2010s in Middle Eastern history

Overview of Middle East, circa 2010 This article overviews the 2010s in Middle Eastern political history History by country Bahrain The 2011 Bahraini uprising were a series of demonstrations, amounting to a sustained campaign of non-violent civil disobedienceRichard Davies Thomas 26 June 2014 The failure of strategic nonviolent action in Bahrain, Egypt, Libya and Syria: 'political ju-jitsu' in reverse https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/13046/1/Manuscript-notanonymousREVISED.pdf Global Change, Peace and Security 26 3 299–313 10.1080/14781158.2014.924916 145013824 and some violent FUNKER530 » Military Videos And Veteran Community With Army, Navy, Air Force News. » 100 Moltov Cocktails Thrown At Police At Once http://www.funker530.com/100-moltov-cocktails-thrown-at-police-at-once/ dead https://web.archive.org/web/20140923110323/http://www.funker530.com/100-moltov-cocktails-thrown-at-police-at-once/ 23 September 2014 2014-09-2516 March 2012 Molotov Cocktails Rain Down on Police http://www.military.com/video/ammunition-and-explosives/liquid-explosives/molotov-cocktails-rain-down-on-police/1513031689001/ Military.comJuly 2019 resistance aimed at achieving greater political freedom and equality for the 70% Shia population.18 February 2011 Wikileak Cables: Bahrain's Shia Political Leaders Visit Iraq The Daily Telegraph https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/wikileaks-files/bahrain-wikileaks-cables/8334600/BAHRAINS-SHIA-POLITICAL-LEADERS-VISIT-IRAQ.html14 February 2011 Bahrain Activists in 'Day of Rage' Al Jazeera http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/02/2011214925802473.html live 14 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110410201125/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/02/2011214925802473.html 10 April 2011 and inspired by the unrest of the 2011 Arab Spring and 2011–12 Iranian protests and escalated to daily clashes after the Bahraini government repressed the revolt with the support of the Gulf Cooperation Council and Peninsula Shield Force.GCC Members Consider Future of Union http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2013/01/saudi-arabia-gcc-announcement.html This expanded to a call to end the monarchy of Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa following a deadly night raid on 17 February 2011 against protesters at the Pearl Roundabout in the capital Manama,17 February 2011 Clashes Rock Bahraini Capital Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/02/201121714223324820.html live 15 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110217050457/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/201121714223324820.html 17 February 201117 February 2011 Bahrain Protests: Police Break Up Pearl Square Crowd BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12490286 live 15 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110405191818/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12490286 5 April 2011 known locally as Bloody Thursday. Protesters in Manama camped for days at the Pearl Roundabout, which became the centre of the protests. After a month, the government of Bahrain requested troops and police aid from the Gulf Cooperation Council. On 14 March, 1,000 troops from Saudi Arabia and 500 troops from UAE entered Bahrain and crushed the uprising.Khalifa Reem 14 February 2015 Bahrain Protesters Rally on Anniversary of Crushed Uprising https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/14/bahrain-uprising-anniversary_n_6683652.html 2 April 2015 The Huffington Post A day later, King Hamad declared martial law and a three-month state of emergency.15 March 2011 Bahrain King Declares State of Emergency after Protests BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12745608 live 15 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110405202821/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12745608 5 April 2011Cloud David S. Banerjee Neela 16 March 2011 Bahrain Protests: In Bahrain, Forces Move Against Protesters in Capital Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-bahrain-flashpoint-20110316,0,1785627.story live 15 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110523070156/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-bahrain-flashpoint-20110316%2C0%2C1785627.story 23 May 2011 Pearl Roundabout was cleared of protesters and the iconic statue at its center was demolished.Chulov Martin 2011-03-18 Bahrain destroys Pearl roundabout The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/18/bahrain-destroys-pearl-roundabout 2020-02-10 0261-3077 Occasional demonstrations have continued since. After the state of emergency was lifted on 1 June 2011, the opposition party, Al Wefaq National Islamic Society, organized several weekly protestsHammond Andrew 4 June 2012 Bahrain says group follows violent Shi'ite cleric The Daily Star Reuters http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2012/Jun-04/175661-bahrain-says-group-follows-violent-shiite-cleric.ashx 6 September 2012 usually attended by tens of thousands.25 March 2011 Bahrain forces quash protests The Independent Reuters https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/bahrain-forces-quash-protests-2253207.html https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/bahrain-forces-quash-protests-2253207.html 2022-05-01 subscription live 6 September 2012 On 9 March 2012, over 100,000 attended10 March 2012 Bahrain's Shias demand reform at mass rally Al Jazeera English https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/03/201239144334860869.html 10 March 2012 and another on 31 August attracted tens of thousands.31 August 2012 Tens of thousands join protest in Bahrain Al Jazeera English https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/2012831212940407882.html 6 September 2012 Daily smaller-scale protests and clashes continued, mostly outside Manama's business districts.25 January 2012 Bahrain live blog 25 Jan 2012 Al Jazeera English http://blogs.aljazeera.com/liveblog/bahrain-jan-25-2012-1836 dead 17 February 2012 https://archive.today/20121205042332/http://blogs.aljazeera.com/liveblog/bahrain-jan-25-2012-1836 5 December 201215 February 2012 Heavy police presence blocks Bahrain protests Al Jazeera English https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/02/201221415146400277.html 17 February 2012 By April 2012, more than 80 had died.Carlstrom Gregg 23 April 2012 Bahrain court delays ruling in activists case Al Jazeera English https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/04/20124231124916976.html 14 June 2012 The police response was described as a "brutal" crackdown on "peaceful and unarmed" protesters, including doctors and bloggers.Law Bill 6 April 2011 Police Brutality Turns Bahrain Into 'Island of Fear' Crossing Continents BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12975832 15 April 2011Alisa Zayd Zayd Alisa 30 March 2011 USA Emphatic Support to Saudi Arabia Scoop http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1103/S01049/usa-emphatic-support-to-saudi-arabia.htm 15 April 2011Cockburn Patrick Patrick Cockburn 18 March 2011 The Footage That Reveals the Brutal Truth About Bahrain's Crackdown The Independent https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-footage-that-reveals-the-brutal-truth-about-bahrains-crackdown-2245364.html https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-footage-that-reveals-the-brutal-truth-about-bahrains-crackdown-2245364.html 2022-05-01 subscription 15 April 2011 The police carried out midnight house raids in Shia neighbourhoods, beatings at checkpoints and denial of medical care in a campaign of intimidation.Wahab Siraj 18 March 2011 Bahrain Arrests Key Opposition Leaders Arab News http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article320723.ece dead 15 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120307000356/http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article320723.ece 7 March 2012Law Bill 22 March 2011 Bahrain Rulers Unleash 'Campaign of Intimidation' Crossing Continents BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12817106 15 April 2011Chick Kristen 1 April 2011 Bahrain's Calculated Campaign of Intimidation The Christian Science Monitor https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0401/Bahrain-s-calculated-campaign-of-intimidation 15 April 2011 More than 2,929 people have been arrested,23 November 2011 Bahrain inquiry confirms rights abuses Al Jazeera English http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/11/20111123125645404851.html dead https://web.archive.org/web/20121004154016/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/11/20111123125645404851.html 4 October 20129 May 2011 Applying pressure on Bahrain The Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/applying-pressure-on-bahrain/2011/05/09/AF3sV6bG_story.html dead 9 May 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20140202174907/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/applying-pressure-on-bahrain/2011/05/09/AF3sV6bG_story.html 2 February 2014 and at least five died due to torture in police custody.287–8 In early July 2013, Bahraini activists called for major rallies on 14 August under the title Bahrain Tamarod.14 July 2013 Bahrain warns against Egypt-inspired protests Fox News Agence France-Presse (AFP) https://www.foxnews.com/world/bahrain-warns-against-egypt-inspired-protests/ 10 August 2013 Iran The 2011–2012 protests in Iran were a series of demonstrations in Iran which began on 14 February 2011, called "The Day of Rage".Richter Frederik 14 February 2011 Protester killed in Bahrain 'Day of Rage': witnesses Reuters Manama https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bahrain-protests-idUSTRE71D5MS20110214 4 June 2011 The protests followed the 2009–2010 Iranian election protests and were influenced by other concurrent protests in the region.Hatem Mohammed 16 February 2011 Bahrain, Yemen, Libya Face Protests as Region's Unrest Spreads Bloomberg BusinessWeek http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-16/bahrain-yemen-libya-face-protests-as-region-s-unrest-spreads.htmlApril 2023 medicmedic The 2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt were pro-monarchy Iranian protest that took place at the Tomb of Cyrus the Great on Cyrus the Great Day.MP Calls For Celebrating International Day Of Cyrus The Great https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iran-mp-calls-for-celebrating-cyrus-day/28789762.html 2020-04-05 RFE/RLIranians Barred From Marking Cyrus Day By Visiting His Tomb https://www.iranintl.com/en/20211029093020 The protest was Iran's largest after the 2009 protests.Samimi Mehraz Iran's Largest Protest Demonstration since 2009 November 2016 https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/iran-s-largest-protest-demonstration-since-2009/ Public protests took place in several cities in Iran beginning on 28 December 2017 and continuing into 2018. The first protest took place in Mashhad, Iran's second-largest city by population, initially focused on the economic policies of the country's government; as protests spread throughout the country, their scope expanded to include political opposition to the theocratic regime of Iran and its longtime Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei.Five things you need to know about protests in Iran https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/protests-iran-171231083620343.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20180102003305/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/protests-iran-171231083620343.html 2 January 2018 2 January 2018 Al Jazeera dmy-all The 2019 Iranian protests were a series of civil protests occurring in multiple cities across Iran, initially from the 200% increase in fuel prices but later extended to an outcry against the current government in Iran and Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.At least 7,000 people reportedly arrested in Iran protests, says UN, Agence France-Presse, Fri December 6, 2019.November 15, 2019 گسترش اعتراض‌ها به افزایش قیمت بنزین: یک معترض در سیرجان با شلیک ماموران کشته شد https://iranintl.com/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%AF November 16, 2019 Iran International fa November 20, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20191120102218/https://iranintl.com/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%AF deadNovember 16, 2019 Protests erupt over Iran petrol rationing https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50444429 November 16, 2019 The Iranian government employed lethal tactics in order to shut down the protests including a nationwide internet shutdown, shooting protesters dead from rooftops, helicopters, and at close range with machine gun fire.Gladstone Rick With Brutal Crackdown, Iran Is Convulsed by Worst Unrest in 40 Years The New York Times December 2019 https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/01/world/middleeast/iran-protests-deaths.htmlSwert Mia Amnesty says at least 208 killed in Iran protests Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/amnesty-208-killed-iran-protests-191130151227593.html Although there is currently no conclusive casualty count current estimates suspect the government killed well over 1,000 Iranian citizens.U.S. says Iran may have killed up to 1,000 protesters https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/u-s-says-iran-may-have-killed-1-000-protesters-n1096666 NBC NewsMcKenzie Sheena One of the worst crackdowns in decades is happening in Iran. Here's what we know 3 December 2019 https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/03/middleeast/iran-protests-violent-crackdown-information-intl/index.html CNN This series of protests have been categorized as the most violent and severe since the rise of Iran's Islamic Republic in 1979.Iranian security forces are using lethal force to crush protests 19 November 2019 https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/11/iran-more-than-100-protesters-believed-to-be-killed-as-top-officials-give-green-light-to-crush-protests/ November 21, 2019 Amnesty InternationalCASCHETTA A.J. Iranian protests were not about the price of gas https://thehill.com/opinion/international/472359-iranian-protests-were-not-about-the-price-of-gas The Hill 2 December 2019 Iraq The withdrawal of the United States troops from Iraq was mostly completed by December 2011, bringing an end to the Iraq War. The Iraqi insurgency was an insurgency that began in late 2011 after the end of the Iraq War and the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq, resulting in violent conflict with the central government, as well as low-level sectarian violence among Iraq's religious groups. The insurgency was a direct continuation of events following the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. Sunni militant groups stepped up attacks targeting the country's majority Shia population to undermine confidence in the Shia-led government and its efforts to protect people without coalition assistance.27 January 2012 Suicide bomber kills 32 at Baghdad funeral march Fox News Associated Press https://www.foxnews.com/world/suicide-bomber-kills-32-at-baghdad-funeral-march/ live 22 April 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120306053129/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/01/27/car-bombing-kills-26-in-baghdad/ 6 March 2012 dmy-all The 2012–2013 Iraqi protests started on 21 December 2012 following a raid on the home of Sunni Finance Minister Rafi al-Issawi and the arrest of 10 of his bodyguards.2 January 2013 Iraq: Maliki Demands That Protesters Stand Down The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/03/world/middleeast/iraq-maliki-demands-that-protesters-stand-down.html?_r=0 4 January 2013 Beginning in Fallujah, the protests afterwards spread throughout Sunni Arab parts of Iraq. The protests centered on the issue of the alleged sectarianism of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki. Pro-Maliki protests also took place throughout central and southern Iraq, where there is a Shia Arab majority. In April 2013, sectarian violence escalated after the 2013 Hawija clashes. The protests continued throughout 2013, and in December Maliki used security forces to forcefully close down the main protest camp in Ramadi, killing hundreds of civilian protesters in the process. Sunni groups, such as the Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order,The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043422/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency 2011-08-26 2017-10-24 Combating Terrorism Center at West Point took up arms in response, and joined forces with the General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries (GMCIR), a militant group made up of former Ba'athists, to conduct a military campaign against the Iraqi government.Nasrawi Salah March 20, 2014 The enemy next door http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/5710/19/The-enemy-next-door.aspx https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070026/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/5710/19/The-enemy-next-door.aspx March 4, 2016 Al-Ahram Weekly June 15, 2014 The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) would later grow out of this civil conflict, escalating into a full-scale war. The 2019 Iraqi protests, also nicknamed the Tishreen RevolutionNovember 12, 2019 ثورة تشرين …وطموحات الشباب المشروعة The October Revolution... and the legitimate ambitions of young people https://iraqakhbar.com/2084791 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20191115105901/https://iraqakhbar.com/2084791 November 15, 2019 November 15, 2019 News of Iraq Arabic and 2019 Iraqi Intifada, are an ongoing series of protests that consisted of demonstrations, marches, sit-ins and civil disobedience. They started on 1October 2019, a date which was set by civil activists on social media, spreading over the central and southern provinces of Iraq, to protest 16 years of corruption, unemployment and inefficient public services, before they escalated into calls to overthrow the administration and to stop Iranian intervention in Iraq. The Iraqi government has been accused of using bullets, snipers, hot water and tear gas against protesters.Iraq: HRW denounces lethal force against protesters, urges probe https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/iraq-hrw-denounces-lethal-force-protesters-urges-probe-191010123643525.html Al Jazeera Prime Minister Adil Abdul-Mahdi announced on November 29 that he would resign.November 29, 2019 Iraqi prime minister to resign in wake of deadly protests Politico https://www.politico.com/news/2019/11/29/iraq-prime-minister-resign-worsening-crisis-074396 November 29, 2019 Associated Press According to the BBC, they call for the end of the political system which has existed since the US-led invasion ousted Saddam Hussein and has been marked by sectarian divides.October 7, 2019 Iraq protests: What's behind the anger? BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49960677 October 27, 2019October 27, 2019 'They are worse than Saddam': Iraqis take to streets to topple regime The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/27/iraq-protests-aim-topple-regime October 28, 2019November 26, 2019 An Iraq for All Iraqis? https://providencemag.com/2019/11/iraq-protests/ November 28, 2019 Providence It is the largest unrest since the Saddam Hussein government concluded.November 7, 2019 Iraq Protester's Step Up Their Tactics As the Government in Baghdad Scrambles to Respond Foreign Policy https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/07/why-iraqs-protesters-are-still-in-the-streets November 18, 2019 The UN Envoy for Iraq, Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert, called for renewed efforts to restore civil balance and protections for free speech."Protests and civil unrest show 'renewed sense of patriotism' in Iraq, UN envoy tells Security Council", United Nations., December 3, 2019."Denouncing attacks against Baghdad protesters, UN warns 'violence risks placing Iraq on dangerous trajectory' ", December 7, 2019. Israel Benjamin Netanyahu remained in the office of the Prime Minister throughout the decade, becoming the longest holder of the office. Under his watch, the Jewish settlement movement has grown and gained influence, with at least 2,000 new homes built on the Palestinian territories each year, leading to a declining possibility for a two-state solution in the Arab–Israeli conflict.After A Decade Of Netanyahu, Hopes Fade for a Palestinian State NPR https://www.npr.org/2019/04/08/709989737/after-a-decade-of-netanyahu-hopes-fade-for-a-palestinian-state January 11, 2020 In 2014, there was a war in Gaza over Hamas rocket firings into Israeli cities, with a final death toll of 2,100 Palestinians and 73 Israeli citizens.September 1, 2014 Gaza crisis: Toll of operations in Gaza https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28439404 January 11, 2020 The 2018–19 Gaza border protests demanded a right of return for those displaced from their homes during Israel's founding.Halbfinger David M. Abuheweila Iyad Patel Jugal K. May 15, 2018 300 Meters in Gaza: Snipers, Burning Tires and a Contested Fence The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/gaza-fence-aerial.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/gaza-fence-aerial.html January 11, 2020 0362-4331 Israeli security forces responded by firing at the protesters, killing 60 in a single day.May 15, 2018 Uneasy Calm Falls Over Gaza After Israel Kills Scores at Protests The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/15/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-protests.html January 11, 2020 0362-4331 In foreign policy, Israel continued the proxy conflict against Iran, with Israeli involvement in the Syrian Civil War and 2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq. In 2019, the country entered a political crisis following two hung parliaments and corruption charges against Netanyahu.Wilson Audrey Israel's Political Crisis Deepens https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/22/israel-political-crisis-deadlock-benjamin-netanyahu-indictment-corruption-election/ January 11, 2020 Foreign Policy Both the April and September 2019 elections failed to produce a majority in the Knesset for either Netanyahu, or his challenger, Benny Gantz, a former general. In November, Netanyahu became the first sitting Israeli leader to be criminally prosecuted, with charges of bribery, fraud and breach of trust spanning several cases.Halbfinger David M. November 21, 2019 Israel's Netanyahu Indicted on Charges of Fraud, Bribery and Breach of Trust The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/21/world/middleeast/netanyahu-corruption-indicted.html January 11, 2020 0362-4331 Saudi Arabia On January 2, 2016, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia carried out a mass execution of 47 imprisoned civilians convicted for terrorism in 12 provinces in the country.2016-01-02 Saudi Arabia Carries Out Largest Mass Execution Since 1980 – Eurasia Review http://www.eurasiareview.com/04012016-saudi-arabia-carries-out-largest-mass-execution-since-1980/ 2016-01-06 Eurasiareview.com Forty-three were beheaded and four were executed by firing squads. Among the 47 people killed was Shia Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr.Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr: Saudi Arabia executes top Shia cleric, BBC News (January 2, 2016). The execution was the largest carried out in the kingdom since 1980.Mass Execution Is Part of Saudi Arabia's Long History of Horrors http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/saudi-arabia-mass-execution-history_568c43e1e4b0cad15e625f74 2016-01-06 Huffingtonpost.com 6 January 2016 His execution was condemned by religious and political figures and human rights groups as the largest carried out in the kingdom since 1980. The 2017–19 Saudi Arabian purge was the mass arrest of a number of prominent Saudi Arabian princes, government ministers, and business people in Saudi Arabia on 4 November 2017David Kirkpatrick 4 November 2017 Saudi Arabia Arrests 11 Princes, Including Billionaire Alwaleed bin Talal The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/04/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-waleed-bin-talal.html 5 November 2017 and the following few weeks after the creation of an anti-corruption committee led by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. As many as 500 people were rounded up in the sweep.Nicholas Kulish 6 November 2017 Ritz-Carlton Has Become a Gilded Cage for Saudi Royals The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/06/world/middleeast/ritz-carlton-riyadh-saudi-princes.html The arrests resulted in the final sidelining of the faction of the King Abdullah and Mohammed bin Salman's complete consolidation of control of all three branches of the security forces,5 November 2017 Saudi Arabia's unprecedented shake-up The Economist https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21731021-muhammad-bin-salman-has-made-himself-sole-face-saudi-policy-saudi-arabias 6 November 2017 making him the most powerful man in Saudi Arabia since his grandfather, the first King, Ibn Saud.9 November 2017 The world should push the crown prince to reform Saudi Arabia, not wreck it The Economist https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21731153-muhammad-bin-salman-seizes-all-power-saudi-arabia-world-should-push-crown-prince 11 November 2017 An assassination campaign against critics of the monarchy was allegedly carried out in parallel to the overt arrests of the purge, by the Tiger Squad, which was formed in 2017 and 2018 10 yes, consisted of 50 secret service and military personnel. The group members were recruited from different branches of the Saudi forces, directing several areas of expertise. The Tiger Squad allegedly assassinates dissidents using varying methods, such as planned car and aircraft accidents, house fires, and poisoning at hospitals under the pretenses of regular health checkups. The five-member squad were also the part of the 15-member death squad who assassinated Jamal Khashoggi.6 November 2018 Jamal Khashoggi: What more can we learn from his death? - BBC Newsnight BBC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtX5ibypbu8?t=300 11 November 2018Abu Sneineh Mustafa 22 October 2018 REVEALED: The Saudi death squad MBS uses to silence dissent Middle East Eye https://www.middleeasteye.net/tiger-squad-saudi-hitmen-khashoggi-mbs live 22 October 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232620/https://www.middleeasteye.net/tiger-squad-saudi-hitmen-khashoggi-mbs 22 October 2018 The 2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists consisted of waves of arrests of women's rights activists in Saudi Arabia involved in the women to drive movement and the Saudi anti male-guardianship campaign and of their supporters during 2018 and 2019. The crackdown was described in June 2018 by a United Nations special rapporteur as taking place "on a wide scale across" Saudi Arabia; the special rapporteur called for the "urgent release" of the detainees. Six of the women arrestees were tortured, some in the presence of Crown Prince advisor Saud al-Qahtani.Reuters December 7, 2018 Aide to Mohammed bin Salman 'supervised torture of female prisoner' The Daily Telegraph https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/12/07/aide-mohammed-bin-salman-supervised-torture-female-prisoner/ https://archive.today/20181210175840/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/12/07/aide-mohammed-bin-salman-supervised-torture-female-prisoner/ December 10, 2018 On 23 April 2019, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia carried out a mass execution of 37 imprisoned civilians who had been convicted, 21 on the basis of confessions allegedly obtained under coercion and torture, for terrorism-related allegations in six provinces in the country.Ben Hubbard 23 April 2019 Saudi Arabia Executes 37 in One Day for Terrorism https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-executions.html The New York Times 24 April 2019Richard Hall 23 April 2019 Saudi Arabia carries out 'chilling' mass execution of 37 people for 'terrorism offences' https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-death-penalty-mass-executions-terrorism-capital-punishment-human-rights-a8882891.html https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-death-penalty-mass-executions-terrorism-capital-punishment-human-rights-a8882891.html 2022-05-01 subscription live The Independent 24 April 201923 April 2019 Saudi Arabia executes 37 people on terrorism-related charges https://www.aljazeera.net/news/politics/2019/4/23/وزارة-الداخلية-السعودية-الإرهاب-السعودية-الإعدام Al Jazeera 24 April 2019 Fourteen of the people executed had been convicted in relation to their participation in the 2011–12 protests in Qatif, mostly on the basis of torture-induced confessions. Syria 2010s in Syria political history The 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria is a cross-border military operation conducted by the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) and the Syrian National Army (SNA) against the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and later the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) in northeastern Syria. On October 6, 2019, the Trump administration ordered American troops to withdraw from northeastern Syria, where the United States had been supporting its Kurdish allies.October 7, 2019 Trump makes way for Turkey operation against Kurds in Syria BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49956698?intlink_from_url=https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/cp7r8vgl2y7t/kurds&link_location=live-reporting-story October 10, 2019 The military operation began on October 9, 2019, when the Turkish Air Force launched airstrikes on border towns.McKernan Bethan October 9, 2019 Turkey launches military operation in northern Syria https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/09/turkey-launches-military-operation-in-northern-syria-erdogan The Guardian The conflict resulted in the displacement of over 300,000 people and has caused the death of more than 70 civilians in Syria and 20 civilians in Turkey.Teröristlerin saldırılarında 20 sivil şehit oldu, 170 kişi yaralandı http://www.bursadabugun.com/haber/teroristlerin-saldirilarinda-20-sivil-sehit-oldu-170-kisi-yaralandi-1191643.html Bursada Bugün 2021-11-30 2019-10-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20191018070717/http://www.bursadabugun.com/haber/teroristlerin-saldirilarinda-20-sivil-sehit-oldu-170-kisi-yaralandi-1191643.html deadOctober 13, 2019 Kurdish Politician Among Nine Civilians Executed by Turkish-backed Fighters in Syria Haaretz https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/syria/kurdish-politician-executed-by-turkish-backed-fighters-in-syria-1.7970427 https://web.archive.org/web/20191013122400/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/syria/kurdish-politician-executed-by-turkish-backed-fighters-in-syria-1.7970427 dead October 13, 2019 According to the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the operation is intended to expel the SDF—viewed as a terrorist organization by Turkey due to its ties with the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), but considered an ally against ISIL by the United States and its allies—from the border region as well as to create a 30 km-deep (20 mi) "safe zone" in Northern Syria where some of the 3.6 million Syrian refugees in Turkey would resettle.October 9, 2019 Turkey begins ground offensive in northeastern Syria Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/turkey-begins-ground-offensive-northeastern-syria-191009212025006.html October 10, 2019 As the proposed settlement zone is heavily Kurdish demographically, this intention has been criticized as an attempt to force drastic demographic change,Candar Cengiz September 30, 2019 Erdogan's Syria plan: Resettling the Syrian refugees or ousting Kurds from their land? https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/09/turkey-syria-united-states-erdogan-plans-for-east-euphrates.html Al-MonitorSyria is witnessing a violent demographic re-engineering https://www.ft.com/content/e40cb754-e456-11e9-b112-9624ec9edc59 Financial Times 2 October 2019October 8, 2019 Turkey's plan to settle refugees in northeast Syria alarms allies Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-turkey-refugees-graphi-idUSKBN1WN28J a criticism denied by Turkey by saying that it only intended to "correct" the demographics that Turkish officials stated were changed by the SDF.Dockery Wesley October 9, 2019 Turkey Begins Military Operation Against Kurds After Trump Pulls Troops in Northern Syria https://www.ibtimes.com/turkey-begins-military-operation-against-kurds-after-trump-pulls-troops-northern-2842727 International Business TimesOctober 7, 2019 After US green light, Turkey prepares military operation in Syria https://www.arabnews.com/node/1565401/middle-east Arab News The Syrian government initially criticized the Kurdish forces for the Turkish offensive, for their separatism and not reconciling with the government, while at the same time also condemning the foreign invasion in Syrian territory.October 11, 2019 Syria blames Kurdish forces for Turkish military offensive Xinhua Net http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/11/c_138462068.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20191011011413/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/11/c_138462068.htm dead October 11, 2019 October 11, 2019 However, a few days later, the SDF reached an agreement with the Syrian government, in which it would allow the Syrian Army to enter the SDF-held towns of Manbij and Kobanî in an attempt to defend the towns from the Turkish offensive.Syrian army to enter SDF-held Kobani, Manbij: Monitor 13 October 2019 http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2019/10/13/Syrian-army-to-enter-SDF-held-Kobani-Manbij-Monitor.html October 13, 2019 Al ArabiyaOctober 13, 2019 Report: Syrian army to enter SDF-held Kobani, Manbij Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-towns-report-idUSKBN1WS0K0 October 13, 2019October 13, 2019 Syrian government forces set to enter Kobani and Manbij after SDF deal https://thedefensepost.com/2019/10/13/syria-government-russia-kobani-manbij-sdf/ October 13, 2019 The Defense Post Shortly thereafter, Syrian state broadcaster SANA announced that Syrian Army troops had started to deploy to the country's north.Syrian troops sent north to 'confront' Turkey over incursion, says state media https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/syrian-troops-sent-north-to-confront-turkey-over-incursion-says-state-media-1.922875 October 13, 2019 The National 13 October 2019 Turkey and the SNA launched an offensive to capture Manbij on the same day.October 14, 2019 Suriye Milli Ordusu: Münbiç Operasyonu Başladı Haber.com https://www.haber.com/suriye-milli-ordusu-munbic-operasyonu-basladi-103685/ On October 22, 2019, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reached a deal to extend the ceasefire by 150 additional hours for SDF to move 30 kilometers away from the border area as well as from Tal Rifaat and Manbij. The terms of the deal also included joint Russian–Turkish patrols 10 kilometers into Syria from the border except in the city of Qamishli. The new ceasefire started at 12 pm local time on October 23.October 22, 2019 The Latest: Pence says 5-day cease-fire in Syria has held https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/article236512698.html The Miami HeraldOctober 22, 2019 FULL TEXT: Memorandum of Understanding between Turkey and Russia on northern Syria https://thedefensepost.com/2019/10/22/russia-turkey-syria-mou/ The Defense Post Although the main combat phase did end, post ceasefire operations are still ongoing.Turkey not resuming military operation in northeast Syria: security source Reuters, November 2019.Son dakika | MGK toplantısı sonrası flaş 'Barış Pınarı Harekatı' açıklaması: Sürecek https://www.milliyet.com.tr/siyaset/son-dakika-mgk-toplantisi-sonrasi-flas-baris-pinari-harekati-aciklamasi-surecek-6087904 Milliyet As announced by Russia's Ministry of Defense on October 15, Russian forces have started to patrol the region along the line of contact between Turkish and Syrian forces,Kottasová Ivana Ilyushina Mary October 15, 2019 Russians fill the void left by US troops in Syria https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/15/middleeast/turkey-syria-russian-troops-intl/index.html CNNFahim, Kareem Dadouch, Sarah Englund, Will October 15, 2019 Russia patrolling between Turkish and Syrian forces after U.S. troops withdraw https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syria-says-government-soldiers-enter-manbij-after-us-troops-withdraw/2019/10/15/d494405a-eeb8-11e9-bb7e-d2026ee0c199_story.html The Washington Post indicating that Russia is filling the security vacuum from the sudden US withdrawal.Mortazavi Negar October 16, 2019 How Russia is filling the gap left by Trump's withdrawal of US troops in Syria https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/trump-syria-kurds-russia-putin-assad-a9157656.html https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/trump-syria-kurds-russia-putin-assad-a9157656.html 2022-05-01 subscription The IndependentOliphant Roland October 15, 2019 Russia assumes mantle of supreme power broker in Middle East as US retreats from Syria The Telegraph https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/15/russia-assumes-mantle-supreme-power-broker-middle-east-us-retreats/ Alexander Lavrentiev, Russia's special envoy on Syria, warned that the Turkish offensive into Syria is unacceptable and stated that Russia is seeking to prevent conflict between Turkish and Syrian troops.Sevastopulo Demetri Williams Aime Pitel Laura Foy Henry October 16, 2019 US delegation to press Turkey for Syrian ceasefire https://www.ft.com/content/3123143a-ef41-11e9-ad1e-4367d8281195 Financial Times The Turkish operation received mixed responses by the international community. Including condemnationsIndia slams Turkey for its 'unilateral military offensive' in northeast Syria India News The Times of India https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-slams-turkey-for-its-unilateral-military-offensive-in-northeast-syria/articleshow/71520852.cms October 10, 2019 as well as support for the operation for the settlement of refugees in Northern Syria.October 11, 2019 PM Imran telephones Erdogan, assures full support to Turkey https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/539756-pm-imran-telephones-erdogan-assures-full-support-to-turkey The News InternationalTurkic Council supports Turkey's anti-terror operation https://www.aa.com.tr/en/operation-peace-spring/turkic-council-supports-turkey-s-anti-terror-operation/1614575 aa.com.trTürk Konseyi Liderler Zirvesi'nden ortak 'Barış Pınarı' bildirisi https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/turk-konseyi-liderler-zirvesinden-ortak-baris-pinari-bildirisi CNN Türk While originally acknowledging Turkey's "right to defend itself", on October 15, Russia hardened its position against the operation and deployed troops.US delegation to press Turkey for Syrian ceasefire Financial Times https://www.ft.com/content/3123143a-ef41-11e9-ad1e-4367d8281195 subscriptionHubbard Ben Troianovski Anton Anton Troianovski Gall Carlotta Kingsley Patrick October 15, 2019 In Syria, Russia Is Pleased to Fill an American Void https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/15/world/middleeast/kurds-syria-turkey.html limited The New York Times Dohuk Ten European nations and Canada imposed an arms embargo on Turkey, while the U.S. imposed sanctions on Turkish ministries and senior government officials in response to the offensive in Syria. Likewise, Trump's sudden pullout of US forces in Syria was also criticized by journalists as a "serious betrayal to the Kurds" as well as a "catastrophic blow to US credibility as an ally and Washington's standing on the world stage".US betrayal of Kurds destroys the West's credibility for years to come Sky News https://news.sky.com/story/us-betrayal-of-kurds-destroys-the-wests-credibility-for-years-to-come-11835611Trump's Syria move 'delivers a blow to US credibility worldwide' Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/trump-syria-move-delivers-blow-credibility-worldwide-191008232132422.htmlTrump's Gut, and the Gutting of American Credibility The New York Times 19 October 2019 https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/18/opinion/trump-kurds-syria.html Cohen RogerTrump's decision on Syria has already turned into a foreign policy disaster https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/meet-the-press/trump-s-decision-syria-has-already-turned-foreign-policy-disaster-n1065691 NBC News On November 19, the Defense Department inspector general released a report finding that the American withdrawal and subsequent Turkish incursion allowed ISIL to "reconstitute capabilities and resources within Syria and strengthen its ability to plan attacks abroad".O'Brien Connor Trump's pullout from Syria allowed ISIS to gain strength, intel agency reports https://www.politico.com/news/2019/11/19/trump-syria-isis-071499 Politico Turkey The 2011–2012 Kurdish protests in Turkey were protests in Turkey, led by the Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), against restrictions of Kurdish rights by of the country's Kurdish minority's rights.One killed in Kurdish protests in Turkey: politician http://www.france24.com/en/20110420-one-killed-kurdish-protests-turkey-politician dead https://web.archive.org/web/20130325131633/http://www.france24.com/en/20110420-one-killed-kurdish-protests-turkey-politician 25 March 2013 2011-04-22 FRANCE 24 In late 2012, the Turkish government began peace negotiations with the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) to end the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present). The ceasefire broke down in 2015, leading to a renewed escalation in conflict. Meanwhile, the Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War, with its focus on preventing the Syrian Democratic Forces from gaining ground on the Syria–Turkey border during the Syrian Civil War. In the more recent years of Erdoğan's rule, Turkey experienced democratic backsliding and corruption.Yildirim A. Kadir Lynch Marc 8 December 2016 Is there still hope for Turkish democracy? The Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/12/08/is-there-still-hope-for-turkish-democracy/ 27 June 2018 0190-8286Esen Berk Gumuscu Sebnem 2016 Rising competitive authoritarianism in Turkey http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstream/11693/36632/1/Rising%20competitive%20authoritarianism%20in%20Turkey.pdf Third World Quarterly 37 9 1581–1606 10.1080/01436597.2015.1135732 free 11693/36632 155983134 August 2026 InternetArchiveBot 5 January 2018 Turkey https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/turkey 27 June 2018 Freedom House 7 July 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190707210506/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/turkey dead Starting with the anti-government protests in 2013, his government imposed growing censorship on the press and social media, temporarily restricting access to sites such as YouTube, Twitter and Wikipedia.21 March 2014 Turkey Blocks Twitter The Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/turkey-blocks-access-to-twitter/2014/03/20/7bad19d2-b08c-11e3-b8b3-44b1d1cd4c1f_story.html dead 27 November 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140321092718/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/turkey-blocks-access-to-twitter/2014/03/20/7bad19d2-b08c-11e3-b8b3-44b1d1cd4c1f_story.html 21 March 2014 This stalled negotiations related to Turkey's EU membership. A US$100 billion corruption scandal in 2013 led to the arrests of Erdoğan's close allies, and incriminated Erdoğan.Genç Göksel Esit Elif 27 December 2013 Yeni yolsuzluk dosyasının ekonomik boyutu 100 milyar dolar tr New economic corruption files valued at $100 billion Zaman http://www.zaman.com.tr/gundem_yeni-yolsuzluk-dosyasinin-ekonomik-boyutu-100-milyar-dolar_2189530.html dead 3 December 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20141217043626/http://www.zaman.com.tr/gundem_yeni-yolsuzluk-dosyasinin-ekonomik-boyutu-100-milyar-dolar_2189530.html 17 December 201426 December 2013 100 milyar dolarlık yolsuzluk tr $100 billion dollar corruption Sözcü http://sozcu.com.tr/2013/gundem/100-milyar-dolarlik-yolsuzluk-430737/ 3 December 201417 December 2013 Yolsuzluk operasyonunun maliyeti 100 milyar Euro tr Corruption operation costs 100 billion euros Milliyet https://www.milliyet.com.tr/yolsuzluk-operasyonunun-maliyeti-10/gundem/detay/1809059/default.htm 3 December 2014 After 11 years as head of government (Prime Minister), Erdoğan decided to run for president in 2014. At the time, the presidency was a somewhat ceremonial function. Following the 2014 elections, Erdoğan became the first popularly elected president of Turkey.10 August 2014 Erdogan set for victory in presidential poll Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/8/10/erdogan-set-for-victory-in-presidential-poll 17 January 2022 The souring in relations with Gülen continued, as the government proceeded to purge his supporters from judicial, bureaucratic and military positions. Erdoğan's rule has been marked with increasing authoritarianism, expansionism, censorship and banning of parties or dissent.Cook Steven A. How Erdogan Got His Groove Back https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/08/how-erdogan-got-his-groove-back/25 March 2021 Democratic decay and uncertainty in Turkey https://diem25.org/democratic-decay-and-uncertainty-turkey/Goodman Peter S. 18 August 2018 The West Hoped for Democracy in Turkey. Erdogan Had Other Ideas. The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/business/west-democracy-turkey-erdogan-financial-crisis.html In 2016, a coup attempt was launched against Erdogan, which failed. The attempt was carried out by a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces that organized themselves as the Peace at Home CouncilDecember 2016 Turkey's failed coup attempt: All you need to know https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/turkey-failed-coup-attempt-161217032345594.html Al Jazeera whose members have never been identified. They attempted to seize control of several places in Ankara, Istanbul, Marmaris and elsewhere, such as the Asian side entrance of the Bosphorus Bridge, but failed to do so after forces loyal to the state defeated them. The Council cited an erosion of secularism, elimination of democratic rule,Kinney Drew Holland 2016 Civilian Actors in the Turkish Military Drama of July 2016 http://www.emgr.unic.ac.cy/wp-content/uploads/EMPN_10.pdf dead Eastern Mediterranean Policy Note 10 1–12 https://web.archive.org/web/20171011081541/http://www.emgr.unic.ac.cy/wp-content/uploads/EMPN_10.pdf 2017-10-11 disregard for human rights, and Turkey's loss of credibility in the international arena as reasons for the coup.16 July 2016 Asker TRT binasında: İşte 'darbe' bildirisi http://www.haber3.com/asker-trt-binasinda-iste-darbe-bildirisi-3977124h.htm 18 July 2016 Haber3.com trAMB. W. ROBERT PEARSON What Caused the Turkish Coup Attempt https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/07/what-caused-the-turkish-coup-attempt-214057/ 22 July 2016 Politico The government28 July 2016 Turkish MHP leader backs Erdoğan in coup probe https://m.ensonhaber.com/kilicdaroglu-ilk-kez-feto-dedi-2016-07-26.html World Bulletin28 July 2016 Kılıçdaroğlu ilk kez 'FETÖ' dedi https://m.ensonhaber.com/kilicdaroglu-ilk-kez-feto-dedi-2016-07-26.html Ensonhaber.com said the coup leaders were linked to the Gülen movement,Turkey arrests 60 businessmen for alleged Gulen ties https://www.arabnews.com/node/1037486/amp 2021-03-14 Arab News which is designated as a terrorist organization by the Republic of Turkey and led by Fethullah Gülen, a Turkish businessman21 July 2016 Closer look at empire of cleric accused in Turkey coup attempt https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/07/21/cleric-accused-turkey-coup-attempt/87392366/ 14 September 2016 USA Today and scholarMalsin Jared How Erdoğan United Turkey Against Fethullah Gülen Time https://time.com/4427190/turkey-coup-fethullah-gulen-purge/ 14 September 2016 who lives in Pennsylvania.SpyTalk – Islamic group is CIA front, ex-Turkish intel chief says http://voices.washingtonpost.com/spy-talk/2011/01/islamic_group_is_cia_front_ex-.html https://web.archive.org/web/20111212195153/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/spy-talk/2011/01/islamic_group_is_cia_front_ex-.html dead December 12, 2011 25 August 2016 The Washington Post During the coup attempt, over 300 people were killed and more than 2,100 were injured. Many government buildings, including the Turkish Parliament and the Presidential Palace, were bombed from the air. Following the coup, mass arrests followed, with at least 40,000 detained,17 August 2016 Turkey to Release Tens of Thousands of Prisoners to Make Room for Coup Suspects The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/18/world/europe/turkey-prisoners-erdogan.html including at least 10,000 soldiers and, for reasons that remain unclear, 2,745 judges.16 July 2016 Turkey: Mass arrests after coup bid quashed, says PM – BBC News BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-36813924 16 July 2016Sheena McKenzie Ray Sanchez Turkey coup attempt: Erdoğan rounds up suspected plotters CNN https://www.cnn.com/2016/07/17/asia/turkey-attempted-coup/index.html 15,000 education staff were also suspended and the licenses of 21,000 teachers working at private institutions were revoked after the government stated they were loyal to Gülen.19 July 2016 Turkey coup: Purge widens to education sector BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36838347 20 July 2016 More than 77,000 people have been arrested and over 160,000 fired from their jobs, on reports of connections to Gülen.24 June 2018 Turkey elections: Six arrested for 'insulting Erdogan' on social media ahead of major national polls The Independent https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-elections-arrests-insulting-president-erdogan-opposition-a8414146.html https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-elections-arrests-insulting-president-erdogan-opposition-a8414146.html 2022-05-01 subscription26 June 2018 Turkey orders detention of 132 people in coup probe: agency Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-security/turkey-orders-detention-of-132-people-in-coup-probe-agency-idUSKBN1JM0T625 July 2018 Turkey arrests German for spreading Kurdish propaganda: Anadolu Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-turkey-security/turkey-arrests-german-for-spreading-kurdish-propaganda-anadolu-idUSKBN1KF2ZX Erdoğan supported the 2017 referendum which changed Turkey's parliamentary system into a presidential system, thus setting for the first time in Turkish history a term limit for the head of government (two full five-year terms).22 June 2018 Turkey's powerful new executive presidency Reuters.com Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-election-factbox-idUSKBN1JI1O1 This new system of government formally came into place after the 2018 general election, where Erdoğan became an executive president. His party however lost the majority in the parliament and is currently in a coalition (People's Alliance) with the Turkish nationalist MHP.Ganioglu Ayla 2 July 2018 How long can Erdogan's alliance survive? - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East al-monitor.com https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/07/turkey-how-long-could-erdogans-alliance-survive.html 17 January 2022 Erdoğan has since been tackling, but also accused of contributing to, the Turkish currency and debt crisis of 2018, which has caused a significant decline in his popularityErdogan picks EU fight, as Turkish economy tanks https://euobserver.com/foreign/145409 29 August 2019 EUobserver 10 July 201919 January 2019 As Turkish Economy Sours, Erdogan's Party Could Lose Grip on Big Cities Haaretz https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/turkey/as-turkish-economy-sours-erdogan-s-party-could-lose-grip-on-big-cities-1.6851941 https://web.archive.org/web/20190120083235/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/turkey/as-turkish-economy-sours-erdogan-s-party-could-lose-grip-on-big-cities-1.6851941 dead January 20, 2019 29 August 2019 and is widely believed to have contributed to the results of the 2019 local elections, in which his party lost power in large cities such as Ankara and Istanbul to opposition parties for the first time in 15 years.Gall Carlotta 23 June 2019 Turkey's President Suffers Stinging Defeat in Istanbul Election Redo The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/23/world/europe/istanbul-mayor-election-erdogan.html 20 August 2019 0362-4331 Yemen The Saudi-led intervention in Yemen, is an intervention launched by Saudi Arabia in 2015, leading a coalition of nine countries from West Asia and Africa, in response to calls from the internationally recognized pro-SaudiBuchanan Patrick J. With Friends Like the Saudis https://www.theamericanconservative.com/buchanan/with-friends-like-the-saudis/ The American Conservative 12 October 2018 president of Yemen Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi for military support after he was ousted by the Houthi movement due to economic and political grievances, and fled to Saudi Arabia.March 26, 2015 Yemeni leader Hadi leaves country as Saudi Arabia keeps up air strikes Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-idUSKBN0ML0YC20150326 Code-named Operation Decisive Storm, the intervention is said to be in compliance with Article 2(4) of the UN Charter by the international community;Nußberger Benjamin January 5, 2017 Military strikes in Yemen in 2015: intervention by invitation and self-defence in the course of Yemen's 'model transitional process' Journal on the Use of Force and International Law 4, 2017 110–160 10.1080/20531702.2017.1256565 157698592 but this has been contested by some academics.April 3, 2015 Is the Saudi war on Yemen legal? http://www.irinnews.org/analysis/2015/04/03/saudi-war-yemen-legal IRINFerro Luca Ruys Tom 2016 Weathering the Storm: Legality and Legal Implications of the Saudi-Led Military Intervention in Yemen International & Comparative Law Quarterly 65 1 61–98 10.1017/S0020589315000536 143061575 https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7024418/file/7024429 subscription The intervention initially consisted of a bombing campaign on Houthi rebels and later saw a naval blockade and the deployment of ground forces into Yemen.Gatten, Emma. Saudi blockade starves Yemen of vital supplies, as bombing raids continue https://web.archive.org/web/20151002223144/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-blockade-starves-yemen-of-vital-supplies-as-bombing-raids-continue-10509460.html October 2, 2015. The Independent. September 19, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016. The Saudi-led coalition has attacked the positions of the Houthi militia, and loyalists of the former President of Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh, allegedly supported by Iran (see Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict).March 26, 2015 Yemeni's Abed Rabbo Mansour Hadi arrives in Saudi capital CBC News https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/yemeni-s-abed-rabbo-mansour-hadi-arrives-in-saudi-capital-1.3010698 March 26, 2015 Fighter jets and ground forces from Egypt, Morocco, Jordan, Sudan, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and Academi (formerly Blackwater) took part in the operation. Djibouti, Eritrea, and Somalia made their airspace, territorial waters, and military bases available to the coalition.April 7, 2015 SOMALIA: Somalia finally pledges support to Saudi-led coalition in Yemen – Raxanreeb Online RBC Radio http://www.wargeyska.so/somalia-somalia-finally-pledges-support-to-suadi-led-coalition-in-yemen-raxanreeb-online/ dead April 7, 2015 https://archive.today/20150407194428/http://www.wargeyska.so/somalia-somalia-finally-pledges-support-to-suadi-led-coalition-in-yemen-raxanreeb-online/ April 7, 2015 The United States provided intelligence and logistical support, including aerial refueling and search-and-rescue for downed coalition pilots.Martinez Luis March 27, 2015 US Rescues 2 Saudi Pilots From Gulf of Aden ABC News https://abcnews.go.com/International/us-rescues-saudi-pilots-gulf-aden/story?id=29965427 April 7, 2015Akbar Shahid Ahmed August 10, 2016 Obama Could End The Slaughter in Yemen Within Hours HuffPost https://huffingtonpost.com/entry/barack-obama-could-end-the-killing-in-yemen-in-hours_us_57f7d5dee4b0b6a43031ba4e October 8, 2016 It also accelerated the sale of weapons to coalition statesRosen James James Rosen (journalist) April 7, 2015 U.S. stepping up weapons shipments to aid Saudi air campaign over Yemen McClatchy DC http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2015/04/07/262381/us-stepping-up-weapons-shipments.html April 7, 2015 and continued strikes against AQAP. The US and Britain have deployed their military personnel in the command and control centre responsible for Saudi-led air strikes on Yemen, having access to lists of targets.Graham-Harrison Emma January 15, 2016 British and US military 'in command room' for Saudi strikes on Yemen The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/15/british-us-military-in-command-room-saudi-strikes-yemen live https://web.archive.org/web/20160116170759/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/15/british-us-military-in-command-room-saudi-strikes-yemen January 16, 2016Hawkins Vickie January 19, 2016 Bombing hospitals and schools cannot become the new normal The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jan/19/yemen-msf-bombing-hospitals-schools-cannot-become-the-new-normal live https://web.archive.org/web/20160120140224/http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jan/19/yemen-msf-bombing-hospitals-schools-cannot-become-the-new-normal January 20, 2016January 12, 2016 House of Commons debate, Tuesday 12 January 2016 https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmhansrd/cm160112/debtext/160112-0001.htm live https://web.archive.org/web/20160121202400/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmhansrd/cm160112/debtext/160112-0001.htm January 21, 2016 publications.parliament.uk (Daily Hansard – Debate, Column 681) The war has received widespread criticism and had a dramatic worsening effect on Yemen's humanitarian situation, that reached the level of a "humanitarian disaster"Borger Julian Julian Borger June 5, 2015 Saudi-led naval blockade leaves 20 m Yemenis facing humanitarian disaster The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/05/saudi-led-naval-blockade-worsens-yemen-humanitarian-disaster October 31, 2015 or "humanitarian catastrophe".July 28, 2015 Durable ceasefire needed as 'humanitarian catastrophe' leaves millions suffering in Yemen – UN relief chief UN News Centre https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=51516 live https://web.archive.org/web/20150729021147/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=51516 July 29, 2015December 14, 2015 European Commission steps up humanitarian aid for Yemen crisis http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/european-commission-steps-humanitarian-aid-yemen-crisis live https://www.webcitation.org/6dqN1KtTh?url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/european-commission-steps-humanitarian-aid-yemen-crisis December 17, 2015 European Commission's Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations ReliefWeb; Original source: December 14, 2015 European Commission steps up humanitarian aid for Yemen crisis http://ec.europa.eu/echo/news/european-commission-steps-humanitarian-aid-yemen-crisis_en live https://www.webcitation.org/6dqNESGuF?url=http://ec.europa.eu/echo/news/european-commission-steps-humanitarian-aid-yemen-crisis_en December 17, 2015August 24, 2015 Yemen crisis: How bad is the humanitarian situation? BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34011187 live https://web.archive.org/web/20150924182117/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34011187 September 24, 2015 In 2019, the conflict's status was described as a "military stalemate for years".August 17, 2019 Yemeni Separatists Relinquish Control of Buildings in Aden The New York Times Reuters https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/17/world/middleeast/yemen-houthi-saudi-oilfield.html September 4, 2019 In April 2019, Trump vetoed a bipartisan bill which would have ended US support for the Saudi-led military intervention.Pilkington Ed April 17, 2019 Dismay as Trump vetoes bill to end US support for war in Yemen The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/apr/16/trump-yemen-war-veto-military-aid April 18, 2019 With 53 votes instead of the 67 needed, the United States Senate failed to override the veto.Demirjian Karoun Ryan Missy May 2, 2019 Senate fails to override Trump's veto of resolution demanding end to U.S. involvement in Yemen war The Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/senate-fails-to-override-trumps-veto-of-resolution-demanding-end-to-us-involvement-in-yemen/2019/05/02/4bd0a524-6cf9-11e9-8f44-e8d8bb1df986_story.html May 4, 2019 The legal arguments and policies of the Obama administration were cited as justification for the veto.Olsen Gunar April 20, 2019 Add Trump's Yemen Veto to Obama's Spotty War Legacy The New Republic https://newrepublic.com/article/153639/add-trumps-yemen-veto-obamas-spotty-war-legacy April 21, 2019 The US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Michael Mulroy stated that US support was limited to side-by-side coaching to mitigate civilian casualties and if the measure had passed it would do nothing to help the people of Yemen and may only increase civilian deaths.Air Force Magazine 29 April 2019 https://www.airforcemag.com/Features/Pages/2019/April%202019/DOD-Official-Ending-US-Support-for-Yemen-Fight-Would-Worsen-the-Crisis.aspx Mulroy supported the United Nations' peace talks and he pushed the international community to come together and chart a comprehensive way ahead for Yemen.Senate fails to override Trump's veto of resolution demanding end to U.S. involvement in Yemen war https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/senate-fails-to-override-trumps-veto-of-resolution-demanding-end-to-us-involvement-in-yemen/2019/05/02/4bd0a524-6cf9-11e9-8f44-e8d8bb1df986_story.html The Washington PostDemirjian Karoun Ryan Missy Post The Washington May 2, 2019 Senate doesn't override Trump's veto of resolution demanding end to U.S. involvement in Yemen https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Senate-fails-to-override-President-Trump-s-veto-13814269.php May 5, 2019 StamfordAdvocateDemirjian Karoun Ryan Missy Post The Washington May 2, 2019 Senate doesn't override Trump's veto of resolution demanding end to US involvement in Yemen https://www.thehour.com/news/article/Senate-fails-to-override-President-Trump-s-veto-13814269.php The Hour Writing in The Nation, Mohamad Bazzi argued that Mulroy's defence of US support as necessary to limit civilian casualties was false, and that "Saudi leaders and their allies have ignored American entreaties to minimize civilian casualties since the war's early days".Bazzi Mohamad May 17, 2019 Both Saudi Arabia and the United States Are Probably Guilty of War Crimes in Yemen https://www.thenation.com/article/war-crimes-united-states-saudi-arabia-yemen/ The Nation November 30, 2021 November 19, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20191119100504/https://www.thenation.com/article/war-crimes-united-states-saudi-arabia-yemen/ dead See also 2010s in history References Middle East Middle Eastern political history 2010s political history Category:2010s