1974 Cypriot coup d'état

Greek military coup d'état in Cyprus 1974 Cypriot coup d'état the Cyprus problem Cyprus 15 July 1974 Coup successful Establishment of the Cypriot Junta. President Makarios III flees and coup leaders take charge. First Turkish invasion of Cyprus occupies 3% of the island followed by an uprising, forcing coup leaders to step down. Collapse of the Coup Government on 23 July following protests, internal pressure and an uprising. Second Turkish invasion of Cyprus occupies 36.2% of Cyprus. Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus begins. Cyprus 1960 Government of Cyprus Flag of the Cypriot National Guard General Staff.svg Cypriot National Guard (factions loyal to Makarios) Efedriko Pro-government militias Movement for Social Democracy Eniaion Progressive Party of Working People Cyprus 1960 Flag of Greece (1970-1975).svg Pro-Enosis rebels Flag of the Cypriot National Guard General Staff.svg Cypriot National Guard (rebel factions) EOKA_flag.svg EOKA-B Progressive Front Supported by:Flag of Greece (1970-1975).svg Greece Cyprus 1960 Makarios IIICyprus 1960 Vassos LyssaridesCyprus 1960 Pantelakis Pantatzis Flag of the Cypriot National Guard General Staff.svg Brigadier General Michalis Georgitsishttps://en.politis.com.cy/in-depth/1019368/15-july-1974-the-chronicle-of-the-crime-that-led-to-the-cyprus-disaster 15 July 1974: The Chronicle of the Crime That Led to the Cyprus Disaster July 15, 2026 en.politis.com.cyFlag of the Cypriot National Guard General Staff.svg Colonel Konstantinos Kombokis giannopoulos 2018-07-15 "Θα τον φάμε τον π....τη τον Μούσκο". Το πραξικόπημα κατά του Μακάριου που κόστισε 400 νεκρούς. Έλουζαν τους αντιπάλους με οξύ και τους έκαιγαν, εν ψυχρώ εκτελέσεις και βασανιστήρια μεταξύ Ελλήνων, λίγες μέρες πριν από τον Αττίλα https://www.mixanitouxronou.com.cy/stiles/polemikes-istories/tha-ton-fame-ton-p-ti-ton-mousko-to-praxikopima-kata-tou-makariou-pou-kostise-400-nekrous-elouzan-tous-antipalous-me-oxi-ke-tous-ekegan-en-psichro-ektelesis-ke-vasanistiria-metaxi-ellinon-l/ 2023-04-12 ΜΗΧΑΝΗ ΤΟΥ ΧΡΟΝΟΥ elEOKA_flag.svg Athanasios SklavenitisCyprus 1960 Nikos Sampson 1,617 Cypriots missing, 300 civilians among them killedAthanasopulos Haralambos Greece, Turkey and the Aegean Sea: A Case Study in International Law 2001 McFarland 9780786450039 15 https://books.google.com/books?id=QnlyjuKJa8YC&q=1974+cypriot+coup&pg=PA15 Andreas Kestas – 20 years old, member of the Special Reserve Force, from Limassol. Haralambos Kirillou – 19 years old, member of the Special Reserve Force, from Chloraka. Nikos Solomou – 21 years old, member of the Special Reserve Force, from Pachyammos. Philipos Kritiotis – 20 years old, National Guard, from Stato-Agios Fotios. A military coup d'état was executed by the Cypriot National Guard on 15 July 1974 with Greek support. The coup plotters removed the sitting President of Cyprus, Archbishop Makarios III, from office and installed pro-Enosis nationalist Nikos Sampson.CYPRUS: Big Troubles over a Small Island July 29, 1974 TIME http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html https://web.archive.org/web/20080307152514/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html dead March 7, 2008 Cook Chris Diccon Bewes What Happened Where: A Guide to Places and Events in Twentieth-century History Routledge 1997 https://books.google.com/books?id=FuGrcgcOiXoC 978-1-85728-533-8 65 The Sampson regime was described as a puppet state, whose ultimate aim was the annexation of the island by Greece;Papadakis Yiannis Nation, narrative and commemoration: political ritual in divided Cyprus History and Anthropology 2003 14 3 253–270 10.1080/0275720032000136642 143231403 "[...] culminating in the 1974 coup aimed at the annexation of Cyprus to Greece"Atkin Nicholas Biddiss Michael Tallett Frank The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789 9781444390728 184 https://books.google.com/books?id=1QyXCTW_MCQC 2011-05-23Journal of international law and practice, Volume 5 1996 Detroit College of Law at Michigan State University 204 in the short term, the coupists proclaimed the establishment of the "Hellenic Republic of Cyprus".Strategic review, Volume 5 (1977), United States Strategic Institute, p. 48.Allcock, John B. Border and territorial disputes (1992), Longman Group, p. 55. The coup was viewed as illegal by the United Nations and led immediately to the Turkish invasion and formation of Northern Cyprus as part of the Republic of Cyprus. Background The Republic of Cyprus was established in 1960 with the London and Zurich Agreements, and the Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots were the two founding communities. However, following constitutional amendments that were proposed by Makarios III and rejected by Turkish Cypriots,Eric Solsten, ed. Cyprus: A Country Study, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991. intercommunal violence erupted throughout the island, the Turkish Cypriot representation in the government ended partially due to forced prevention and partially due to willing withdrawal, and Turkish Cypriots started living in enclaves.Ker-Lindsay James The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know 2011 Oxford University Press 9780199757169 35–6 https://books.google.com/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC Greece had established a national policy of enosis to achieve the island's union with Greece since the 1950s.Huth Paul Standing Your Ground: Territorial Disputes and International Conflict 2009 University of Michigan Press 9780472022045 206 https://books.google.com/books?id=NIAc-R5fgQoC From early 1950s onward Greece has favored union with Cyprus through a policy of enosis After 1964, the Greek government tried to control Makarios' policies, and following his unwillingness to obey Athens, attempted to destabilize his government. While the Greek policy shifted to a more cooperative one after 1967, when an extremist military junta took power in Greece, it supported the far-right EOKA-B group against Makarios.Doyle Michael W. Sambanis Nicholas Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations 2011 Princeton University Press 9781400837694 263–4 https://books.google.com/books?id=aiU--drvaxgC&q=1967+ultranationalist+greece&pg=PA265 Dimitrios Ioannidis, the de facto leader of the junta, believed that Makarios was no longer a true supporter of enosis, and suspected him of being a communist sympathizer. Between 1971 and 1974, five plans were prepared by the Greek government to overthrow Makarios' government.Athanasopulos 2001, p. 152. The coup Makarios III and Robert F. Wagner NYWTS cropped.jpg 115 180 Makarios, the deposed President The coup was ordered by Dimitrios Ioannidis, the shadow leader of the Greek junta, and Greek officers led the Cypriot National Guard to capture the Presidential Palace in Nicosia. Hoffmeister, Frank Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers 2006 https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC 34–5 978-90-04-15223-6 The building was almost entirely burned down.Presidential Palace http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc29_en/prc29_en Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus 15 April 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150425035507/http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc29_en/prc29_en 2015-04-25 dead Makarios narrowly escaped death in the attack owing to the efforts of his presidential guard, Haralambos Kirillou a then 19 years old, member of the Special Reserve Force, from Chloraka and Nikos Solomou, a 21 years old, member of the Special Reserve Force, from Pachyammos who took part in an operation to rescue Makarios on 15 July 1974. Owing to this operation, he fled the presidential palace from its back door and went to Paphos, where the British managed to retrieve him in the afternoon of 16 July and flew him from Akrotiri to Malta in a Royal Air Force transport plane, and from there to London the next morning.Constandinos Andreas America, Britain and the Cyprus Crisis of 1974: Calculated Conspiracy Or Foreign Policy Failure? 2009 AuthorHouse 9781467887076 206 https://books.google.com/books?id=JOHYjyShuGIC&q=makarios+whirlwind&pg=PA206 5 March 2015 Mallinson William Cyprus: A Modern History I. B. Tauris June 30, 2005 https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA80 978-1-85043-580-8 80 On 19 July, he attended a United Nations Security Council meeting in New York and gave a speech, in which he stated that Cyprus had been invaded by Greece.UN https://web.archive.org/web/20220706105036/http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=S/PV.1780(OR)&Lang=S 2022-07-06 The Official Record of United Nations Security Council 1780th Meeting (19.07.1974) The newly established regime has been described as an extremist puppet regime of the Greek junta.Coakley John Pathways from Ethnic Conflict: Institutional Redesign in Divided Societies 2013 Routledge 9781317988472 131 https://books.google.com/books?id=3VXcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131Madianou Mirca Mediating the Nation 2012 Routledge 9781136611056 39 https://books.google.com/books?id=V5lDaSGNZrkC&pg=PA39Förster Larissa Influence Without Boots on the Ground: Seaborne Crisis Response 2013 Government Printing Office 9781935352037 161 https://books.google.com/books?id=s4hNtC_7VyIC&pg=PA161 On 15 July, between 8 am and 9 am, the coup leaders proclaimed their victory on the state channel Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation, saying "The national guard intervened in order to solve the problematical situation. [...]. Makarios is dead." However, before his flight, Makarios announced that he was alive from a private broadcast in Paphos. The new government heavily censored the press and stopped left-wing newspapers being printed. Only right-wing newspapers Machi, Ethniki and Agon continued publishing, and their style was very propagandistic. Sampson did not openly announce his intention of enosis in the days following the coup, but instead focused on suppressing any support for Makarios and heavy propaganda to vilify his government.http://www.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/research/hellenicObservatory/pdf/2nd_Symposium/Emili_Jungling_paper.pdf Perception of the facts about the coup in Cyprus (15th of July 1974) in the Cyprus daily press Emili Jüngling June 2005 2nd LSE PhD Symposium on Modern Greece: “Current Social Science Research on Greece” Hellenic Observatory, London School of Economics, London 16 April 2015 In response, Rauf Denktaş, the leader of the Turkish Cypriots, stated that he believed that the events were among Greek Cypriots and called for Turkish Cypriots not to go out, as well as for UNFICYP to take extensive security measures for Turkish Cypriots.Türk Birliği Alarma Geçti Milliyet 16 July 1974 7 tr The Cypriot National Guard made no attempts to enter the Turkish Cypriot enclaves, but raided Greek and Turkish Cypriot homes alike in mixed villages to confiscate weapons. The Turkish government brought claims that ammunition was being carried to Cyprus by Olympic Air to the attention of UNFICYP. Whether the Turkish Cypriots suffered as a direct result of the coup remains controversial, but Sampson was seen as an untrustworthy figure due to his pro-enosis policies and brutal role against Turkish Cypriots in 1963. Following the coup, the newly established junta started a crackdown on Makarios supporters, resulting in a number of deaths and a "significant number", according to Frank Hoffmeister, being detained. The number of deaths from the coup remains a disputed issue, as the Republic of Cyprus lists the deaths due to the coup among the missing due to the Turkish invasion. According to Haralambos Athanasopulos, at least 500 Greek Cypriots have been placed on the list of 1617 Greek Cypriot missing people and their deaths blamed on the Turks and Turkish Cypriots. According to Milliyet on 19 July 1974, violent clashes had broken out in Paphos, and even excluding Paphos, the death toll due to Greek Cypriot infighting was about 300 civilians and 30 Greek soldiers, whose bodies were brought to Athens.Kıbrıs'ta Türk Evlerinin Aranmasını Protesto Ettik Milliyet 19 July 1974 7 tr Public statement by Makarios Archbishop Makarios III, overthrown by the Greek junta in the 1974 coup, opposed immediate Enosis (union between Cyprus and Greece). Makarios described the coup which replaced him as "an invasion of Cyprus by Greece" in his speech to the UN Security Council and stated that there were "no prospects" of success in the talks aimed at resolving the situation between Greek and Turkish Cypriots, as long as the leaders of the coup, sponsored and supported by Greece, were in power.Cyprus History: Archbishop Makarios on the invasion of Cyprus by Greece http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/history/republic/makarios-speech.html 2008-11-24 Cypnet.co.uk 17 November 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20221117203707/http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/history/republic/makarios-speech.html live Aftermath In response to the coup, on 20 July 1974 Turkey invaded the island saying that the action was compliant with the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee.Farid Mirbagheri Historical Dictionary of Cyprus https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&pg=PA83 27 July 2012 2010 Scarecrow Press 978-0-8108-5526-7 83Richard C. Frucht Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA880 27 July 2012 31 December 2004 ABC-CLIO 978-1-57607-800-6 880 The process reached a critical threshold in 1974 when a botched nationalist coup instigated by the Greek junta against the Cypriot government was used as a pretext by Turkey to invade and occupy the northern part of the island. Greece and ... Sampson resigned, the military regime that had appointed him collapsed, and Makarios returned. After the coup fell, Turkey invaded the island again and took control of the north and divided Cyprus along what became known as the Green Line, cutting off about a third of the total territory. The Turkish Cypriots established an independent government for what they called the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (TFSC), with Rauf Denktaş as president. In 1983 they would proclaim the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus on the northern part of the island, which remains a de facto puppet state.Northern Cyprus https://www.nationalia.info/profile/63/northern-cyprus 2023-04-14 Nationalia See also Greece Cyprus United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus Rodger Davies Republic of Cyprus Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus References 2 Category:Cyprus dispute Category:Coups d'état in Cyprus Cyprus Category:1974 conflicts Category:1974 in Cyprus Category:July 1974 in Europe Category:Turkish invasion of Cyprus Category:Greek junta Category:Makarios III