1996 Biak earthquake

Earthquake and tsunami in eastern Indonesia September 2022 1996 Biak earthquake 1996-02-17 05:59:30 usp0007d1w 947787 Indonesia Papua#Indonesia 17 February 1996 14:59:30 WIT (Indonesia Eastern Standard Time) 8.2 w y 20 km mi 0 -0.95 136.94 region:ID_type:event inline,title Megathrust US$ 4.2 million 9 7.7 m 108 dead, 423 injured, 58 missing, 10,000 displaced The 1996 Biak earthquake, or the Irian Jaya earthquake, occurred on 17 February at 14:59:30 local time 05:59:30 UTC near Biak Island, Indonesia. The earthquake, which occurred on the New Guinea Trench, had a moment magnitude of 8.2 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent).Katalog Gempabumi Signifikan dan Dirasakan https://www.bmkg.go.id/gempabumi/katalog-gempabumi-signifikan.bmkg Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency 11 August 2021 25 July 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210725043658/https://www.bmkg.go.id/gempabumi/katalog-gempabumi-signifikan.bmkg live The run-up height of the generated tsunami reached 7.7 m us. The disaster left at least 108 people dead, 423 injured, and 58 missing.Media Kompas Cyber Hari Ini dalam Sejarah: Gempa dan Tsunami Terjang Irian Jaya, 108 Orang Meninggal https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2021/02/17/093000865/hari-ini-dalam-sejarah--gempa-dan-tsunami-terjang-irian-jaya-108-orang Kompas 17 February 2021 4 August 2022 id 4 August 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220804164812/https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2021/02/17/093000865/hari-ini-dalam-sejarah--gempa-dan-tsunami-terjang-irian-jaya-108-orang live It damaged or destroyed 5,043 houses which subsequently made another 10,000 homeless. At Korim, 187 houses were destroyed. Various countries and organizations provided aid and relief in the aftermath of the earthquake. Tectonic setting 250px|left|thumb|Tectonic map of the New Guinea region with relative plate motion. New Guinea lies within a very complex tectonic regime surrounded by microplates which accommodate the collision and oblique convergence between the Australian plate and the Pacific plate.Comparison of Coulomb Shear Stress Changes from the Feb. 17, 1996 Biak Mw = 8.2 Event and a Subsequent Seismic Inversion http://esag.harvard.edu/taylor/Biak.html M. A. J. Taylor R. Dmowska J. R. Rice 2010-08-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20100715010956/http://esag.harvard.edu/taylor/Biak.html 2010-07-15 deadKoulali A. Tregoning Paul Mcclusky Simon Stanaway Richard Wallace L. Lister Gordon New Insights into the present-day kinematics of the central and western Papua New Guinea from GPS Geophysical Journal International 2015 202 2 202 10.1093/gji/ggv200 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280047740 free 1885/104031 free In the north, the Caroline plate and North Bismarck plate subduct underneath the Bird's Head plate and the Woodlark plate along the New Guinea Trench.Wallace Laura M. Stevens Colleen Silver Eli McCaffrey Rob Loratung Wesley Hasiata Suvenia Stanaway Richard Curley Robert Rosa Robert Taugaloidi Jones GPS and seismological constraints on active tectonics and arc-continent collision in Papua New Guinea: Implications for mechanics of microplate rotations in a plate boundary zone J. Geophys. Res. 18 May 2004 109 109 2003JB002481 10.1029/2003JB002481 2004JGRB..109.5404W free Tregoning Paul Plate kinematics in the western Pacific derived from geodetic observations http://rses.anu.edu.au/geodynamics/tregoning/15.pdf Australian National University 2 August 2022 15 June 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615142827/http://rses.anu.edu.au/geodynamics/tregoning/15.pdf live Bird P. An updated digital model of plate boundaries Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2003 4 3 1027 2001GC000252 10.1029/2001GC000252 2003GGG.....4.1027B 9127133 free The earthquake occurred at the central portion of the trench. The western portion of New Guinea has parallel subduction zones to the north and south of it along a continuation of the Philippine Trench and a convergent boundary between the Bird's Head plate and the Banda Sea plate.Kaymakci Nuretdin Decker John Orange Dan Teas Philip van Heiningen Pieter September 16, 2015 Tectonic Characteristics and Evolution Banda Sea Region International Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia 13-16 September 2015 SEG Global Meeting Abstracts Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists 90 10.1190/ice2015-2205090 In western central New Guinea, the Maoke plate has multiple boundaries with various plates.Fawzy Ismullah Massinai Muhammad Resky Ariansyah Muh Trisartika Sirumpa Riana Altin Massinai Muhammad Relative present-day motion on Palu-Koro Fault IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science October 2020 575 575 012185 10.1088/1755-1315/575/1/012185 2020E&ES..575a2185F 228963531 free At the far eastern portion of the island, the South Bismarck plate interacts with the Woodlark plate, as well as the Solomon Sea plate subducting underneath the Woodlark plate. The largest on-land plate boundary in the region, however, is between the Woodlark plate and the Australian plate. Though generally considered largely aseismic before this earthquake, this region of the New Guinea Trench may have experienced a similar large earthquake in 1914. Earthquake Focal mechanisms indicate shallow-angle reverse faulting which is consistent with a subduction zone rupture. It ruptured an area 230 km long and 100 km wide along the New Guinea oceanic trench with an average slip of 4 m. From the hypocenter, the rupture propagated 180 km to the west before propagating another 50 km east, ~15 seconds later. The largest slip was ~12 m near the hypocenter.The Mw 8.2, 17 February 1996 Biak, Indonesia, earthquake: Rupture history, aftershocks, and fault plane properties C. Henry S. Das Journal of Geophysical Research 107 2312 B11 10.1029/2001JB000796 2002JGRB..107.2312H 2002 free Large aftershocks struck the area, with various focal mechanisms. The mainshock may have triggered nearby seismic structures to activate. Aftershocks were most common in the areas with the highest slip from the mainshock. Tsunami + Teletsunami observationsTsunami Newsletter, Vol. XXVIII, No. 2, July 1996, 35 p. http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/images/stories/products_and_services/newsletter/1990-1999/1996/1996_July.pdf International Tsunami Information Center 4 August 2022 5 August 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220805000015/http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/images/stories/products_and_services/newsletter/1990-1999/1996/1996_July.pdf live Stephenson Frederick E. Rabinovich Alexander B. February 1, 2009 Tsunamis on the Pacific Coast of Canada Recorded in 1994–2007 Pure and Applied Geophysics en 166 1 177–210 10.1007/s00024-008-0440-7 2009PApGe.166..177S 1420-9136 Location Recorded height (m) Shionomisaki, Japan 0.96 Chichi, Japan 1.03 Tateyama, Japan 0.90 Shemya, USA 0.35 Adak, USA 0.10 Port Alberni, Canada 0.37 Winter Harbour, Canada 0.15 Crescent City, USA 0.18 Santa Monica, USA 0.05 At Madori, on the west coast of Biak, a run-up of 7.7 m was measured, while at Korem in northern Biak, waves were up to 5.4 m. The tsunami also affected parts of nearby islands, including Yapen, Owi, and Pai, where waves of 4-7 meters were measured.Julius Admiral Musa Daryono Overview of 1990s deadly tsunamis in Indonesia E3S Web of Conferences 2021 331 331 7001 10.1051/e3sconf/202133107001 2021E3SWC.33107001J 245171123 free Prawiradisastra Suryana Santoso Eko Widi Identifikasi Gempa Biak 17 Pebruari 1996 sebagai Upaya Program Mitigasi Bencana Alami: Jurnal Teknologi Reduksi Risiko Bencana 1997 2 3 https://www.neliti.com/publications/195578/identifikasi-gempa-biak-17-pebruari-1996-sebagai-upaya-program-mitigasi-bencana 4 August 2022 id 13 September 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220913025820/https://www.neliti.com/publications/195578/identifikasi-gempa-biak-17-pebruari-1996-sebagai-upaya-program-mitigasi-bencana live Roughly five minutes after the shaking, nearby residents heard an extraordinarily loud sound, such as one from an airplane, which they understood as a signal that a large wave was approaching. The local coastal population fled for higher ground as result. This action is credited with saving many lives from the tsunami. The tsunami produced was larger than expected for the size and location of the earthquake. A localized submarine landslide was a plausible explanation for the strong waves in western Biak.Yudhicara Yudhicara Tsunami Characteristics along The Coast of Biak Island based on the 1996 Biak Tsunami Traces Indonesian Journal on Geoscience 2014 7 1 10.17014/ijog.v7i1.135 4 September 2025 http://ijog.geologi.esdm.go.id/index.php/IJOG/article/view/135 2 August 2022 4 August 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220804061248/http://ijog.geologi.esdm.go.id/index.php/IJOG/article/view/135 live subscription This is further supported by the west coast of Biak being struck by the tsunami first, despite facing away from the main tsunami source. This does not align with a traditional shallow earthquake rupture tsunami, which further lends credence to the theory of a submarine landslide in the area near Madori. Multiple landslides were reported in the area near the maximum run-up height.Matsutomi H. Shuto N. Imamura F. Takahashi T. November 1, 2001 Field Survey of the 1996 Irian Jaya Earthquake Tsunami in Biak Island Natural Hazards en 24 3 199–212 10.1023/A:1012042222880 2001NatHa..24..199M 1573-0840Imamura Fumihiko Subandono D. Watson G. Moore A. Takahashi T. Matsutomi H. Hidayat R. Irian Jaya earthquake and tsunami cause serious damage Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 13 May 1997 78 19 197 10.1029/97EO00128 1997EOSTr..78..197I free Aftermath Domestic relief efforts Immediately after the earthquake, the government of Indonesia provided rice to the affected.Indonesia – Earthquake Information Report No.1 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-earthquake-information-report-no1-0 ReliefWeb 19 February 1996 3 August 2022 3 August 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220803063705/https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-earthquake-information-report-no1-0 live Some time after, the government, army, and Red Cross evacuated affected individuals, distributed aid, and constructed a mass kitchen for 1,000 residents. Transportation was a challenge as bad weather and high waves stopped boats from being able to effectively deliver relief. A team involving members of multiple governmental ministries, and the agency for National Logistics Administration airlifted 36 tents, 5,300 blankets, 500 kg of medicine, ambulances, water pumps, water containers, water, clothing, food, kerosene lamps, and plastic sheeting.Indonesia – Earthquake Information Report No.2 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-earthquake-information-report-no2-0 ReliefWeb 23 February 1996 3 August 2022 3 August 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220803063732/https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-earthquake-information-report-no2-0 live The Ministry of Social Affairs later delivered a further US$15,486 of food, 34 tons of rice, and "other immediate relief items". The Indonesian public donated US$74,588, as well as food items and building materials. The First Lady of Indonesia contributed US$63,938 in cash, as well as 8,000 pieces of clothing.Indonesia – Earthquake Information Report No.3 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-earthquake-information-report-no3-0 ReliefWeb March 1996 3 August 2022 3 August 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220803063705/https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-earthquake-information-report-no3-0 live International relief efforts The UNDP donated US$25,000 for blankets, plastic sheeting, and food. Australia donated US$55,555 for emergency relief items and to cover the costs of relief operations carried out by helicopter. Japan donated US$84,000 toward a three-member team of experts to help assess damage and to assist in relief operations. An additional US$192,000 was provided to cover the costs of airlifting tents, water tanks, generators, carpentry kits, and medical equipment, and another US$200,000 to help locals buy relief items. As well, the government of Yamagata Prefecture chipped in US$9,346. USAID donated US$265,486 for housing (plastic sheeting, tents, blankets), US$10,000 to help with distributing relief as well as a two-member assessment team. Another US$10,000 was to distribute relief items. The Association of Medical Doctors of Asia contributed a team of three doctors with supplies and tools to help treat the injured. See also List of earthquakes in 1996 List of earthquakes in Indonesia 1976 Papua earthquake References ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009) http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php ISC 2015 International Seismological Centre Version 2.0 15 February 2016 25 November 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161125091901/http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php live Tsunami detection by satellite altimetry http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/emile/PDF/EAO118.pdf E. Okal A. Piatanesi P. Heinrich 1999 Journal of Geophysical Research 104 B1 10.1029/1998JB000018 611 1999JGR...104..599O free 29 August 2010 13 June 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20100613200849/http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/emile/PDF/EAO118.pdf live PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/ September 4, 2009 United States Geological Survey Version 2008_06.1 8 November 2018 17 July 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200717083128/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/ live External links M 8.2 – Biak region, Indonesia – United States Geological Survey 947787 Category:1990s tsunamis Biak Earthquake Earthquake Category:Megathrust earthquakes in Indonesia Biak earthquake 1996 Biak earthquake Biak earthquake 1996 Biak earthquake Category:1996 disasters in Indonesia