1916 Atlantic hurricane season

none February 2012 Atl 1916 1916 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png May 13, 1916 November 15, 1916 "Texas" 115 932 18 15 10 5 272 total 47.59 1 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918 1910–19 Pacific hurricane seasons 1902-19 Pacific typhoon seasons 1910s North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons The 1916 Atlantic hurricane season was an extremely active Atlantic hurricane season, featuring eighteen tropical cyclones, of which nine made landfall in the United States, the most in one season until 2020, when eleven struck. The first storm appeared on May 13 south of Cuba, while the final tropical storm became an extratropical cyclone over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico on November 15. Of the 18 tropical cyclones forming that season, 15 intensified into a tropical storm, the second-most at the time, behind only 1887. Ten of the tropical storms intensified into a hurricane, while five of those became a major hurricane.Hurricanes reaching Category 3 (111 mph km/h or us on) and higher on the five-level Saffir–Simpson scale are considered major hurricanes. "nb" The early 20th century lacked modern forecasting tools such as satellite imagery and documentation, and thus, the hurricane database from these years may be incomplete. The most intense tropical cyclone of the season was the sixth system, which peaked as a Category 4 on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale. Jamaica and Texas bore the brunt of the storm, which caused 37 deaths and about $11.8 million (1916 USD) in damage.All damage figures are 1916 USD unless otherwise noted "nb" Several other storms were notable. An early July hurricane along the northern Gulf Coast resulted in 34 deaths and about $12.5 million in damage in Alabama, Florida, and Mississippi. Heavy rains from this storm set the stage for record-breaking floods by a a hurricane hitting Charleston, South Carolina, in mid-July, with 80 fatalities and about $21 million in damage occurring, mostly in North Carolina. The season's eighth tropical cyclone left severe damage and 50 deaths in Dominica in late August. An early October hurricane devastated portions of the Virgin Islands, resulting in up to $2 million in damage and 41 deaths. Another hurricane in October which struck the Yucatán Peninsula and near Pensacola, Florida, was attributed to at least $100,000 in damage and 29 deaths, 20 of which occurred when a ship sank in the Caribbean Sea. Overall, the tropical cyclones of the 1916 Atlantic hurricane season collectively resulted in at least 272 fatalities and more than $47.59 million in damage. Season summary thumb|right|Destruction wrought by the Texas hurricane Tropical cyclogenesis began on May 13, when a tropical depression formed south of Cuba. The storm struck Cuba and Florida before becoming extratropical over Virginia on May 16. Following an almost month and a half lull in activity, the season's second tropical cyclone developed over the southwestern Caribbean Sea on June 28. The third and fourth cyclones, both reaching hurricane intensity, formed in July. The month of August featured four tropical cyclones, including a tropical storm and three hurricanes. One of those, the season's sixth tropical cyclone, became the most intensity system in the Atlantic basin in 1916 and peaked at Category 4 intensity on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale with maximum sustained winds of 130 mph km/h on. In terms of barometric pressure, the storm was also the most intense to strike the United States since the 1886 Indianola hurricane.Landsea Christopher W. E23) What is the complete list of U.S. continental landfalling hurricanes? FAQ Frequently Asked Questions https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E23.html June 1, 2018 Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory July 19, 2019 4.11 Four tropical systems also developed in September, with one tropical depression, one tropical storm, and two hurricanes. October was the most active month of the season, featuring two tropical depressions, one tropical storm, and two hurricanes. In November, a tropical storm developed on November 11 and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by November 15, ending season activity. left|thumb|240x240px|Weather map showing two active Atlantic hurricanes on September 19 The 1916 was a fairly active season, especially for the time. Eighteen tropical cyclones formed during the course of the year, fifteen of which reached at least tropical storm intensity – the most in one season since 1887. Ten of those tropical storms strengthened into hurricane and five of those intensified into major hurricanes, both being the highest number in a season since 1893. Nine systems of at least tropical storm intensity made landfall in the United States during the season, which remained a record until eleven struck the United States in 2020.https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2020/12/a-look-back-at-the-horrific-2020-atlantic-hurricane-center/ Masters, Jeff A look back at the horrific 2020 Atlantic hurricane season December 1, 2020 Yale Climate Connections June 25, 2021 June 14, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210614045406/https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2020/12/a-look-back-at-the-horrific-2020-atlantic-hurricane-center/ live The 1916 season was one of only two to feature multiple major hurricanes before the month of August, the other being 2005.https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/tropical-cyclones/202007 Tropical Cyclones – July 2020 National Centers for Environmental Information August 2020 August 25, 2021 August 26, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210826035841/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/tropical-cyclones/202007 live thumb|Surface weather map on October 13, showing two more active Atlantic hurricanes, one approaching the Yucatán Peninsula and another one to the east of Bermuda and moving out to sea However, because the early 20th century lacked modern forecasting and documentation, the official hurricane database may be incomplete. The Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project in 2008 uncovered evidence for two tropical cyclones not previously in the database, Tropical Storm One and Tropical Storm Five. A system previously classified as a tropical storm in the database was downgraded to a tropical depression as part of the project. Additionally, the project also downgraded Tropical Storm Fifteen from hurricane intensity. Collectively, the tropical cyclones of the 1916 Atlantic hurricane season caused at least 272 deaths and $47.59 million in damage.*Storm Damage in Maine https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34757984/ August 10, 2019 Fitchburg Daily Sentinel 12 14 Fitchburg, Massachusetts 13 Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194914/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34757984/fitchburg-sentinel/ live Reed, William F. July 1916 Hurricane of July 5, 1916, at Pensacola, Fla Monthly Weather Review American Meteorological Society 44 7 400–402 August 26, 2021 https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/44/7/1520-0493_1916_44_400_hojapf_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf 10.1175/1520-0493(1916)44<400:HOJAPF>2.0.CO;2 1916MWRv...44..400R free August 26, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210826050852/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/44/7/1520-0493_1916_44_400_hojapf_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf live subscription Barnes, Jay Florida's Hurricane History 2007 University of North Carolina Press 978-0-8078-5809-7 96–98 https://books.google.com/books?id=e8E3CwAAQBAJ May 18, 2017 South flood-stricken July 11, 1916 1 Asheville Citizen-Times May 20, 2017 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5676529/1916711_southern_flooding/ 32 262 Asheville, North Carolina Newspapers.com May 2, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210502021652/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5676529/1916-7-11-southern-flooding/ live Ashenberger, Albert July 1916 Hurricane of July 5–6, 1916, at Mobile, Ala Monthly Weather Review American Meteorological Society 44 7 402–403 March 9, 2017 http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/044/mwr-044-07-0402.pdf 10.1175/1520-0493(1916)44<402:HOJAMA>2.0.CO;2 1916MWRv...44..402A February 25, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170225102247/https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/044/mwr-044-07-0402.pdf live free No loss of life on the Mississippi coast July 7, 1916 1 Jackson, Mississippi Jackson Daily News August 26, 2021 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10836355/jackson_daily_news/ Newspapers.com Flood waters receding; loss in Georgia is great July 13, 1916 The Wilmington Morning Star 1 August 26, 2021 Wilmington, North Carolina 98 112 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11248766/the_wilmington_morning_star/ Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194915/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11248766/the-wilmington-morning-star/ live Flood damage may reach half million July 12, 1916 Greensboro Daily News August 26, 2021 3 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11248834/greensboro_daily_news/ 14 177 Greensboro, North Carolina Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194917/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11248834/greensboro-daily-news/ live Investigating the Great Flood of 1916 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/news/investigating-the-great-flood-of-1916 National Centers for Environmental Information February 3, 2021 November 13, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201113071555/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/news/investigating-the-great-flood-of-1916 live History of Hurricanes and Floods in Jamaica https://www.nlj.gov.jm/history-notes/History%20of%20Hurricanes%20and%20Floods%20in%20Jamaica.pdf National Library of Jamaica August 26, 2021 Kingston, Jamaica 4 n.d. https://web.archive.org/web/20190713094001/http://www.nlj.gov.jm/history-notes/History%20of%20Hurricanes%20and%20Floods%20in%20Jamaica.pdf July 13, 2019 live Terrific Storm in Jamaica https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34462075/ August 26, 2021 Stevens Point Daily Journal August 16, 1916 Stevens Point, Wisconsin 6 Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194916/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34462075/stevens-point-journal/ live Roth David M. Texas Hurricane History https://origin.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/txhur.pdf National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 26, 2021 Camp Springs, Maryland 37 February 3, 2010 July 21, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180721231821/http://origin.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/txhur.pdf live Frank Mújica-Baker Huracanes y Tormentas que han afectado a Puerto Rico ES Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Agencia Estatal para el manejo de Emergencias y Administración de Desastres http://www.gobierno.pr/NR/rdonlyres/49EA64D0-305B-4881-8B85-04B518004BD5/0/Ciclones_en_PR.pdf 11 August 30, 2010 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022947/http://www.gobierno.pr/NR/rdonlyres/49EA64D0-305B-4881-8B85-04B518004BD5/0/Ciclones_en_PR.pdf September 24, 2015 Hurricane Kills 50 in Dominica Island https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47530021/ March 28, 2020 The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Associated Press September 1, 1916 New York City, New York 3 Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194916/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47530021/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle/ live Imperial and Foreign News Items https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69811356/ Newspapers.com February 9, 2021 The Times 41282 September 26, 1916 London, England 7 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194917/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69811356/the-times/ live Natives Of The Danish W. Indies In Dire Need Of Food & Shelter https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47231899/ Newspapers.com August 26, 2021 Miami Daily Metropolis Associated Press 259 October 12, 1916 Miami, Florida 1 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194917/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47231899/the-miami-news/ live Zabriskie Luther K. The Virgin Islands of the United States of America 1918 The Knickerbocker Press, G. P. Putnam's Sons New York 504234042 https://books.google.com/books?id=1b8-AAAAYAAJ Google Books 221 August 26, 2021 Hurricane of 1916 August 27, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210827001511/https://books.google.com/books?id=1b8-AAAAYAAJ live Hurricane Hit Pensacola; Wind At 114-Mile Rate; Vessels Sunk https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47516485/ Newspapers.com August 26, 2021 Tampa Morning Tribune Associated Press 251 23 October 19, 1916 Tampa, Florida 1 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194919/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47516485/the-tampa-tribune/ live Great Storm is Sweeping Mobile; Seven Are Killed https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47515614/ Newspapers.com August 26, 2021 The Albany-Decatur Daily International News Service 201 5 October 18, 1916 Albany, Alabama 1 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194918/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47515614/the-albany-decatur-daily/ live Local Linemen Again Go to the Storm District https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47515239/ August 26, 2021 The Albany-Decatur Daily 201 5 October 18, 1916 Albany, Alabama 4 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194919/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47515239/the-albany-decatur-daily/ live The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 144, the highest total since 1906 and far above the 1911–1920 average of 58.7.Landsea, Christopher W. May 15, 2008 A Reanalysis of the 1911–20 Atlantic Hurricane Database 21 10 https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/21/10/2007jcli1119.1.xml?tab_body=pdf National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2146 etal September 6, 2021 10.1175/2007JCLI1119.1 PDF Journal of Climate Miami, Florida 2008JCli...21.2138L 1785238 free ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph km/h on, which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration September 2021 Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT October 1, 2021 http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/comparison_table.html Miami, Florida Systems Tropical Storm One Atl Tropical Storm One weather map, May 14, 1916.jpg May 13 May 16 40 1004 File:AL01 1916 path.png List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes On May 13, a tropical depression formed about 60 mi km on 5 south of Trinidad, Cuba. It quickly crossed the island and moved over the Straits of Florida. The cyclone strengthened to a minimal tropical storm on May 14 and soon made landfall near Key Vaca, Florida, with winds of 40 mph km/h on 5. Around 06:00 UTC the storm struck the Florida mainland near Cape Sable and initially moved north-northwestward across the state. Based on observations from Tampa late on May 14, the storm's minimum barometric pressure is estimated at 1004 mbar inHg on. The cyclone turned northeastward on May 15. It transitioned to an extratropical cyclone over eastern Virginia on the following day. The remnants briefly re-emerged over the Atlantic, before striking New England and dissipating over Maine on May 17. Initially, the cyclone was not included in the Atlantic hurricane database. The tropical storm ended a significant drought in Florida, producing the state's first widespread rainfall event in several months.Mitchell Alexander J. Florida Section Climatological Data May 1916 20 5 35 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-C85A4E91-1053-4BF5-AE83-6E1B3FF48A99.pdf August 10, 2019 Weather Bureau Jacksonville, Florida https://web.archive.org/web/20190810192509/https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-C85A4E91-1053-4BF5-AE83-6E1B3FF48A99.pdf August 10, 2019 National Centers for Environmental Information Parched crops and vegetation were rejuvenated by the well-timed rains. Lakeland, Florida, recorded 1.16 in on of rain in a 24-hour period. Strong, albeit non-damaging winds, were felt across the Florida coasts, with a peak gust of 44 mph on documented in Jacksonville.Bennett Walter J. Storm Passes Tampa, Bringing Only Rain https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34757358/ August 10, 2019 Tampa Morning Tribune 23 May 15, 1916 Tampa, Florida 2 Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194918/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34757358/the-tampa-tribune/ live Bennett Walter J. The Weather https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34757432/ August 10, 2019 The Tampa Daily Times 80 May 15, 1916 Tampa, Florida 9 Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194942/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34757432/the-tampa-times/ live Moderate gales were produced by the storm's extratropical stages in the Mid-Atlantic states and New England. Widespread rainfall in southwestern Maine and southeastern New Hampshire from the storm's remnants peaked at 6.72 in on in Durham, Maine, and damaged roads.Smith J. W. New England Section Climatological Data May 1916 20 5 35 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-7B74A9D5-8A06-409F-9D7E-1B9F89DCAB4E.pdf August 10, 2019 Weather Bureau Jacksonville, Florida https://web.archive.org/web/20190810195243/https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-7B74A9D5-8A06-409F-9D7E-1B9F89DCAB4E.pdf August 10, 2019 National Centers for Environmental Information The cost of damaged infrastructure in southwestern Maine was estimated at $150,000.Storm Damage in Maine https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34757984/ August 10, 2019 Fitchburg Daily Sentinel 12 14 Fitchburg, Massachusetts 13 Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194914/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34757984/fitchburg-sentinel/ live Hurricane Two Atl Gulf Coast hurricane weather analysis, July 5, 1916.jpg AL02 1916 path.png June 28 July 10 105 950 The Gulf Coast Hurricane of 1916 1916 Gulf Coast hurricane A tropical disturbance organized into a tropical depression over the southwestern Caribbean on June 28. Little intensification occurred for several days as the depression moved westward and eventually northwestward, brushing the coasts of Nicaragua and Honduras late on June 30 and early on July 1. The cyclone finally strengthened into a tropical storm early the next day and reached hurricane status late on July 3 as it neared the Yucatán Channel. Further intensification occurred in the Gulf of Mexico, and at around 18:00 UTC on July 5, the storm peaked as a Category 3 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph km/h on and a minimum barometric pressure of 950 mbar inHg on, with the latter being derived from the former. About three hours later, the hurricane made landfall near Pascagoula, Mississippi, at the same intensity. The cyclone initially weakened quickly after moving inland, falling to tropical storm intensity early on July 6. Thereafter, the system meandered northward and then eastward across Mississippi and Alabama, before turning northeastward early on July 9 and weakening to a tropical depression. Late on the following day, the depression dissipated over Alabama just east of Birmingham. As the system passed through the Yucatán Channel, the storm produced strong winds well east of its center. In Cuba, wind gusts reached 56 mph km/h on in Havana. In Florida, winds of 104 mph km/h on was observed in Pensacola. Strong winds deroofed a number of homes and toppled many chimneys. Additionally, storm surge up to 5 ft m on in height damaged coastal structures, shipping, and wharves. The hurricane caused approximately $1.5 million in damage in Florida.Reed, William F. July 1916 Hurricane of July 5, 1916, at Pensacola, Fla Monthly Weather Review American Meteorological Society 44 7 400–402 August 26, 2021 https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/44/7/1520-0493_1916_44_400_hojapf_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf 10.1175/1520-0493(1916)44<400:HOJAPF>2.0.CO;2 1916MWRv...44..400R free August 26, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210826050852/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/44/7/1520-0493_1916_44_400_hojapf_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf live subscription Storm surge in Alabama crested at 11.6 ft m on in Mobile, one of the highest ever recorded there.Masters, Jeff U.S. Storm Surge Records Weather Underground August 26, 2021 https://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/surge_us_records.asp May 18, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170518054816/https://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/surge_us_records.asp live Adverse effects ensued, including some streets being inundated with up to 10 ft m on of water.Million Loss in Mobile July 8, 1916 Pittsburgh Daily Post 3 303 August 26, 2021 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11026503/pittsburgh-daily-post/ Newspapers.com Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania August 26, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210826052454/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11026503/pittsburgh-daily-post/ live Heavy rains over the interior portions of Alabama inundated 250,000 acres on of farmlands in four counties alone and caused about $5 million in damage to crops throughout the state.Bumgarner, Matthew C. The Floods of July 1916: How the Southern Railway Organization Met an Emergency Southern Railway Company The Overmountain Press 12 1995 1-57072-019-3 https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_H808eCzVUC May 18, 2017 Several people drowned in Birmingham and Tuscaloosa,Death toll of storms grows in magnitude July 8, 1916 Evening Public Ledger 2 May 15, 2017 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11026352/evening_public_ledger/ Newspapers.com Philadelphia, Pennsylvania May 2, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210502021652/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11026352/evening-public-ledger/ live while about 2,000 others fled their homes in central Alabama.South flood-stricken July 11, 1916 1 Asheville Citizen-Times May 20, 2017 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5676529/1916711_southern_flooding/ 32 262 Asheville, North Carolina Newspapers.com May 2, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210502021652/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5676529/1916-7-11-southern-flooding/ live In Mississippi, strong winds caused damage to approximately half of the buildings in Pascagoula. Significant impacts were also reported in Biloxi and Gulfport. Property damage to coastal structures in Mississippi totaled about $130,000. Inland towns also suffered from high winds and flooding,Ashenberger, Albert July 1916 Hurricane of July 5–6, 1916, at Mobile, Ala Monthly Weather Review American Meteorological Society 44 7 402–403 March 9, 2017 http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/044/mwr-044-07-0402.pdf 10.1175/1520-0493(1916)44<402:HOJAMA>2.0.CO;2 1916MWRv...44..402A February 25, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170225102247/https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/044/mwr-044-07-0402.pdf live free especially Laurel, where few homes avoided water damage. The cyclone also caused flooding in Georgia, Tennessee, and North Carolina, where it set the stage for a more destructive flood wrought by the Charleston hurricane.Henry, Alfred J. Floods in the East Gulf and South Atlantic States, July, 1916 August 1916 44 8 466–476 August 26, 2021 https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/44/8/1520-0493_1916_44_466_fitega_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf 10.1175/1520-0493(1916)44<466:FITEGA>2.0.CO;2 Monthly Weather Review American Meteorological Society 1916MWRv...44..466H free August 26, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210826052451/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/44/8/1520-0493_1916_44_466_fitega_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf live subscription Overall, this storm caused at least 34 deaths,Barnes, Jay Florida's Hurricane History 2007 University of North Carolina Press 978-0-8078-5809-7 96–98 https://books.google.com/books?id=e8E3CwAAQBAJ May 18, 2017 as well as about $12.5 million in damage.No loss of life on the Mississippi coast July 7, 1916 1 Jackson, Mississippi Jackson Daily News August 26, 2021 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10836355/jackson_daily_news/ Newspapers.comFlood waters receding; loss in Georgia is great July 13, 1916 The Wilmington Morning Star 1 August 26, 2021 Wilmington, North Carolina 98 112 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11248766/the_wilmington_morning_star/ Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194915/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11248766/the-wilmington-morning-star/ liveFlood damage may reach half million July 12, 1916 Greensboro Daily News August 26, 2021 3 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11248834/greensboro_daily_news/ 14 177 Greensboro, North Carolina Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194917/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11248834/greensboro-daily-news/ live Hurricane Three Atl Hurricane Three weather map, July 17, 1916.jpg AL03 1916 path.png July 10 July 22 90 980 The third tropical storm was first observed about 510 mi km on 5 east-southeast of Barbados on July 10. It tracked northwestward, passing over or near Saint Lucia early on July 12 while intensifying into a tropical storm. After crossing the northeastern Caribbean, the storm made landfall near Humacao, Puerto Rico, with winds of 50 mph km/h on shortly before 12:00 UTC on July 13. The cyclone re-emerged into the Atlantic several hours later and continued to intensify. Early on July 15, the system strengthened into a hurricane and then reached Category 2 status about 24 hours, peaking with maximum sustained winds of 105 mph km/h on shortly thereafter, based on an observed barometric pressure of 980 mbar inHg on. Thereafter, the storm moved generally northward and began to slowly weaken early on July 18. Cool and dry air weakened it to a 70 mph km/h on tropical storm just before it hit New Bedford, Massachusetts, on July 21.Landsea, Christopher W. etal Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory August 24, 2021 June 4, 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110604063810/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html live The system then struck Maine and moved across New Brunswick before becoming extratropical over the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the following day. The extratropical remnants dissipated over northern Newfoundland late on July 23. Initially, the cyclone was recorded as a major hurricane, but it was subsequently downgraded by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project. Throughout its path, the storm caused little damage and no known deaths. In Puerto Rico, the city of San Juan observed sustained winds of 40 mph km/h on. Storm warnings were issued by the Weather Bureau for coastal stretches from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Eastport, Maine, as the hurricane paralleled the coast offshore.Storm Center Is Near The Coast https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47072841/ March 21, 2020 Fall River Evening News July 21, 1916 Fall River, Massachusetts 8 Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195027/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47072841/fall-river-daily-evening-news/ live Ships destined for the Bahamas were held at the harbor in Miami, Florida.Schooners Are In Port Account Bahama Storm https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47073684/ Newspapers.com March 21, 2020 Miami Daily Metropolis Associated Press 186 July 18, 1916 Miami, Florida 1 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195028/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47073684/the-miami-news/ live Portions of the East Coast of the United States from Virginia northward reported tropical storm-force winds. In Massachusetts, Nantucket observed sustained winds of 49 mph km/h on. Hurricane Four 1916 Charleston hurricane Atl Charleston hurricane weather map, July 13, 1916.jpg AL04 1916 path.png July 11 July 15 100 960 A tropical storm was first detected about 240 mi km on 5 northeast of the central Bahamas early on July 11. The storm moved west-northwestward and slowly intensified, and by 18:00 UTC on July 12, it became a hurricane. About 24 hours later, the cyclone turned northwestward and peaked as a Category 3 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 115 mph km/h on. Weakening slightly to a Category 2 hurricane early on July 14, the cyclone made landfall in South Carolina between Charleston and McClellanville with winds of 110 mph km/h on and a barometric pressure of 960 mbar inHg on, the former based on observations from the ship Hector and latter being an estimate derived from weather records at Charleston. The system weakened more quickly after moving inland, falling to tropical storm intensity several hours later as it resumed its original west-northwestward motion. Late on July 15, the storm weakened to a tropical depression over western North Carolina and promptly dissipated. The storm's small size at landfall in South Carolina caused hurricane-force winds to be tightly concentrated, which generally limited wind impacts. In Charleston, winds uprooted trees, downed telephone wires,Charleston Suffers Little https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69692784/ Newspapers.com February 8, 2021 The Sumter Daily Item 77 44 July 15, 1916 Sumter, South Carolina 1 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195027/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69692784/the-item/ live and caused minor damage to roofs and shipping.Scott J. H. South Carolina Hurricane of July 13–14, 1916 Monthly Weather Review July 1916 44 7 404–407 10.1175/1520-0493(1916)44<404:SCHOJ>2.0.CO;2 https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/44/7/1520-0493_1916_44_404_schoj_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf September 28, 2021 Weather Bureau 1916MWRv...44..404S free subscription Two Men Killed At Charleston https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69346896/ Newspapers.com February 4, 2021 Twin City Daily Sentinel July 14, 1916 Winston-Salem, North Carolina 1 Heavy rains in the area also resulted in some water damage to homes. Crops suffered severe damage, especially along the Santee River, with losses ranging from 75 to 90 percent across about 700,000 acres on of farmland. Upon entering North Carolina, torrential rainfall generated by the storm caused orographic lift, which, combined with heavy precipitation from the hurricane which recently struck the Gulf Coast resulted in record-breaking river flooding in the Appalachian and southern Blue Ridge Mountains. The French Broad River, for instance, crested at nearly twice its previous stage record in Asheville, where flooding demolished numerous buildings. Throughout the region, flood-swollen rivers caused significant damage to crops, railroads, and other infrastructure.Investigating the Great Flood of 1916 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/news/investigating-the-great-flood-of-1916 National Centers for Environmental Information February 3, 2021 November 13, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201113071555/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/news/investigating-the-great-flood-of-1916 live The cyclone also caused flooding in Tennessee and Virginia, though to a much lesser degree. Overall, 80 fatalities and approximately $21 million in damage occurred throughout the storm's impacted areas. Tropical Storm Five Atl Tropical Storm Five weather map, August 4, 1916.jpg August 4 August 6 50 996 AL05 1916 path.png A tropical storm formed in the west-central Gulf of Mexico about 250 mi km on 5 southeast of Matamoros, Tamaulipas, on August 4. The storm moved west-northwestward and intensified to peak with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph km/h on early on August 6. Shortly thereafter, the cyclone made landfall in a rural area of central Tamaulipas. Based on observations from Brownsville and Corpus Christi in Texas, the storm peaked with a minimum pressure of 996 mbar inHg on. The system quickly weakened over Mexico and dissipated over Nuevo León late on August 6. Storm warnings were issued for the coast of Texas.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84036993/the-houston-post/ Associated Press Texas Storm Warning Issued 31 124 The Houston Post 1 August 6, 1916 August 24, 2021 Houston, Texas Newspapers.com August 24, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210824060550/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84036993/the-houston-post/ live Sustained winds in Corpus Christi reached 37 mph km/h on. Hurricane Six Atl Texas hurricane weather map, August 18, 1916.jpg AL06 1916 path.png August 12 August 20 115 932 The Great Texas Hurricane of 1916 1916 Texas hurricane A trough developed into a tropical storm about 305 mi km on 5 east of Barbados early on August 12. The storm moved just north of due west and entered the Caribbean on the following day, shortly after passing near or over Saint Lucia. While located about halfway between the Dominican Republic's Pedernales Province and the Guajira Peninsula around 00:00 UTC on August 15, the system intensified into a hurricane. The hurricane then curved northwestward and about 24 hours later, it made landfall near Portland Point, Jamaica, with winds of 85 mph km/h on. After re-emerging into the Caribbean, the system continued to strengthen and passed through the Cayman Islands later on August 16. The storm reached Gulf of Mexico by the following day and became a major hurricane, before reaching Category 4 status on August 18. Shortly thereafter, the cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 130 mph km/h on and retained this intensity through its landfall several hours later near Baffin Bay, Texas. The wind speed and the storm's minimum barometric pressure of 932 mbar inHg on were estimates based on observations from Kingsville and the pressure-decay model. Rapid weakening ensued as the hurricane moved inland, falling to tropical storm status early on August 19 and then to tropical depression intensity late that day. The cyclone dissipated around 00:00 UTC on August 20 over West Texas. Only light winds and rain were observed in the Lesser Antilles.Observations for 1916 Storm #6 https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/excelfiles_centerfix/191606.xls Raw Tropical Storm/Hurricane Observations Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory August 26, 2021 Miami, Florida XLS 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20170711190219/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd//hurdat/excelfiles_centerfix/191606.xls July 11, 2017 live The hurricane caused major damage in Jamaica. Strong winds downed telegraph and telephone wires, disrupting communications between the capital city of Kingston and other parishes.Raging Hurricane Struck Kingston After Six O'Clock Last Evening; Fate of Island Generally, Was Not Known Last Night https://newspaperarchive.com/disaster-clipping-aug-16-1916-1725768/ August 26, 2021 The Daily Gleaner 189 82 August 16, 1916 Kingston, Jamaica 1 NewspaperArchive.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195028/https://newspaperarchive.com/disaster-clipping-aug-16-1916-1725768/ live Banana Crop Destroyed by Hurricane https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34463217/ August 1, 2019 The Austin American 80 5 Austin, Texas 2 Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195029/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34463217/the-austin-american/ live Heavy rainfall also caused three rivers to overflow their banks.Jamaica Swept by a Hurricane on Tuesday, & Banana Industry is Crippled for Months to Come https://newspaperarchive.com/disaster-clipping-aug-17-1916-1725772/ May 8, 2020 The Daily Gleaner 190 82 August 17, 1916 Kingston, Jamaica 3 NewspaperArchive.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195029/https://newspaperarchive.com/disaster-clipping-aug-17-1916-1725772/ live First News From Four Paths https://newspaperarchive.com/disaster-clipping-aug-17-1916-1725774/ May 8, 2020 The Daily Gleaner 190 82 August 17, 1916 Kingston, Jamaica 3 NewspaperArchive.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195028/https://newspaperarchive.com/disaster-clipping-aug-17-1916-1725774/ live Nearly all banana and sugar plantations on the island suffered at least some losses,Jamaica Banana Crop Destroyed https://www.newspapers.com/clip/891057/1916_texas_hurricane/ August 26, 2021 The Evening Dispatch August 17, 1916 Wilmington, North Carolina 1 Newspapers.com 22 Associated Press August 23, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140823105124/http://www.newspapers.com/clip/891057/1916_texas_hurricane/ liveTerrific Storm in Jamaica https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34462075/ August 26, 2021 Stevens Point Daily Journal August 16, 1916 Stevens Point, Wisconsin 6 Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194916/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34462075/stevens-point-journal/ live while approximately 30–50 percent of cocoa crops experienced damage.Great Hurricane Struck and Devastated Every Part of the Island: Relief Steps by State https://newspaperarchive.com/disaster-clipping-aug-18-1916-1726458/ August 26, 2021 The Daily Gleaner 191 82 August 18, 1916 Kingston, Jamaica 1 NewspaperArchive.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195031/https://newspaperarchive.com/disaster-clipping-aug-18-1916-1726458/ live Thousands of people were left homeless.History of Hurricanes and Floods in Jamaica https://www.nlj.gov.jm/history-notes/History%20of%20Hurricanes%20and%20Floods%20in%20Jamaica.pdf National Library of Jamaica August 26, 2021 Kingston, Jamaica 4 n.d. https://web.archive.org/web/20190713094001/http://www.nlj.gov.jm/history-notes/History%20of%20Hurricanes%20and%20Floods%20in%20Jamaica.pdf July 13, 2019 live Overall, the storm caused 17 deaths and around $10 million in damage in Jamaica. Along the south coast of Texas, many buildings were destroyed, especially in the Corpus Christi area. There, beachfront structures were demolished by a 9.2 ft m on storm surge. High winds and heavy precipitation spread farther inland to mainly rural areas of South Texas, impacting towns and their outlying agricultural districts alike.Henry Alfred J. Forecasts and Warnings Monthly Weather Review August 1916 44 8 461–463 10.1175/1520-0493(1916)44<461:FAWFA>2.0.CO;2 https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/44/8/1520-0493_1916_44_461_fawfa_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf August 26, 2021 American Meteorological Society Boston, Massachusetts 1916MWRv...44..461H free August 26, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210826230108/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/44/8/1520-0493_1916_44_461_fawfa_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf live subscription Corpus Christi Believed to Have Suffered Heavily https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34471266/ August 26, 2021 Waxahachie Daily Light 127 24 August 19, 1916 Waxahachie, Texas 1 Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195030/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34471266/the-waxahachie-daily-light/ live Railroads and other public utilities were disrupted across the region, with widespread power outages.Railroads Were Badly Damaged by Friday's Storm https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34476037/ August 26, 2021 The Houston Post 138 31 August 20, 1916 Houston, Texas 1 Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195031/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34476037/the-houston-post/ live Gulf Storm Swept Corpus Christi Beach But No Loss of Life is Reported So Far https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34496296/ August 26, 2021 Laredo Weekly Times 10 36 August 20, 1916 Laredo, Texas 12 Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195031/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34496296/laredo-weekly-times/ live Heavy precipitation and high winds caused significant damage at military camps along the Mexico–United States border, forcing 30,000 garrisoned militiamen to evacuate.Destructive Tropical Storm Sweeps Texas Coast Towns https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34472944/ August 26, 2021 El Paso Morning Times Associated Press El Paso, Texas 2 Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195036/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34472944/el-paso-times/ live Storm Has Struck Lower Coast https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34473144/ August 26, 2021 The Houston Post 137 31 August 19, 1916 Houston, Texas 1 Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195033/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34473144/the-houston-post/ live Property damage alone in Texas totaled around $1.8 million and 20 people were killed.Roth David M. Texas Hurricane History https://origin.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/txhur.pdf National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 26, 2021 Camp Springs, Maryland 37 February 3, 2010 July 21, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180721231821/http://origin.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/txhur.pdf live Hurricane Seven Atl Hurricane San Hipólito of 1916 (Hurricane Seven) weather map, August 22, 1916.jpg AL07 1916 path.png August 21 August 26 95 <997 Hurricane San Hipólito of 1916 A strong tropical storm was first observed just east of Guadeloupe early on August 21. The cyclone moved west-northwestward, striking or passing near the island and intensifying into a hurricane. Early the next day, the system strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph km/h on, based on a barometric pressure observation of 980 mbar inHg on in San Juan, Puerto. Shortly thereafter, the small diameter hurricane struck Puerto Rico and crossed the island from Naguabo to Aguada.Frank Mújica-Baker Huracanes y Tormentas que han afectado a Puerto Rico ES Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Agencia Estatal para el manejo de Emergencias y Administración de Desastres http://www.gobierno.pr/NR/rdonlyres/49EA64D0-305B-4881-8B85-04B518004BD5/0/Ciclones_en_PR.pdf 11 August 30, 2010 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022947/http://www.gobierno.pr/NR/rdonlyres/49EA64D0-305B-4881-8B85-04B518004BD5/0/Ciclones_en_PR.pdf September 24, 2015 Late on August 22, the hurricane made landfall near Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, with winds of 75 mph km/h on. The cyclone quickly weakened to a tropical storm early the next day, several hours before re-emerging into the Atlantic near Port-de-Paix, Haiti. Continuing northwestward, the storm passed just west of the Bahamian islands, before making landfall near Cutler Bay, Florida, with winds of 45 mph km/h on around 08:00 UTC on August 25. The cyclone turned northward over Florida and weakened to a tropical depression early on the following day, shortly before dissipating just offshore New Smyrna Beach. In Puerto Rico, the storm's swath of damage spanned about 45 – 50 mi wide and extended from Naguabo to Arecibo, while areas from Humacao to Aguadilla suffered hurricane-force winds. Citrus trees sustained heavy fruit losses throughout the path of the storm; some trees were snapped and uprooted. Fifty percent of the grapefruit crop was lost in the storm.Porto Rico Crops Destroyed https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74939684/ April 2, 2021 The Tampa Tribune Newspapers.com 204 August 25, 1916 Tampa, Florida 6A September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195034/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74939684/the-tampa-tribune/ live Coffee crops in eastern Puerto Rico suffered a 75 percent loss. The Puerto Rico Leaf Tobacco Company alone reported $600,000 incurred by its drying barns. Rainfall was heaviest in central Puerto Rico; a station in Cayey observed 9 in of precipitation in 24 hours. A resulting flood on the La Plata River overtopped a dam, inflicting substantial downstream damage to bridges and crops. Winds at San Juan, some 20 mi north of the center of the hurricane, remained above 70 mph for two hours with a peak 10-minute sustained wind of 92 mph.Hartwell F. Eugene Porto Rico Section Climatological Data August 1916 18 8 59, 64 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-83BA2EFA-87D8-4BAA-9A7F-96C07A4BA889.pdf August 26, 2021 Weather Bureau National Centers for Environmental Information San Juan, Puerto Rico August 26, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210826185105/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-83BA2EFA-87D8-4BAA-9A7F-96C07A4BA889.pdf Across Puerto Rico, one death occurred and the damages were estimated at $1 million. A peak wind speed of 40 mph accompanied by 5.50 in of rain in four hours was measured in Miami, Florida, when the storm passed nearby.Mitchell Alexander J. Florida Section Climatological Data August 1916 18 8 59 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-6F0EE0B6-7C4C-488B-B2E9-094BB6D7FB76.pdf August 26, 2021 Weather Bureau National Centers for Environmental Information Jacksonville, Florida August 26, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210826184900/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-1B224CBC-5A4B-4FB2-BC52-D271A99F095F.pdf Streets in the city's business district were flooded but the damage was slight and non-extensive.Miami Struck by Storm https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74939979/ Newspapers.com April 2, 2021 The Tampa Tribune 205 August 26, 1916 Tampa, Florida 9 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195033/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74939979/the-tampa-tribune/ live Tho Lost for an Entire Day Hurricane Makes Appearance Right at Miami's Side Door https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74940237/ Newspapers.com April 2, 2021 Miami Daily Metropolis 219 August 25, 1916 Miami, Florida September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195034/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74940237/the-miami-news/ live The storm downed telephone wires from Miami to West Palm Beach.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84183367/the-miami-herald/ Tropical Storm Came An Unwelcome Guest 6 268 1 The Miami Herald August 26, 1916 Miami, Florida August 26, 2021 Newspapers.com August 26, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210826185256/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84183367/the-miami-herald/ live Hurricane Eight Atl Hurricane Eight weather map, August 29, 1916.jpg AL08 1916 path.png August 27 September 2 70 986 On August 27 at 12:00 UTC, a tropical storm was observed about 800 mi km on 5 east of Barbados. It strengthened into a hurricane about 12 hours later. The storm attained its peak intensity around the time it struck Dominica with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph km/h on and a minimum barometric pressure of 986 mbar inHg on early on August 28, with the former being based on the latter, which was observed at Roseau. This fast-moving hurricane tracked westward through the Caribbean and weakened to a tropical storm on August 30 while south of Haiti's Tiburon Peninsula. The cyclone weakened to winds of 45 mph km/h on by the following day, but re-strengthened somewhat prior to its landfall in northern Belize with winds of 60 mph km/h on on September 1. The storm moved west-southwestward into Guatemala and weakened, falling to tropical depression intensity on September 2 and dissipating shortly thereafter. The hurricane struck Dominica with little warning with winds exceeding 70 mph km/h on 5.Henry Alfred J. Forecasts and Warnings Monthly Weather Review August 1916 44 8 461–463 10.1175/1520-0493(1916)44<461:FAWFA>2.0.CO;2 https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/44/8/1520-0493_1916_44_461_fawfa_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf September 14, 2023 American Meteorological Society Boston, Massachusetts 1916MWRv...44..461H free subscription Hurricane Kills 50 in Dominica Island https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47530021/ March 28, 2020 The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Associated Press September 1, 1916 New York City, New York 3 Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194916/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47530021/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle/ live Fifty people were killed and two hundred homes were destroyed.Hurricane Kills Fifty in Dominica https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47529495/ Newspapers.com March 28, 2020 Lead Daily Call Associated Press September 1, 1916 Lead, South Dakota 1 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195036/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47529495/lead-daily-call/ live Many of the homes, bridges, and culverts were overtaken by swollen rivers that rose to unprecedented heights. The storm was particularly destructive to the island's agriculture, including cocoa, coconut, lime, and rubber production. Over a hundred thousand barrels of limes were lost due to the downing of 83,198 lime trees and the loss of 23,100 others.The World's Markets 2 1 April 1917 R. G. Dunn & Co. New York City, New York 5 https://books.google.com/books?id=u0ryXPR4PEsC Google Books March 28, 2020 Dominica Recovering From a Hurricane September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195503/https://books.google.com/books?id=u0ryXPR4PEsC live Many cocoa trees were destroyed.Barclay Jenni Wilkinson Emily White Carole S. Shelton Clare Forster Johanna Few Roger Lorenzoni Irene Woolhouse George Jowitt Claire Stone Harriette Honychurch Lennox Historical Trajectories of Disaster Risk in Dominica International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 12 April 2019 10 2 149–165 10.1007/s13753-019-0215-z https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13753-019-0215-z.pdf March 28, 2020 Springer 159334943 free 2019IJDRS..10..149B March 28, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200328190253/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13753-019-0215-z.pdf live Though these industries recovered quickly by the year's end, the storm was ultimately part of a decade-long series of natural disasters and political events that eventually led to the demise of the island's cultivation economy by 1925.Green Cecilia A Recalcitrant Plantation Economy: Dominica, 1800–1946 NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 1999 73 3/4 43–71 10.1163/13822373-90002577 41849994 1382-2373 free The hurricane may have generated tidal waves that wrecked the USS Memphis,https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1918/july/wreck-u-s-s-memphis Thomas Withers, Jr. The Wreck of the U. S. S. "Memphis" July 1918 44/7/185 United States Naval Institute August 25, 2021 August 25, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210825051843/https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1918/july/wreck-u-s-s-memphis live resulting in 43 deaths.http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/OnlineLibrary/photos/events/ev-1910s/ev-1916/memphis.htm Loss of USS Memphis, 29 August 1916 Naval History and Heritage Command August 25, 2021 Washington, D.C. August 25, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210825051821/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/OnlineLibrary/photos/events/ev-1910s/ev-1916/memphis.htm live Caution was advised for shipping in the vicinity of Jamaica on August 30 as the storm approached.A Disturbance In Caribbean East of Jamaica The Daily Gleaner NewspaperArchive.com 201 82 August 30, 1916 Kingston, Jamaica 1 The passing storm brought showers and heavy surf to Jamaica, marking the second time in two weeks that the island was affected by a tropical cyclone.The Hurricane The Daily Gleaner NewspaperArchive.com 202 82 August 31, 1916 Kingston, Jamaica 1 Torrential rains inflicted damage to some roads and cultivations.Damage Done The Daily Gleaner NewspaperArchive.com 203 82 September 1, 1916 Kingston, Jamaica 1 At Mandeville, 12 in mm of rain fell due to the storm within a day.Flood at Mandeville The Daily Gleaner NewspaperArchive.com 203 82 September 1, 1916 Kingston, Jamaica 1, 14 Tropical Storm Nine Atl Tropical Storm Nine weather map, September 5, 1916.jpg AL09 1916 path.png September 4 September 7 45 1010 The ninth tropical storm of the season was first detected over the eastern Bahamas at 12:00 UTC on September 4. Moving north-northwestward, the storm intensified slightly and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph km/h on and a minimum pressure of 1010 mbar inHg on, based on observations from a ship. Early on September 6, the cyclone curved north-northeastward and made landfall near Holden Beach, North Carolina, around 06:00 UTC at the same intensity. About 12 hours after moving inland, the system weakened to a tropical depression near Rocky Mount, shortly before dissipating over the northeastern parts of the state. Storm warnings were issued by the Weather Bureau on September 5 for coastal areas between Savannah, Georgia, and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; warnings were later extended north to the Virginia Capes. Ahead of the storm, 1.40 in mm of rain fell in Wilmington, North Carolina.High Water for Wrightsville https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47319048/ Newspapers.com March 24, 2020 The Wilmington Dispatch 118 28 September 5, 1916 Wilmington, North Carolina 8 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195504/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47319048/the-wilmington-dispatch/ live Gale-force winds were produced inland following the storm's landfall.Bowie Edward H. Forecasts and Warnings, September, 1916 Monthly Weather Review September 1916 44 9 519–521 10.1175/1520-0493(1916)44<519:FAWS>2.0.CO;2 American Meteorological Society Boston, Massachusetts 1916MWRv...44..519B free Rainfall from the storm spread across the East Coast of the United States from North Carolina to Maine.Atlantic Coast Storm Over Lower Chesapeake https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47318409/ Newspapers.com March 24, 2020 The Winston-Salem Journal Associated Press 118 28 September 7, 1916 Wilmington, North Carolina 4 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195505/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47318409/winston-salem-journal/ live Hurricane Ten Atl Hurricane Ten weather map, September 18, 1916.jpg AL10 1916 path.png September 13 September 21 75 1000 A tropical wave became a tropical depression on September 13 about 450 mi km on 5 northeast of Antigua and Barbuda. The depression moved just north of due west and intensified into a tropical storm early the next day. On September 15, the cyclone turned north-northeastward and intensified into a hurricane early on September 18, shortly after curving northeastward. The hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds peaked at 85 mph km/h on and a minimum barometric pressure of 1000 mbar inHg on, both estimates based on ship observations. Late on September 20, the cyclone turned eastward and weakened to a tropical storm. The system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone several hours later about 340 mi km on 5 west-southwest of the northwesternmost islands of the Azores. The extratropical remnants dissipated shortly thereafter. Hurricane Eleven Atl Hurricane Eleven weather map, September 22, 1916.jpg AL11 1916 path.png September 17 September 24 105 975 On September 17, the eleventh tropical storm was first detected about 950 mi km on 5 east of Barbados. It headed west-northward, strengthening into a hurricane on September 19, before passing well north of the Lesser Antilles. The storm became a Category 3 hurricane early on September 22, and shortly thereafter peaked with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph km/h on 5 and a minimum barometric pressure of 975 mbar inHg on, based on data from ships and historical weather maps. It turned northeastward and passed by Bermuda on September 24. The storm then weakened significantly and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on the same day approximately 200 mi km on 5 southeast of Sable Island. Another extratropical cyclone soon absorbed the remnants of this storm. The passing hurricane brought damaging winds of up to 75 mph to Bermuda, resulting in downed trees and unroofed homes;Hurricane Sweeping Bermuda Island https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69810111/ Newspapers.com February 9, 2021 The Philadelphia Inquirer 86 175 September 24, 1916 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195505/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69810111/the-philadelphia-inquirer/ live Imperial and Foreign News Items https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69811356/ Newspapers.com February 9, 2021 The Times 41282 September 26, 1916 London, England 7 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194917/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69811356/the-times/ live electrical and telephone services were also disrupted by the hurricane.Bermuda Storm Swept https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69811143/ Newspapers.com February 9, 2021 Chattanooga Daily Times 286 47 September 25, 1916 Chattanooga, Tennessee 1 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195506/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69811143/chattanooga-daily-times/ live Overall, damage totaled $36,370. In Atlantic Canada, the remnants of the hurricane generated rough seas along the coast and offshore, capsizing several ships, which resulted in at least 12 deaths and possibly as many as 19. Strong winds downed fences and trees and flattened several barns at Harbour Grace, Newfoundland.http://www.ec.gc.ca/hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=E9B0C3E2-1 1916-10 Environment Canada November 20, 2009 August 24, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20131006003640/http://www.ec.gc.ca/hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=E9B0C3E2-1 October 6, 2013 Tropical Storm Twelve Atl Tropical Storm Twelve weather map, October 4, 1916.jpg AL12 1916 path.png October 2 October 5 50 1000 A tropical storm formed on October 2 about 150 mi km on 5 east of the northern Bahamas. The storm moved northwestward as it slowly intensified, peaking with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph km/h on on the following day, an estimate based on a ship observation of a barometric pressure of 1000 mbar inHg on. Late on October 4, the cyclone turned west-southwestward and made landfall at Sapelo Island, Georgia, at the same intensity. The storm rapidly weakened and dissipated over south-central Georgia early on October 5. The Weather Bureau issued storm warnings from Fort Monroe to Savannah, Georgia.Gale in Atlantic is Off Georgia Coast https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34687951/ August 8, 2019 Tampa Morning Tribune Associated Press 238 October 4, 1916 Tampa, Florida 4 Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195506/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34687951/the-tampa-tribune/ live Moderate gales occurred along the coasts of Georgia and South Carolina. The highest winds measured inland reached 33 mph km/h on in Savannah, Georgia. Hurricane Thirteen 1916 Virgin Islands hurricane Atl Virgin Islands hurricane (Hurricane Thirteen) weather map, October 11, 1916.jpg AL13 1916 path.png October 6 October 13 105 963 A tropical depression developed about 90 mi km on 5 east of Tobago early on October 6. The depression moved northwestward and intensified into a tropical storm on the following day, as it passed between Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent. Further strengthening occurred as the storm passed through the eastern Caribbean, reaching hurricane intensity by early on October 9. Several hours later, the cyclone curved northward and reached Category 2 status before making landfall on Saint Croix late on October 10 with winds of 110 mph km/h on. The storm's lowest known pressure of 963 mbar inHg on was observed on the island around that time. The cyclone re-emerged into the Atlantic and intensified into a Category 3 hurricane on October 11 and then peaked with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph km/h on on the next day. However, the hurricane soon began weakening and losing tropical characteristics as it curved northeastward. Late on October 13, the system became extratropical about 700 mi km on 5 south-southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland. The extratropical remnants of this storm were absorbed by a much larger extratropical cyclone on October 15. Rough seas caused significant damage in Dominica,Weightman Richard Hanson Hurricanes Of 1916 And Notes On Hurricanes Of 1912–1915 Monthly Weather Review December 1916 44 12 686–688 10.1175/1520-0493(1916)44<686:HOANOH>2.0.CO;2 https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/44/12/1520-0493_1916_44_686_hoanoh_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf August 26, 2021 American Meteorological Society Boston, Massachusetts 1916MWRv...44..686W free August 27, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210827001512/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/44/12/1520-0493_1916_44_686_hoanoh_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf live subscription sweeping away jetties and coastal roads and destroying some buildings that were 60 to 70-years old.Big Cyclone At St. Thomas: Much Damage https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47244424/ Newspapers.com March 23, 2020 Muncie Evening Press 40 17 October 13, 1916 Muncie, Indiana 11 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195506/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47244424/muncie-evening-press/ live West Indies Pilot The Lesser Antilles and the Seacoast of Venezuela 1921 United States Hydrographic Office 147 Washington, D.C. 3rd 2 https://books.google.com/books?id=oYcPAQAAIAAJ March 24, 2020 H.O. 129 August 27, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210827001507/https://books.google.com/books?id=oYcPAQAAIAAJ live Hurricane-force winds impacted the Virgin Islands. The storm destroyed entire towns and factories on Saint Croix,Devastation By Cyclone In Danish West Indies https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47240605/ Newspapers.com August 26, 2021 Norwich Bulletin October 13, 1916 Norwich, Connecticut 58 247 1 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195507/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47240605/norwich-bulletin/ live while virtually every structure was blown down on Saint Thomas.Natives Of The Danish W. Indies In Dire Need Of Food & Shelter https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47231899/ Newspapers.com August 26, 2021 Miami Daily Metropolis Associated Press 259 October 12, 1916 Miami, Florida 1 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194917/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47231899/the-miami-news/ live In the latter, many ships capsized or were grounded at the harbor.Danish West Indies Hurricane Kills 6 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47232817/ Newspapers.com August 26, 2021 The Sun October 12, 1916 New York City, New York 84 42 2 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195507/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47232817/new-york-herald/ live Nearly all homes were also demolished on Saint John and Tortola,Hurricane Killed Forty https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47242743/ Newspapers.com August 26, 2021 The Sun 45 84 October 15, 1916 New York City, New York 6 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195507/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47242743/new-york-herald/ live where winds remained at about 100 mph km/h on for around 10 hours. Overall, the cyclone caused about $2 million in damage, as well as 41 deaths in the Virgin Islands, including 32 on Tortola, 4 on Saint Thomas, and 5 on the other islands of the Danish West Indies.Zabriskie Luther K. The Virgin Islands of the United States of America 1918 The Knickerbocker Press, G. P. Putnam's Sons New York 504234042 https://books.google.com/books?id=1b8-AAAAYAAJ Google Books 221 August 26, 2021 Hurricane of 1916 August 27, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210827001511/https://books.google.com/books?id=1b8-AAAAYAAJ live Farther west, portions of Puerto Rico reported strong winds, with gusts of 70 – 75 mph km/h on in Naguabo.Hartwell F. E. Porto Rico Section Climatological Data October 1916 18 10 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-A485AC86-B4DA-4EF9-80C0-A2FF9EBB6386.pdf August 26, 2021 National Centers for Environmental Information San Juan, Puerto Rico https://web.archive.org/web/20200324182826/https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-A485AC86-B4DA-4EF9-80C0-A2FF9EBB6386.pdf March 24, 2020 Several buildings at a mostly abandoned United States naval station on Culebra were demolished.Culebra Island Naval Station is Destroyed https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47495562/ August 26, 2021 The Boston Globe 108 90 October 16, 1916 Boston, Massachusetts 14 Newspapers.com September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195508/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47495562/the-boston-globe/ live Hurricane Fourteen 1916 Pensacola hurricane Atl Pensacola hurricane (Hurricane Fourteen) weather analysis, October 18, 1916.jpg AL14 1916 path.png October 9 October 19 95 970 A tropical depression formed about 60 mi km on 5 east-northeast of Jamaica early on October 9. The depression moved southwestward and remained weak for a few days, until reaching tropical storm intensity on October 12. Turning to the west, the cyclone continued to strengthen and by October 13, it became a hurricane. Early on the following day, the system attained Category 2 intensity and reached sustained winds of 110 mph km/h on, based on observations from the Swan Islands, while curving northwestward. Shortly after 12:00 UTC on October 15, the cyclone made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula just north of the British Honduras–Mexico border. The system quickly fell to tropical storm intensity, several hours before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico near Celestún, Yucatán. Re-intensification occurred as the cyclone turned northeastward, with the storm becoming a hurricane again by 06:00 UTC on October 17. The hurricane reached sustained winds of 110 mph km/h on again and a minimum barometric pressure of 970 mbar inHg on about 24 hours later, with both estimates derived from observations Mobile, Alabama, and Pensacola, Florida, and the pressure-wind relationship. Around 14:00 UTC on October 18, the hurricane made landfall just west of Pensacola, at this intensity. The system rapidly weakened inland, deteriorating to a tropical storm and then a tropical depression early on October 19, shortly before becoming extratropical over southern Illinois. The extratropical remnants then merged with a low-pressure area over the Great Lakes. In the Swan Islands, strong winds toppled three wireless towers and about two thousand coconut trees. Along the coast, several barges were grounded.Furious Tornado Lashes the Entire Mexican Gulf Coast https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47460299/ Newspapers.com August 26, 2021 The Birmingham News 219 29 October 18, 1916 Birmingham, Alabama 13 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195127/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47460299/the-birmingham-news/ live Twenty deaths occurred when a ship capsized in the western Caribbean. The hurricane caused major crop damage in British Honduras, destroying many plantain and coconut trees.Avery William L. British Honduras Supplement to Commerce Reports: Daily Consular and Trade Reports 1917 21a 3 https://books.google.com/books?id=10SFx38F1rcC Google Books March 27, 2020 Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce August 27, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210827013243/https://books.google.com/books?id=10SFx38F1rcC live Heavy rainfall was recorded in portions of the Yucatán Peninsula.Day P. C. Weather Conditions Over the North Atlantic Ocean, October, 1916 Monthly Weather Review October 1917 45 10 519–521 10.1175/1520-0493(1917)45<519:WCOTNA>2.0.CO;2 https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/45/10/1520-0493_1917_45_519_wcotna_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf August 26, 2021 United States Weather Bureau Washington, D.C. free August 27, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210827013242/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/45/10/1520-0493_1917_45_519_wcotna_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf live subscription In Florida, the city of Pensacola was among the hardest hit, with about $100,000 in damage there. Strong winds deroofed or partially deroofed some buildings and downed fences, roofs, signs, and about 200 trees. Rough seas generated by the storm damaged or capsized several vessels in the Pensacola harbor,Hurricane Hit Pensacola; Wind At 114-Mile Rate; Vessels Sunk https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47516485/ Newspapers.com August 26, 2021 Tampa Morning Tribune Associated Press 251 23 October 19, 1916 Tampa, Florida 1 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194919/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47516485/the-tampa-tribune/ live while railroads from Santa Rosa Island to the Fairpoint Peninsula suffered about $10,000 in damage.Mitchell Alexander J. Florida Section Climatological Data October 1916 20 10 79 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-E1164126-0467-472B-8FB6-ECDCEAB2544A.pdf National Centers for Environmental Information March 25, 2020 United States Weather Bureau Jacksonville, Florida https://web.archive.org/web/20200326203804/https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-E1164126-0467-472B-8FB6-ECDCEAB2544A.pdf March 26, 2020 In Alabama, rough seas capsized or grounded many small craft at Mobile. High winds deroofed two buildings in the business district.Tornado Travels 110 Miles in Hour at Mobile Today https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47458639/ Newspapers.com March 27, 2020 The Birmingham News Associated Press 219 29 October 18, 1916 Birmingham, Alabama 1 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195126/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47458639/the-birmingham-news/ live Several towns in southern Alabama reported some deroofed homes and uprooted trees.South Alabama Suffers https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47517463/ Newspapers.com August 26, 2021 Tampa Morning Tribune Associated Press 251 23 October 19, 1916 Tampa, Florida 9 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195126/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47517463/the-tampa-tribune/ live Heavy rains fell across parts of Louisiana and Mississippi, though precipitation in the former was beneficial due to drought conditions.Cline Isaac Monroe Louisiana Section Climatological Data October 1916 20 10 75 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-B18250B1-3311-4CD9-9A06-CD4D93856745.pdf National Centers for Environmental Information August 26, 2021 United States Weather Bureau Jacksonville, Florida https://web.archive.org/web/20200327140321/https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-B18250B1-3311-4CD9-9A06-CD4D93856745.pdf March 27, 2020 Overall, the system caused 29 deaths as a tropical cyclone.Great Storm is Sweeping Mobile; Seven Are Killed https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47515614/ Newspapers.com August 26, 2021 The Albany-Decatur Daily International News Service 201 5 October 18, 1916 Albany, Alabama 1 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194918/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47515614/the-albany-decatur-daily/ live Local Linemen Again Go to the Storm District https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47515239/ August 26, 2021 The Albany-Decatur Daily 201 5 October 18, 1916 Albany, Alabama 4 September 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210905194919/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47515239/the-albany-decatur-daily/ live The remnants of this storm caused shipping losses on Lake Erie on October 20,Frankenfield H.C. Forecasts and Warnings for October, 1916 Monthly Weather Review October 1916 44 10 585 10.1175/1520-0493(1916)44<582:FAWFO>2.0.CO;2 https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/44/10/1520-0493_1916_44_582_fawfo_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf March 25, 2020 American Meteorological Society Boston, Massachusetts 1916MWRv...44..582F free August 27, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210827013251/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/44/10/1520-0493_1916_44_582_fawfo_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf live subscription an event known as Black Friday, which resulted in 49 deaths.https://archive.org/details/loreoflakes0000bowe Bowen, Dana Thomas Lore of the Lakes Freshwater Press Cleveland, Ohio 1940 304 9780912514123 August 26, 2021 Tropical Storm Fifteen Atl Tropical Storm Fifteen weather map, November 14, 1916.jpg AL15 1916 path.png November 11 November 15 60 1002 A tropical wave developed into a tropical depression about 100 mi km on 5 north-northwest of Colombia early on November 11. The depression moved westward and strengthened into a tropical storm about 24 hours later. The storm's lowest known barometric pressure of 1002 mbar inHg on on Great Swan Island on November 13. After curving northwestward, the storm made landfall in Nicaragua north of Puerto Cabezas early on November 13 with winds of 40 mph km/h on and soon re-emerged into the Caribbean off northeastern Honduras. By November 14, the cyclone turned northward and peaked with sustained winds of 70 mph km/h on, based on observations from ships and weather stations in western Cuba. The storm soon lost tropical characteristics and became extratropical by 12:00 UTC on the following day about 100 mi km on 5 northwest of Cape San Antonio, Cuba. Turning northwestward, the extratropical remnants extreme southern Florida and the northwestern Bahamas before dissipating early on November 16. Press reports noted considerable property damage occurred along the coast of Honduras. In Mexico, heavy rains and strong winds impacted the state of Yucatán for several days. Extensive crop losses occurred, while railroad tracks were washed out at several locations. Communications suffered major interruptions. At Sisal, the storm caused coastal flooding and capsized 19 lighters. Overall, damage to crops and property was in the hundreds of thousands of dollars.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84038340/chattanooga-daily-times/ 350 47 Crop Damage Enormous November 28, 1916 3 Chattanooga Daily Times Chattanooga, Tennessee August 24, 2021 Newspapers.com August 24, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210824072642/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84038340/chattanooga-daily-times/ live In Cuba, the city of Havana reported sustained winds of nearly 66 mph km/h on. The extratropical remnants of the storm brought strong winds to the Florida Keys, including sustained winds of 71 mph km/h on at Sand Key, while wind gusts reached 75 mph km/h on at Key West, downing a number of signs, telephone poles, and trees there. Rough seas also damaged or grounded several ships and vessels, including a large government barge.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84073131/chattanooga-daily-times/ Shipping Damaged at Key West by Storm November 16, 1916 47 388 Chattanooga Daily Times Chattanooga, Tennessee August 24, 2021 Newspapers.com August 24, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210824214859/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84073131/chattanooga-daily-times/ live Other systems In addition to the fifteen tropical cyclones reaching tropical storm intensity, three others remained at tropical depression status. The first of such systems developed just northeast of the Leeward Islands on September 9. The depression moved west-northwestward, before turning northwestward three days later, passing near or over the Abaco Islands that day. On September 13, the depression made landfall near New Smyrna Beach, Florida, and weakened after moving inland, dissipating over Alabama by the same day. Although initially classified as a tropical storm, the system was downgraded to a tropical depression as part of the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project because gale-force winds were not observed in association with the cyclone. A broad low-pressure area that existed over the southwestern Caribbean since October 1 developed into another tropical depression by October 3. The depression initially moved westward, before curving to the northwest. By October 6, however, the depression lost its closed circulation and dissipated as it approached the Yucatán Channel. A low-pressure area, previous associated with a decaying frontal boundary, became a tropical depression over the central Caribbean on October 24. Tracking northwestward, the depression moved near Jamaica and the Cayman Islands, before turning northeastward on October 30. The depression made landfall in southeastern Cuba later that day, and was soon absorbed by a frontal system. See also Tropical cyclones 1900–1940 South Pacific cyclone seasons 1900–1950 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons 1910s Australian region cyclone seasons Notes nb References 30em External links Monthly Weather Review 1910 Atlantic hurricane 1916 Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines Category:Meteorological events in 1916 Category:1916 natural disasters