rain. Telegraph lines were downed, cutting communications.Jamaican Storm Continues https://www.newspapers.com/clip/850390/ August 12, 2014 The Parsons Daily Sun November 18, 1912 Parsons, Kansas 1 Newspapers.com 32 325 The combination of rough seas and winds uprooted long stretches of trees and wrecked numerous ships.Jamaica Swept By Storm; Many Boats Wrecked https://www.newspapers.com/clip/850620/ August 12, 2014 Fairbanks Daily Times November 19, 1912 Fairbanks, Alaska 1 Newspapers.com 9 2158 The entire town of Savanna-la-Mar was nearly destroyed by the hurricane's effects, which included damage to several local churches. The storm also virtually destroyed the communities of Green Island, Lucea, and Negril, where a church remained the only standing structure. In Montego Bay, at least 300 people were left homeless, many of whom temporarily lived in the courthouse after losing their homes.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6573706/the_new_york_age/ 1 December 5, 1912 Jamaica Hard Hit By Hurricane New York Age 26 10 September 10, 2016 Newspapers.com A total of 42 people were killed in the city. Several other wharves along the coast were swept away due to the waves and wind.Jamaica Hurricane https://www.newspapers.com/clip/852123/ August 12, 2014 The Tribune-Republic November 19, 1912 Scranton, Pennsylvania 1 Newspapers.com 87 44 Across western Jamaica, roughly a hundred homes were destroyed, while 5,000 buildings were damaged or demolished. Due to the destruction caused by the tropical cyclone, Jamaica governor Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier assessed damage in the western portion of the island. The government of Jamaica ordered the dispatch of artillerymen in order to bring 300 tents and other relief supplies to impacted regions.Entire Town Wiped Out https://www.newspapers.com/clip/850669/ August 12, 2014 The Daily Northwestern November 20, 1912 Oshkosh, Wisconsin 1 Newspapers.com Associated Press Additionally, money was raised to aid those who became homeless. In Cuba, the storm primarily effected Guantánamo Bay, causing extensive flooding in the area. There were five fatalities, four of which were fishermen who drowned and another person died after injuries suffered during a building collapsed.David Longshore Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones, New Edition 55–56 New York Facts on File May 12, 2010 9781438118796 June 3, 2016 https://books.google.com/books?id=8kXwskQHBLoC&q=black+river+hurricane&pg=PA56 See also Tropical cyclones List of Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes 1903 Jamaica hurricane 1909 Greater Antilles hurricane 1916 Texas hurricane 1935 Jérémie hurricane 1944 Jamaica hurricane Hurricane Gustav (2008) Hurricane Sandy (2012) Hurricane Melissa (2025) References External links History of Hurricanes and Floods in Jamaica Category:Hurricanes in Jamaica Category:Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes Category:1912 natural disasters Category:1912 Atlantic hurricane season Category:Meteorological events in 1912