1546

1546 March 2011 1546 250px|thumb|April 8: The Council of Trent issues its first major decree for the Roman Catholic Church, Decretum de Canonicis Scripturis, declaring the Latin Vulgate Bible as the main source of holy scripture. thumb|150px|right|December 19: Trinity College is founded in Cambridge Year 1546 (MDXLVI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. Events January–March January 11 – (Tenbun 15, 20th day of the 12th month): Ashikaga YoshifushiTitsingh, p. 381; n.b., Ashikaga Yoshifushi changed his name to Yoshiteru in 1554 (Tenbun 23, 2nd month).] becomes 13th Shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate.Titsingh, p. 378. January 13 – Jeremias I of Constantinople, Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church dies. January 18 – Blasco Núñez Vela first Spanish Viceroy of Peru fights with Gonzalo Pizarro at the Battle of Iñaquito and is killed.Prescott, Guillermo: Historia de la conquista del Perú. Tomo III. Editorial Universo S.A. Lima, 1972. February 12 – The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mexico, one of the largest in the world, with over four million Catholics, is created"Archdiocese of México" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved February 29, 2016 February 15 – Martin Luther delivers his final sermon, three days before his death about "obdurate Jews, whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all German territory,"Poliakov, Léon. From the Time of Christ to the Court Jews, Vanguard Press, p. 220. March 1 – Scottish Protestant reformer George Wishart, arrested on January 19, is burned at the stake at St Andrews on orders of Cardinal David Beaton of the Roman Catholic church, after being found guilty of heresy.Rogers Charles Life of George Wishart, the Scottish martyr, with his translation of the Helvetian Confession and a genealogical history of the family of Wishart 1876 William Paterson London https://archive.org/details/lifeofgeorgewish00gram/page/n4 28 July 2019 Cardinal Beaton is assassinated less than three months later. March 8 – King John III of Portugal issues an order for Portuguese India (at Goa) to forbid Hinduism, destroy Hindu temples, prohibit the public celebration of Hindu feasts, expel Hindu priests and severely punish those who created any Hindu images in Portuguese possessions in India.https://books.google.com/books?id=eG8xUFivagkC&pg=PA348 The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765 António José Saraiva BRILL Academic 2001 90-04-12080-7 348 April–June April 8 – The Council of Trent, by a vote of 24 to 15, with 16 abstentions, issues the Decretum de Canonicis Scripturis for the scripture considered to be canon by the Roman Catholic Church. The decree recites that if anyone declines to receive all parts of the Vulgate edition of the Bible, they are in contempt of the Church and should be excommunicated.The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance Bruce M. Metzger Oxford University Press March 13, 1997 0-19-826954-4 246 and approves the 4th century Vulgate of Jerome as its official BibleEd. and trans. by Waterworth J. The Council of Trent https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/1545-1545,_Concilium_Tridentinum,_Canons_And_Decrees,_EN.pdf 28 July 2017 19 April 13 – Alice Glaston, age 11, becomes the youngest girl ever to be legally executed in England (though John Dean, age 8, is executed on February 23, 1629)https://mercuriuspoliticus.wordpress.com/2010/03/19/alice-glaston/ Alice Glaston 19 March 2010 April 17 – Dionysius II, the Eastern Orthodox Metropolitan of Nicomedia, is elected as the Patriarch of Constantinople to succeed Jeremias.The Ecumenical Patriarchate Kiminas Demetrius 2009 Wildside Press LLC 39 978-1-4344-5876-6 April 18 – Hermann of Wied, the German Archbishop of Cologne, is excommunicated by Pope Paul III after his conversion to Protestantism. April 20 – The Siege of Diu begins as the Gujarat Sultanate, led by Mahmud Shah III attacks the Portuguese colonial fortress at Diu.Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century 1 (A-E) Tony Jaques Greenwood 2007 978-0-313-33537-2 304 Reinforcements arrive on July 19 and Governor Castro arrives with 3,000 soldiers on November 7. The keeper of the King's Ports and Galley siege lasts until November 10 and ends with a Portuguese victory April 24 – The first government body to administer England's Royal Navy, the Keeper of the King's Ports and Galleys, is created by order of King Henry VIII.Ehrman John The Navy in the war of William III, 1689-1697 : its state and direction 2012 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 9781107645110 179 May 1 – Sir John Alan is dismissed from his post as Lord Chancellor of Ireland by England's Privy Council after accusations of corruption and promoting discord are made by the Lord Deputy, Anthony St Leger. Alan is later reinstated in 1548.F. Elrington Ball, The Judges in Ireland 1221–1921 (John Murray, 1926) May 16 – Writing from Portuguese India, Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier asks King João III of Portugal, proposing what will become the Goa Inquisition of 1561.Neill Stephen Stephen Neill A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707 2004 1984 Cambridge Cambridge University Press 160 9780521548854 https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC May 19 – The Siege of Kawagoe Castle ends in defeat for the Uesugi clan, in their attempt to regain Kawagoe Castle from the Late Hōjō clan in Japan. May 28 – Edward Whitchurch and Richard Grafton are granted the exclusive right to publish prayer books for the Church of England by order of King Henry VIII. Whitchurch, Edward 61 Lee Sidney Sidney Lee 30-31 1 Grafton, Richard 22 Lee Sidney Sidney Lee 310-313 1 May 29 – David Beaton, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of St Andrews and the only Scottish cardinal, is assassinated at St Andrews Castle by William Kirkcaldy and Norman Leslie in retaliation for the March 28 execution of Protestant preacher George Wishart.http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1995/issue46/murdercomestothearchbishop.html Lamont, Stewart. "Murder comes to the Archbishop", Christian History and Biography, 1 July 2008 16 November 2013 29 November 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035659/http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1995/issue46/murdercomestothearchbishop.html dead June 7 – The Treaty of Ardres (also known as the Treaty of Camp) is signed, resulting in peace between the kingdoms of England and France and ending the Italian War of 1542–1546.Williams Hywel Cassell's Chronology of World History https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/215 registration London Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2005 0-304-35730-8 215–218James Gairdner and R. H. Brodie, eds., Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII. Vol. 21, part 1 (Burt Franklin, 1908) pp.507-509 June 17 – The Council of Trent approves its second decree on Roman Catholic doctrine, Decretum de Pecatto Originali, regarding original sin, declaring that excommunication should be applied to any person who denies the teaching that the sins of Adam in the Garden of Eden condemned all of humanity, or that Christian baptism remits the guilt of original sin.Council of Trent Canones et Decreta Dogmatica Concilii Tridentini: Fifth Session, Decree concerning Original Sin http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds2.v.i.i.iii.html at www.ccel.org June 17, 1546 November 1, 2013 July–September July 4 – After the death of Martin Luther, the leaders of the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League German states (Saxony, Hesse, the Palatinate, Württemberg, Pomerania and Anhalt-Köthen) gather at Ichtershausen as the guests of Saxon Elector John Frederick I in order to make plans to defend against the Roman Catholic forces of the Holy Roman Empire.Protestant Princes against the Papal Beasts from Rome at danarehn.com July 8 – the Earl of Arran, Regent of Scotland for Mary, Queen of Scots recaptures Dumbarton Castle from England after a 20-day siege. July 10 – The Schmalkaldic War begins with an attack by the Protestant German states against the town of Füssen, a village of the Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg in Bavaria.Charles V Pierre Chaunu Michèle Escamilla 2000 Fayard fr 2-213-60394-4 July 20 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, imposes a Reichsacht declaring Schmalkadic leaders John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony and Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse to be outlaws, and directs Maurice, Duke of Saxony to enforce it. August 14 – The Scottish Parliament ratifies the Treaty of Ardres.Thomson, Thomas, ed., Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, vol.2 (Edinburgh, 1814), pp. 473-4: Cameron, Annie I., ed., Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine (SHS, Edinburgh, 1927), pp. 169-173. August 20 – Claude d'Annebault, Admiral of France, arrives in England to negotiate English approval of the Treaty of Ardres to end the Italian War of 1542–1546.Starkey, David, ed., Inventory of Henry VIII, vol. 1, Society of Antiquaries (1998), p. 108, no. 4132:, Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 21, part 1, (1908), no. 1384, no. 1530. August 24 – Mircea the Shepherd, ruler of the Principality of Wallachia (now Romania) stages a surprise attack in the Battle of Periș and decimates the members of the Wallachian nobility (boyars) who oppose his rule."Periș, Bătălia de la", by Lucian Predescu, in Enciclopedia Cugetarea (Editura Cugetarea, 1940) August 28 – In the Imperial counterattack in the Schmalkaldic War, the Holy Roman Empire army attacks Frankfurt, the German stronghold of the Schmalkaldic League, but is forced to retreat after a two-day siege.Elsbet Orth: Frankfurt am Main im Früh und Hochmittelalter ("Frankfurt am Main in the Early and High Middle Ages") in Frankfurt am Main  – Die Geschichte der Stadt in neun Beiträgen (Frankfurt am Main - The history of the city in nine articles), Frankfurter Historische Kommission (Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 1991)p.25 September 3 – Ilie II Rareș becomes the new Prince of Moldavia upon the death of his father Petru IV Rareș, in the Moldavian capital, Suceava."Iliaş Rareş", in Enciclopedia Moldovei September 8 – The first Protestant Huguenot church in France, established by Pierre LeClerc and Etienne Mangin at Meaux 25 mi from Paris, is seized by the French Army and its 60 members are arrested.Bower H. M. The Fourteen of Meaux 1894 Longmans, Green, & Co. 59 https://ia600203.us.archive.org/20/items/fourteenofmeauxa00bowe/fourteenofmeauxa00bowe.pdf 29 April 2023 Ten women are released and 50 others put on trial for heresy. LeClerc, Mangin and 12 others are burned at the stake on October 8. September 23 –Pier Luigi Farnese, already the Duke of Parma and Piacenza, is given control of the Italian cities of Camerino and Nepi by after a donation to the Papal States, ruled by Pope Paul III.Villari, Luigi (1911). "Farnese s.v. Pierluigi Farnese". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 183 September 27 – San Salvador, now the capital of the Central American nation of El Salvador, is re-established in a new location at the Valle de Las Hamacas.Roberto Gallardo, "El origen de la identidad salvadoreña: Etnicidad en la antigua Villa de San Salvador" (in Spanish), in Revista de Museología "Kóot" (2013) p. 106. San Salvador, El Salvador: Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador. 2307-3942 Until 1545, the colonial capital had been at the Ciudad Vieja, 10 mi further northewest, near Suchitoto. October—December October 8 – The Fourteen of Meaux, French Huguenots found guilty of heresy for practicing the Protestant faith and rejecting Catholicim, are burned at the stake in front of the ruins of the first Reformed Church of France.Histoire Ecclesiastique des eglises reformees (l'edition nouvelle 1883, Vol. T, p. 67), Meaux produced strictly the first " Eglise Reformee" October 17 – Irish noble James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond, the chief opponent of the policies of Sir Anthony St Leger, England's Lord Deputy of Ireland up until April 1, is fatally poisoned after being invited to the Ely Palace near London. Ormond dies 11 days later, and no investigation is carried out by the Crown as to whether St Leger is involved. St Leger becomes the Lord Deputy again less than three weeks after Ormond's death.George Edward Cokayne, Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct, or Dormant, Vol. VI (1st ed.). (George Bell and Sons, 1895) OCLC 1180818801 October 28 – (4th waxing of Tazaungmon 908 ME) A second campaign begins in the Toungoo–Mrauk-U War in what is now the Asian nation of Myanmar, as King Tabinshwehti of Burma starts an invasion of the Kingdom of Mrauk U (led by Min Bin) in the Arakan Mountains. King Tabinshwehti dispatches 19,000 troops, 400 horses, and 60 elephants, with 4,000 invading by land and the other 15,000 being transported on a fleet of 800 war boats, 500 armored war boats, and 100 cargo boats through the Bay of Bengal to the coast of Mrauk U.Royal Historical Commission of Burma Royal Historical Commission of Burma Hmannan Yazawin 2 1832 Yangon Burmese 2003 229 Ministry of Information, Myanmar November 4 – Christ Church, Oxford, is refounded as a college by Henry VIII of England under this name. November 8 – (5 Cimi 19 Xul, Mayan calendar) An uprising by the Maya civilization against the Spanish colonial administrators of New Spain begins in the Yucatan area of Mexico, with simultaneous attacks at Mérida, Valladolid, and Bacalar. The attack comes from seven Mayan provinces on the Gulf of Mexico, Cupul, Cochuah, Sotuta, Tases, Uaymil, Chetumal, and Chikinchel.Sharer, Robert J. Robert Sharer Loa P. Traxler 2006 The Ancient Maya 6th (fully revised) Stanford, California Stanford University Press 772 0-8047-4817-9 57577446 registration https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar The rebellion is suppressed by March and the instigators are arrested and executed.Chamberlain Robert S. 1948 The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550 Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington, DC 582 249–252 2027/mdp.39015014584406 November 10 – The European colonists defending the city of Diu in Portuguese India defeat the six-month siege that had been started by the Gujarat Sultanate on April 20. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century 1 (A-E) Tony Jaques Greenwood 2007 978-0-313-33537-2 304 The Portuguese victory comes three days after the arrival of 3,000 troops and 38 ships. November 14 – The Treaty of Prague is signed between King Ferdinand of Bohemia and Maurice, Elector of Saxony with Ferdinand agreeing not to give shelter in Bohemia to John Ferdinand I, the former Elector of Saxony, who is under an Imperial ban. December 12 – Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk and the Lord High Treasurer of England since 1522 is arrested along with his eldest son, Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and both are imprisoned in the Tower of London.Brigden, Susan (2008). "Howard, Henry, earl of Surrey (1516/17–1547), poet and soldier". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press The Earl of Surrey is executed for treason on January 19; the Duke of Norfolk is sentenced to death, but before the sentence can be carried out, King Henry VIII passes away and Norfolk remains in the Tower until being pardoned in 1553. December 18 – A truce is agreed to between the Kingdom of Scotland (led by the Regent Arran) and the "Catilians", a group of Scottish Protestants who have been holding St Andrews Castle since their May 29 assassination of Cardinal David Beaton. With England's King Henry VIII threatening an invasion to protect the Protestant Castilians, the parties agree that no action will be taken until the Pope can consider whether to absolve the Protestants of murder, and that if the Pope grants the absolution, the Protestants will be allowed to surrender on good terms.State Papers Henry VIII, vol. 5 (London, 1836), 578–579, 25 December 1546. December 19 – Trinity College, Cambridge, is founded by Henry VIII of England.Palmer Alan Palmer Veronica 1992 The Chronology of British History Century Ltd London 147–150 0-7126-5616-2 December 30 – Less than a month before his death, King Henry VIII of England revises his last will and testament and designates his preference for the line of succession to the throne. The first four people on the list serve as monarchs at different times, starting with Edward VI (1547-1553), Mary I (1553-1558) and Elizabeth I (1558-1603). The fourth in the line of succession, Lady Jane Grey, reigns for nine days after the death of Edward before Mary assumes the throne.David Starkey David Starkey The Reign of Henry VIII: Personalities and Politics https://books.google.com/books?id=nSU2D6KALvEC&pg=PA143 2002 Vintage 978-0-09-944510-4 143 Date unknown Katharina von Bora flees to Magdeburg. Michelangelo is made chief architect of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The Spanish conquest of Yucatán is interrupted by an uprising of the Eastern Provinces of the completed in November, but the conquest is completed by March of 1548. Births thumb|110px|right|Tycho Brahe January 27 – Joachim Friedrich, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1608) February 1 – Mogami Yoshiaki, Japanese daimyō of the Yamagata domain (d. 1614) February 4 – Jakob Monau, Polish writer and linguist (d. 1603) February 14 – Johann Pistorius, German historian (d. 1608) March 16 – Francesco Barbaro, Italian diplomat (d. 1616) March 21 – Bartholomeus Spranger, Flemish painter (d. 1611) March 25 – Giacomo Castelvetro, Italian writer (d. 1616) March 27 – Johannes Piscator, German theologian (d. 1625) March 29 – Anne d'Escars de Givry, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1612) April 1 – Nanbu Nobunao, Japanese daimyō (d. 1599) April 20 – Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1618) June 13 – Tobias Matthew, English Archbishop of York (d. 1628) June 14 – Wolfgang, Count of Hohenlohe-Weikersheim, German count (d. 1610) June 24 – Robert Parsons, English Jesuit priest (d. 1610) June 29 – Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1561-1592) (d. 1617) July 4 – Murat III, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1595)Nina Cichocki The Life Story of the Çemberlitaş Hamam: From Bath to Tourist Attraction https://books.google.com/books?id=AyNQrDXWIvcC 2005 University of Minnesota 93 en August 10 – Juliana of Nassau-Dillenburg, Dutch prince (d. 1588) August 13 – Jan Opaliński, Polish nobleman and Castellan of Rogozin (d. 1598) August 31 – Daniel Adam z Veleslavína, Czech lexicographer (d. 1599) September 6 – Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, 5th Marquis of Villafranca, Spanish noble and politician (d. 1627) September 11 – Arild Huitfeldt, Danish historian (d. 1609) September 13 – Isabella Bendidio, Italian singer and noble in Renaissance court of Ferrara (d. 1610) October 5 – Rudolph Snellius, Dutch linguist and mathematician (d. 1613) November 11 – Richard Madox, English explorer (d. 1583) December 14 – Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer (d. 1601)John Gribbin Science: a History, 1543-2001 https://books.google.com/books?id=rrraAAAAMAAJ 2002 Allen Lane 978-0-7139-9503-9 34 date unknown Luca Bati, Italian Baroque composer (d. 1608) Thomas Digges, English astronomer (d. 1595)Johnston Stephen 2004b Digges, Thomas (c.1546–1595) 7639 Digges, Thomas Veronica Franco, Venetian poet and courtesan (died 1591)Rinaldina Russell Italian Women Writers: A Bio-bibliographical Sourcebook https://books.google.com/books?id=AxDbPQrjs64C&pg=PA138 1994 Greenwood Publishing Group 978-0-313-28347-5 138 Takeda Katsuyori, Japanese nobleman (d. 1582) Mikołaj VII Radziwiłł, Polish magnate (d. 1565) probable – Lodewijk Elzevir, Dutch printer (d. 1617) Deaths thumb|110px|right|Martin Luther thumb|110px|right|Hayreddin Barbarossa January 4 – Camillo Boccaccino, Italian painter (b. 1511) January 11 Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1497) Gaudenzio Ferrari, Italian painter and sculptor (b. c. 1471) January 21 – Azai Sukemasa, daimyō (b. 1491) February 18 – Martin Luther, German religious reformer (b. 1483)Robert Kolb Martin Luther as Prophet, Teacher, and Hero (Texts and Studies in Reformation and Post-Reformation Thought): Images of the Reformer, 1520-1620 https://books.google.com/books?id=3cIhZn1gYeYC&pg=PT233 1 December 1999 Baker Books 978-1-4412-3720-0 233 February 23 – Francis, Count of Enghien, French military leader (b. 1519) March 1 – George Wishart, Scottish religious reformer (martyred) (b. 1513) March 26 – Thomas Elyot, English diplomat and scholar (b. c. 1490) April 7 – Friedrich Myconius, German Lutheran theologian (b. 1491)Gross, Ernie. This Day in Religion. New York:Neal-Schuman, 1990. 1-55570-045-4 May 17 – Philipp von Hutten, German explorer (b. 1511) May 28 – Ottaviano de' Medici, Italian politician (b. 1484) May 29 – David Beaton, Scottish Catholic cardinal (assassinated) (b. c. 1494) June 13 – Fridolin Sicher, Swiss composer (b. 1490) July 4 – Khair ad Din "Barbarossa", corsair ruler of Algiers (b. 1475) July 9 – Robert Maxwell, 5th Lord Maxwell, Scottish statesman (b. c. 1493) July 16 – Anne Askew, English Protestant (burned at the stake) (b. 1521) August 1 – Peter Faber, French Jesuit theologian (b. 1506)"Blessed Peter Faber", ucanews August 3 Étienne Dolet, French scholar and printer (b. 1509)Dolet, Étienne 8 387–388 Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Italian architect (b. 1484) August 12 – Francisco de Vitoria, Renaissance theologian (b. 1492) November 1 – Giulio Romano, Italian painter (b. 1499) References