18th Battalion (New Zealand)

WW2 New Zealand Army unit September 2026 June 2017 18th Battalion(18th Armoured Regiment) Tanks of 18 Armoured Regiment (NZ).jpg 300 Tanks of 18th Armoured Regiment waiting to move up for the crossing at Senio, Italy A black and white photograph of several tanks in a column along a road 1939–45 New Zealand New Zealand Military Forces Infantry (1939–42)Armoured (1943–45) ~760 personnelDawson 1961 2 4th Infantry Brigade (1939–42)4th Armoured Brigade (1943–45) Second World War Battle of Greece Battle of Crete North African Campaign Operation Crusader First Battle of El Alamein Italian Campaign Battle of Monte Cassino December 1945 The 18th Battalion was a formation of the New Zealand Military Forces which served, initially as an infantry battalion and then as an armoured regiment, during the Second World War as part of the 2nd New Zealand Division. The 18th Battalion was formed in New Zealand in September 1939. After a period of training, in 1940 it embarked for the Middle East as part of the 2nd New Zealand Division and then, in 1941, on to Greece. It participated in the Battle of Greece and later in the fighting on Crete. Evacuated from Crete, it then fought in the North African Campaign and suffered heavy losses during Operation Crusader. Brought back up to strength, in June 1942 the battalion participated in the breakout of the 2nd New Zealand Division from Minqar Qaim where it had been encircled by the German 21st Panzer Division. The following month, the battalion fought in the First Battle of El Alamein. In October 1943, the battalion was converted to armour and re-designated the 18th Armoured Regiment. To replace men lost at El Alamein, personnel were drawn from a tank brigade being formed in New Zealand. The regiment spent a year in Egypt training with Sherman tanks, before embarking for Italy in October 1943 to join up with the rest of the 2nd New Zealand Division. It participated in the Italian Campaign, fighting in actions at Orsogna and later at Cassino. The regiment finished the war in Trieste and remained there for several weeks until the large numbers of Yugoslav partisans also present in the city withdrew. Not required for service in the Pacific theatre of operations, the regiment was disbanded in late 1945. Formation and training Following the outbreak of the Second World War, the New Zealand government authorised the formation of the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2NZEF), for service at home and abroad.Pugsley 2014 16 After consulting with the British government, it was decided that the main New Zealand contribution to the war effort would be in the form of an infantry division, the 2nd New Zealand Division, under the command of Major General Bernard Freyberg. The new division would require nine battalions of infantryPugsley 2014 19 and consequently, several infantry battalions were formed from 1939 to 1940 with New Zealand volunteers.Pugsley 2014 16 The 18th BattalionThe numbering of the battalions raised for the 2NZEF followed that of the existing 17 infantry battalions of the Territorial Force. Thus, the 18th Battalion was the first battalion formed for the 2NZEF.Pugsley 2014 21 Note was formed in September 1939 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John Gray. It was the first of three infantry battalions designated to make up the first echelon of the 2nd New Zealand Division, destined for overseas service.The other two infantry battalions were the 19th and 20th.Dawson 1961 6 Note Its personnel, all volunteers, were drawn from the Northern Military District, which took in the upper half of the North Island of New Zealand. They were formed into four rifle companies, designated A to D and corresponding to the Auckland, Hauraki/Bay of Plenty/Rotorua, Northland and Waikato districts.Dawson 1961 1–3 A headquarters company included the specialist support troops; signallers, anti-aircraft and mortar platoons, pioneers and transport as well as administrative personnel.Dawson 1961 3–4 A period of rudimentary training followed, firstly at Hopuhopu Military Camp and then at Papakura,Dawson 1961 6https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19391108.2.20 In New Home. Men at Papakura. Hopuhopu Troops. Transfer of Battalion. Auckland Star LXX 264 8 November 1939 5 before it was confirmed that the battalion was on active service.Dawson 1961 10 It departed New Zealand on the Orient liner RMS Orion for the Middle East on 5 January 1940 as part of the 4th Infantry Brigade, 2nd New Zealand Division.Dawson 1961 13 Before it left, it paraded before the public at the Auckland Domain and was addressed by the commander of the Northern Military District, Lieutenant Colonel Norman Weir.Dawson 1961 11 The Orion journeyed to its destination as part of a convoy of linersDawson 1961 13–14 by way of Fremantle,Dawson 1961 20 Colombo,Dawson 1961 25 and Aden before it arrived at Tewfik, Egypt, where the battalion disembarked on 13 February 1940.Dawson 1961 26–27 After a train ride to Cairo, the battalion arrived at what would the main base in the Middle East for the 2NZEF, Maadi Camp, in mid-February.Dawson 1961 30–31 At Maadi, the battalion undertook further training. Following Italy's entry into the war in June, it moved to a newly established defensive position, the Baggush Box, to perform garrison duty. It remained there for the next several months,McGibbon 2000 263–265 conducting regular patrols and working on the improvement of the defensive positions. During this time, the battalion suffered its first casualties of the war, although non-fatal, as a result of Italian air raids.Dawson 1961 59 By January 1941, the defensive work was completedDawson 1961 64 and the battalion moved to Helwan Camp, near Cairo, for re-equipping and more intensive and large scale training.Dawson 1961 67–68 thumb|For a period in 1940, the 18th Battalion was based at Maadi military camp, seen here in 1941 with Cairo in the background|alt=A black and white photograph of a desert landscape; in the mid distance are several huts Greece In early 1941, the British Government anticipated an invasion of Greece by the Germans and decided to send troops to support the Greeks, who were already engaged against the Italians in Albania. The 2nd New Zealand Division was one of a number of Allied units dispatched to Greece in early March.McClymont 1959 103 The 18th Battalion was the first New Zealand unit to depart Egypt, and sailed for Greece on 7 March aboard the Royal Navy cruisers HMS Orion and Ajax.Pugsley 2014 67 The 2nd New Zealand Division was tasked with the defence of the Aliakmon Line in northern Greece and was positioned on the northern side of Mount Olympus; the 4th Brigade manned the left side of the New Zealand section of the line while the 6th Brigade took the right.Pugsley 2014 69 The 18th Battalion was the first complete unit in the line; one company was positioned in Olympus Pass itself while the remainder started digging in the sector allocated to 4th Brigade.Pugsley 2014 71 By 5 April, the battalion's defensive work was completed.Dawson 1961 83 On 6 April, the Germans invaded Greece and advanced so rapidly that their forces quickly threatened to outflank the New Zealand positions.Pugsley 2014 73–75 On 9 April the 4th Infantry Brigade was withdrawnDawson 1961 84 and began moving south to the Servia Pass. Here, the 18th Battalion was positioned in the hills above the town of Servia and to the right of 19th Battalion, which was defending the pass itself.Pugsley 2014 82 From 11 April, Stukas mounted air raids on the New Zealand positions before the Germans brought artillery to bear two days later as their ground forces approached. It was during an artillery barrage on 15 April that the battalion suffered its first fatality of the war.Dawson 1961 92–94 The same day, the 18th Battalion fended off initial probing attacks by elements of the 9th Panzer Division but were unable to prevent the Germans from occupying Servia.Dawson 1961 94–96 Despite this, the battalions of 4th Brigade remained in good defensive positions. However, they were withdrawn two days later to the Thermopylae Line, a new defensive position 140 km mi to the south, due to pressure on their flanks.Dawson 1961 96–97 The withdrawal did not go smoothly for the New Zealanders who had to walk out on foot under the cover of darkness amidst harassing artillery fire. Having the furthest to travel, at one stage two companies of 18th Battalion got lost before making their way to the safety of the rear of Servia Pass and their transport.Pugsley 2014 92–93 Once clear of the pass, the battalion's transport was subjected to several air raids before they finally made it to the Thermopylae Line, the next defensive position for the New Zealanders.Dawson 1961 107–108 The Thermopylae Line was defended by the 2nd New Zealand Division and 6th Australian Division, with the 4th Brigade held in reserve while the 5th and 6th manned the front lines.Pugsley 2014 99 However, on 22 April, the Allies decided to abandon Greece and the battalion moved out the same day with the rest of the 4th BrigadeDawson 1961 110 as part of an intended rearguard. Originally the battalion was to hold a gorge through which other units would pass for 24 hours but it ended up remaining there for three days. During the intervening period, the intended embarkation route for the battalion's departure from Greece was cut off by the Germans and so the entire brigade made its way to Porto Rafti, east of Athens,Dawson 1961 118–119 where the battalion was one of the first units of the 2nd New Zealand Division to be shipped to the island of Crete.Dawson 1961 112–114 Total casualties during the campaign in Greece were 23 killed in action and 42 wounded. In addition, 117 men, mostly personnel recuperating in hospitals in Athens and unable to evade the Germans, were captured.Dawson 1961 122 Crete thumb|right|A depiction of the airborne attack by German forces at Canea, a city on Crete, by the official war artist of the 2NZEF, Peter McIntyre Situated along vital air and sea lanes of communication in the middle of the Mediterranean, Crete was of considerable strategic importance to both sides and, after the conclusion of the campaign in Greece, the Allies fully expected that the Germans would attempt an invasion.Clark 2000 18McGibbon 2000 124–128 The 4th Brigade was stationed as a reserve force in the area around Galatas with the 18th Battalion near the newly established general hospital.Dawson 1961 124–125 When the airborne invasion began on 20 May, the battalion quickly dealt with a company of Fallschirmjäger (paratroopers) that landed near them.Dawson 1961 129–131 It carried out mopping up operations and patrolled the area for the next two days before assisting the 19th Battalion in an attack on Fallschirmjäger that had established a strong defensive position nearby.Dawson 1961 136–137 Despite heavy casualties during the initial attack, the Germans were able to land reinforcements and the situation on the island quickly deteriorated for the Allies. The brigade had abandoned its initial positions and moved to a new location to the west of Galatas to eliminate the threat that it would become separated from the 5th Infantry Brigade.Dawson 1961 141–142 On 25 May, the 18th Battalion had to deal with a full-scale attack by Fallschirmjäger. This caused heavy casualties and a large portion of one of the battalion's companies was captured. Despite reinforcements arriving from the 20th Battalion and the best efforts of Gray in rounding up stragglers, the Galatas position was breached and the township captured.Dawson 1961 148–151 Some battalion personnel, led by Gray, along with the bulk of the 23rd Battalion, participated in an attack that briefly re-took the township but it later had to be abandoned again after further fighting.Dawson 1961 154–155 The battalion was then withdrawn to the east as the order to evacuate Crete was received, making its way towards Suda Bay, where Allied ships were taking troops off the beaches. Along the way, they were subjected to heavy air raids, one of which killed a company commander, Captain Jack Lyon, the Member of Parliament for the Waitemata electorate.Dawson 1961 156–157 thumb|right|The King of Greece thanking the men who helped him to escape Crete During the evacuation of the 4th Brigade, which took place from Sfakia on 30–31 May, the 18th Battalion formed a rearguard helping police and maintain order; it was the last battalion of the brigade taken off.Dawson 1961 166–167 One of the battalion's platoons also acted as a bodyguard to the King of Greece during the battle and evacuation. The King subsequently conferred some of the men with Greek decorations.Davin 1953 468–474 Casualties during the fighting on Crete were heavy for the 18th Battalion, with 105 men killed or missing and 110 more taken prisoner.Dawson 1961 168 North Africa Back in its former base in Egypt and with its ranks restored with 400 reinforcements that arrived in June, the battalion began intensive weapons training.Dawson 1961 170–171 In September it moved to Baggush where on occasion it worked alongside tanks in training exercises.Dawson 1961 175–177 The 2nd New Zealand Division was now preparing for a role in the upcoming Libyan offensive, and several divisional and brigade level exercises were carried out.Pugsley 2014 197 Operation Crusader In November 1941, the battalion, now commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Peart as Gray had been hospitalised, participated in Operation Crusader as part of the British Eighth Army and was engaged in offensive operations towards the Sidi Azeiz area.Dawson 1961 181–182 On the night of 25 November, along with the 20th Battalion, it was tasked with the capture of Belhamed, a hill adjacent to Sidi Rezegh.Dawson 1961 198–199 With two companies leading the battalion's portion of the advance, the objective was captured with a bayonet charge. Peart was wounded during the attack but remained in command.Pugsley 2014 227–228 The battalion held the hill for three days and then swapped its positions with the 20th Battalion before, on 30 November, the 15th Panzer Division surrounded and attacked Belhamed.Dawson 1961 216–219 While the 20th Battalion was effectively destroyed, the 18th Battalion, with Peart maintaining tight control of some personnel who were close to panicking,Murphy 1961 442–443 managed to evacuate in time and reached the British 70th Division in Tobruk.Dawson 1961 216–219 Rebuilding At Tobruk and with Gray back in command, the battalion manned the frontlines, fending off German attacks, until 11 December when it was withdrawn to Baggush.Dawson 1961 229–230 Meeting up with the rest of the division, it was brought back up to strength and manned defences to protect the lines of communication to the front.Pugsley 2014 251 In February 1942, after spending a period of time engaged in training for an amphibious landing behind German lines which never eventuated,Pugsley 2014 259 the 2nd New Zealand Division was dispatched to Syria to defend against a possible attack through Turkey on the Middle East oilfields by the Germans.Dawson 1961 232–235 Along with the rest of the 4th Brigade the 18th Battalion worked on defences to the north of DamascusDawson 1961 239 before the whole division was recalled to Libya on 17 June following the attack on the Eighth Army's Gazala Line by Panzer Army Africa.Dawson 1961 247 It was initially based at Mersa Matruh,Pugsley 2014 264 but after the fall of Tobruk to Rommel's forces, the division was ordered on 25 June to establish defensive positions at Minqar Qaim. The 18th Battalion was temporarily detached from the rest of the 4th Brigade to act as the main infantry component of the divisional reserve.Pugsley 2014 266–267 On 27 June, the division's defensive positions at Minqar Qaim were encircled by the 21st Panzer Division.Dawson 1961 259–260 The battalion was the lead unit of one of the columns, numbering 900 vehicles and guns,Scoullar 1955 112 of the division, in the subsequent breakout that night. In the course of this movement, Gray's column ran into an encampment of tanks of the 21st Panzer Division. However, the Germans failed to capitalise on the opportunity and the train of vehicles, with Gray at its head to ensure it did not come to a stop, was able to skirt the tanks with relatively few losses and reach the Alamein lines.Scoullar 1955 113–114 El Alamein The battalion was withdrawn from the frontlines after a brief period of recovery at the Kaponga Box.Dawson 1961 265 Now commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Ray Lynch due to Gray being promoted to brigadier and given command of the 4th Brigade,Gray was killed in an air raid shortly afterwards.Dawson 1961 270 Note it served as security for the divisional headquarters from late June to early July as the entire division relocated several times during this period.Dawson 1961 270 On the evening of 14 July, the battalion, now back with its parent brigade, was part of the attack on Ruweisat Ridge, held by the enemy.Dawson 1961 275–276 Although an Italian strongpoint caused the battalion to scatter in piecemeal fashion, it advanced to the western end of the ridge taking several prisoners on the way.Dawson 1961 277–278 A German counterattack in the afternoon of 15 July which overwhelmed the 19th and 20th Battalions also caused heavy losses amongst the 18th Battalion, including Lynch, but many men were able to return to the Allied lines.Dawson 1961 289–290 Following the effective destruction of the 19th and 20th Battalions, the 18th Battalion remained in the field attached to the 5th Brigade. It then supported an attack by the 6th Brigade on El Mreir.Dawson 1961 295–297 Inadequately supported by armour, the attack proved a failure although the battalion escaped with relatively few casualties.Dawson 1961 305 It remained in the line throughout August and into September at which time, having been reduced to just 350 personnel, it was withdrawn to Maadi to rejoin the reconstituted 4th Brigade.Dawson 1961 327 Conversion to armour As the war progressed, the New Zealand government decided to form an armoured brigade to provide tank support to the 2nd New Zealand Division. As a result, the 1st New Zealand Army Tank Brigade was formed in New Zealand. This brigade was still undergoing training in September when it was decided to convert the 4th Brigade to armour instead, thus creating the 4th Armoured Brigade. Personnel were transferred from the tank brigade in New Zealand to bring the 4th Brigade back up to strength. As one of the constituent units of the brigade, the 18th Battalion was officially re-designated the 18th Armoured Regiment, with three squadrons of tanks, on 5 October 1942.Dawson 1961 329–332 One squadron was to be equipped with CrusadersThese were later replaced with Shermans.Dawson 1961 343 Note while the other two squadrons would operate Shermans.Dawson 1961 337 The regiment spent much of the next year in training under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Clive Pleasants, who had taken over command after the death of Lynch. By May 1943, many of the regiment's personnel had been on active duty for well over three years, and the majority of these men were returned to New Zealand on furlough.Dawson 1961 340 thumb|alt=A black and white photograph of the head and shoulders of a man in a military uniform and beret. In the background is a tent and military vehicle|Lieutenant Colonel Clive Pleasants oversaw the conversion of the 18th Battalion from infantry to armour and led it through the early stages of the Italian Campaign With the close of the North African campaign in May 1943, attention then turned to the European theatre of operations. Despite a preference amongst some sections of the New Zealand government for the 2nd New Zealand Division to be redeployed to the Pacific theatre of operations to fight against the Japanese, it was decided that the division would remain in Europe and continue its service with the Eighth Army. Accordingly, in October, the division was transferred to Italy.McGibbon 2000 248 Italy The 18th Armoured Regiment disembarked at Taranto on 22 October 1943 and gradually travelled north towards the Sangro River,Dawson 1961 351–352 which it duly crossed on 3 December.Plowman 2010 51 The advance had been slow due to mine fields and delaying ambushes by the Germans. Pleasants, the regiment's commanding officer, was slightly wounded by artillery firePugsley 2014 406 and Major Hugh Green briefly took over. He was mortally wounded by artillery fire on 3 December at the village of Melone, to the north of the Sangro River. Two days later the regiment, with Pleasants back in command, mounted an attack on the German positions at Melone but this failed and seven tanks became stuck. The crews remained with the tanks until they were recovered at the beginning of 1944.Pugsley 2014 408 Orsogna In the following weeks, the regiment supported first the 6th, and then the 5th Brigades in their attacks on Orsogna, as part of the Moro River Campaign.McGibbon 2000 249 The tanks struggled to break into OrsognaPugsley 2014 413 and although the infantry made some gains, the German defences were too strong and the attack soon faded into a stalemate, with a number of back and forth actions as winter set in.McGibbon 2000 249 These movements saw many of the regiment's tanks become stuck in the sodden ground.Plowman 2010 85–86 Offensive operations around Orsogna ceased in late DecemberPlowman 2010 139 and the New Zealanders withdrew from the area on 13 January 1944.Plowman 2010 147 Following its withdrawal from the area around Orsogna, the 2nd New Zealand Division was one of a number of divisions that were transferred from the Eighth Army to the Fifth Army, then engaged on the western side of the Apennines. This was part of an overall strategy to breach the Gustav Line and break an otherwise deadlocked Italian front. Together with the 4th Indian Division and supporting British and American artillery, the division formed the New Zealand Corps with Freyberg, now a lieutenant general, in command. The corps moved to Cassino, the defenders of which had resisted Allied forces for several weeks,McGibbon 2000 249 on 12 February 1944 to replace the American II Corps.Pugsley 2014 427 Cassino As at Orsogna, the 18th Armoured Regiment was to play a supporting role in the forthcoming attack on Cassino, with the infantry of the 5th and 6th Brigades bearing the brunt of the battle. When the attack began on 15 March, the regiment was initially held as a reserve, ready to exploit any breakthrough by the infantry but this did not eventuate. The infantry struggled to make progress in the face of determined resistance.McGibbon 2000 251 The regiment's tanks were first used at Cassino as artillery support for two weeks, each squadron being rotated in three-day stints to a position overlooking the town.Dawson 1961 432–434 Then in mid-April, one squadron was detached to remain on the Cassino front while the other two squadrons were withdrawn for training.Dawson 1961 437 The regiment remained fragmented into May, for once training was completed, another squadron was detached and sent into Cassino itself to man tanks which had been effectively set up as pillboxes.Dawson 1961 443 By the end of May, the regiment was reunited and at full strength.Dawson 1961 459 It was briefly detached from the 2nd New Zealand Division and, placed under the direction of the 8th Indian Division, participated in operations north of the Liri Valley.Pugsley 2014 470 Returning to the control of the 2nd New Zealand Division, it supported the infantry brigades as the New Zealanders advanced to Florence, duly entering the city in August. After this, the division was transferred to the I Canadian Corps, then on the Adriatic Coast, and advanced up to Rimini.McGibbon 2000 251 On 19 and 20 October, the 4th Armoured Brigade was involved in its first and only action as a brigade in an attack towards the Savio River, with the 18th Armoured Regiment on the right flank. This was primarily a tank action, in contrast to previous battles in which the armour supported the infantry.Dawson 1961 568–569 The attack was a success and pushed the Germans across the Savio, although their progress had been slower than expected because of poor weather and muddy conditions.Dawson 1961 581–582 thumb|right|alt=A black and white photograph of a tank; several men in military uniforms are posing standing on the tank|A Sherman of the 18th Armoured Regiment ready to cross the Po River in Italy After the crossing of the Savio, the 2nd New Zealand Division was withdrawn from the front for rest and refit.Pugsley 2014 506 During this period, the regiment received upgunned Shermans; these new tanks were known as the Firefly.Pugsley 2014 508 After a month, the New Zealanders returned to the front at Romagna and they advanced to the Lamone River in anticipation of a crossing but instead supported the British 46th Division in its attack across the river on 3 December. During this operation, the tanks of the 18th Regiment fired 6,200 shells in a single day. It then attacked towards the Senio River, supporting infantry from the 5th Brigade.Dawson 1961 590–593 The division was positioned along the Senio River for three months, over the worst of the winter period.Dawson 1961 603 The regiment spent most of this time behind the lines at Forlì and Faenza, or on short spells on the Senio frontlines.Dawson 1961 605 Relieved by a Polish unit in March 1945,Dawson 1961 608 the regiment returned to the front lines in early April after a period of rest.Dawson 1961 611–612 It made a series of advances against the retreating German rearguard and on 2 May, the 2nd New Zealand Division entered Trieste. While most of the German garrison quickly surrendered, it was necessary to deal with some diehard elements who refused to surrender to either the New Zealanders or the Yugoslav partisans also present in the city. The partisans were reluctant to allow Germans to surrender to the New Zealanders, and the regiment remained in Trieste for several weeks until the large numbers of Yugoslav partisans withdrew.Dawson 1961 648–651 Not required for service in the Pacific theatre of operations, the regiment was disbanded in December 1945.Dawson 1961 648–651 During the war, the 18th Battalion and its successor, the 18th Armoured Regiment, lost nearly 320 officers and men either killed in action or who later died of their wounds. Of the exactly 350 personnel made prisoners of war, a further 21 men died while in captivity.Dawson 1961 663 Honours Seven members of the battalion, including three of its commanders,Parata, Pleasants, and Ferguson.Dawson 1961 664–665 Note were awarded the Distinguished Service Order while another member was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire and a second was made a member of the same order. Nine officers were awarded the Military Cross while two others received the Greek Military Cross. Three soldiers received the Distinguished Conduct Medal and 26 others the Military Medal. Twenty-one soldiers received awards of the Greek Silver and bronze medals.Dawson 1961 664–665 The 18th Battalion and its successor, the 18th Armoured Regiment, was awarded the following battle honours: Mount Olympus, Servia Pass, Platamon Tunnel, Tempe Gorge, Elasson, Molos, Greece 1941, Crete, Maleme, Galatas, Canea, 42nd Street, Withdrawal to Sphakia, Middle East 1941–44, Tobruk 1941, Sidi Rezegh 1941, Omars, Belhamed, Mersa Matruh, Minqar Qaim, Defence of Alamein Line, Ruweisat Ridge, El Mreir, Alam el Halfa, North Africa 1940–42, The Sangro, Castel Frentano, Orsogna, Advance to Florence, San Michele, Paula Line, Celle, Pisciatello, The Senio, Santerno Crossing, Bologna, Idice Bridgehead, Italy 1943–45.18th Armoured Regiment, 2NZEF https://web.archive.org/web/20070715140005/http://regiments.org/regiments/newzealand/warformed/inf-nzef/18armour.htm http://regiments.org/regiments/newzealand/warformed/inf-nzef/18armour.htm www.regiments.org Mills, T.F. 15 July 2007 26 November 2014The battle honours awarded for its work as an infantry battalion were entrusted to the Waikato, Auckland, Hauraki and Northland regiments. Those awarded to the 18th Armoured Regiment are also entrusted to the Waikato Regiment. Note Commanding officers The following officers served as commanding officer of the 18th Battalion:Dawson 1961 666 Lieutenant Colonel John Russell Gray (September 1939 – July 1941; August – November 1941; March – June 1942); Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Norris Peart (July – August 1941; November 1941 – March 1942); Lieutenant Colonel Raymond James Lynch (June – July 1942); Lieutenant Colonel Clive Lochiel Pleasants (July 1942 – December 1943; January – March 1944); Lieutenant Colonel John Burns Ferguson (December 1943 – January 1944; July 1944 – January 1945);Ferguson had the rank of major during his first period in command of the battalion.Dawson 1961 666 Note Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Amuri Robinson (March – July 1944; March – December 1945); Lieutenant Colonel John McMahon Elliott (February – March 1945); Lieutenant Colonel Hoani Haereroa Parata (March – May 1945); Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Scoltock Playle (June – December 1945). Notes Footnotes Note Citations 30em References Clark Alan Alan Clark The Fall of Crete 1962 2000 Cassell London 978-0-304-35226-5 Dawson W. D. 18 Battalion and Armoured Regiment Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 1961 http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-18Ba.html War History Branch Wellington 11568803 Davin D. M. Crete Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 1953 http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Cret.html War History Branch Wellington 1252361 McClymont W. G. To Greece Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 1959 http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Gree.html War History Branch Wellington 4373298 McGibbon Ian Ian McGibbon The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History 2000 Oxford University Press Auckland 978-0-19-558376-2 Murphy W. E. The Relief of Tobruk Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 1961 http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Tobr.html War History Branch Wellington 8000753 Plowman Jeffrey Orsogna: New Zealand's First Italian Battle 2010 Willsonscott Christchurch 978-1-877427-32-9 Pugsley Christopher Christopher Pugsley A Bloody Road Home: World War Two and New Zealand's Heroic Second Division 2014 Penguin Books Auckland 978-0-143-57189-6 Scoullar J. L. Battle for Egypt Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 1955 http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Egyp.html War History Branch Wellington 2999615 expanded Category:Infantry battalions of New Zealand in World War II Category:Military units and formations established in 1939 Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945 Category:Armoured regiments of New Zealand