1939 conclave

Election of Catholic Pope Pius XII November 2019 March 1939 1–2 March 1939 Sistine Chapel, Apostolic Palace,Vatican City Gennaro di Belmonte Donato Sbarretti Eugenio Pacelli William Henry O'Connell Camillo Caccia Dominioni Vincenzo Santoro 62 (list) See it papabili 3 Eugenio Pacelli Pius XII Pius XII with stole (cropped).png 1922 1922 conclave 1958 1958 conclave A conclave was held on 1 and 2 March 1939 to elect a new pope to succeed Pius XI, who had died on 10 February. All 62 members of the College of Cardinals attended.The current 80-year-old age limit for cardinal electors was introduced by Pope Paul VI in 1970. On the third ballot, the conclave elected Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, the camerlengo of the Apostolic Chamber and cardinal secretary of state. After accepting his election, he took the name Pius XII. The 1939 conclave was the shortest in the 20th century, lasting only 2 days. It was the last conclave to include all living cardinals,Allen Jr. John L. Conclave: The Politics, Personalities, and Process of the Next Papal Election 2002 Doubleday 9780385504560 https://books.google.com/books?id=tHsltdTp6OgC&pg=PT103 2 November 2017 and the first conclave since the Middle Ages to include a cardinal from the Middle East: Cardinal Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni of Syria. Elected pope on his 63rd birthday, Pacelli was the first pope born in Rome since Innocent XIII in 1721 and the first member of the Curia to become pope since Leo XIII in 1878. Portrait of Pius XII Dutton 1957 Nazareno Padellaro 7 Another Curial cardinal would not be elected pope until the 2005 conclave (with the election of Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, who then took the name Benedict XVI). Papabili Papabile Time magazine announced that likely contenders for the papacy included August Hlond of Gniezno-Poznań, Karl Joseph Schulte of Cologne, the Curia veteran Eugène Tisserant, Ildefonso Schuster of Milan, Adeodato Giovanni Piazza of Venice, Maurilio Fossati of Turin, and Eugenio Pacelli, a longtime diplomat in the service of the Holy See. The prospect of a non-Italian pope for the first time since Adrian VI in 1522 was considered more likely than in previous conclaves.Time http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760766,00.html https://web.archive.org/web/20070930094221/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760766,00.html dead 30 September 2007 Death of a Pope 20 February 1939 On 13 February, The New York Times dismissed the idea of a non-Italian given the current state of international hostilities, though it thought Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve of Quebec the least objectionable to the contending powers. It discounted Pacelli, since there was no precedent for the election of the secretary of state, and precedent argued against the election of any member of the Curia, as well as three key Italians who were members of religious orders. The five Italians remaining were diocesan cardinals Alessio Ascalesi of Naples, Giovanni Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano of Bologna, Luigi Lavitrano of Palermo, Maurilio Fossati of Turin, and Elia Dalla Costa of Florence.5 Cardinals Lead in Vatican Contest https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/02/13/91551897.pdf 2 November 2017 New York Times 13 February 1939 By 20 February, the paper found greater interest in the curial cardinals, Francesco Marmaggi, Massimo Massimi, and Luigi Maglione.Vatican Regards Americans Highly https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/02/20/94680514.pdf 4 November 2017 New York Times 20 February 1939 Pacelli was, however, heavily favored among the cardinals to win. Pius XI had hinted that he favored Pacelli as his successor.Madison Catholic Herald http://www.madisoncatholicherald.org/2005-04-21/columns.html Weigel George Conclaves: Surprises abound in the Sistine Chapel 21 April 2005 13 February 2014 15 February 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120215010639/http://www.madisoncatholicherald.org/2005-04-21/columns.html dead On 15 December 1937, during his last consistory, Pius XI strongly hinted to the cardinals that he expected Pacelli to be his successor, saying "He is in your midst.""Medius vestrum stetit quem vos nescetis. Everybody knew what the pope meant". Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960, p. 105 itLehnert Pascalina Ich durfte Ihm Dienen: Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII Naumann Würzburg 1986 49, 57 3885670410 de He had previously been quoted as saying: "When today the Pope dies, you'll get another one tomorrow, because the Church continues. It would be a much bigger tragedy, if Cardinal Pacelli dies, because there is only one. I pray every day, God may send another one into one of our seminaries, but as of today, there is only one in this world." Like Pius X, Pius XI had been a blunt-spoken, no-nonsense pontiff. Assembling in 1939, as the outbreak of hostilities that became the Second World War was widely anticipated, the cardinals turned swiftly to Pacelli, a soft-spoken Vatican diplomat.March 2026 Balloting thumb|Illustration of the burning of ballots Pacelli, in his role as camerlengo, announced on 10 February that the College would wait the maximum time allowed, eighteen days from the death of the pope, to start the conclave. The time period before starting had been lengthened following the previous conclave, for which three North American cardinals had arrived too late to participate.Walsh Michael The Conclave: A Sometimes Secret and Occasionally Bloody History of Papal Elections 2003 Sheed & Ward 150 9781461601814 https://books.google.com/books?id=GOg_xLCvpn4C&pg=PA150 2 November 2017Conclave to Elect Pope is Postponed to March 1 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/02/11/94677537.pdf 2 November 2017 New York Times 11 February 1939 When the 31 cardinals available discussed the question on 11 February, they amended his plan only to provide that they would start earlier if all those who planned to attend had arrived in Rome. 31 Cardinals Meet to Plan Conclave https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/02/12/95756995.pdf 2 November 2017 New York Times 12 February 1939 The cardinals arrived slowly in Rome, with just 37 attending the papal funeral on 14 February, Pope Pius is Buried in St. Peter's Crypt with Splendid Rite https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/02/15/94678054.pdf 2 November 2017 New York Times 13 February 1939 and 46 at a funeral Mass on 18 February. Rites at St. Peter's Held by Cardinals https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/02/19/95759182.pdf 4 November 2017 New York Times 18 February 1939 By 20 February, starting the conclave on 28 February appeared to be a possibility, as only three non-Italians had yet to arrive: William Henry O'Connell of Boston, Sebastião da Silveira Cintra of Rio de Janeiro, and Santiago Copello of Buenos Aires. Rites for Pope Pius Brought to a Close https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/02/21/94681096.pdf 4 November 2017 New York Times 20 February 1939 On 22 February, the cardinals sitting in general congregation settled on 1 March, expecting the three to arrive at Naples on the S.S. Neptunia on that morning. Vatican Conclave is Set for March 1 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/02/22/96020139.pdf 4 November 2017 New York Times 22 February 1939 The conclave was held as per tradition in the Sistine Chapel in the Apostolic Palace. All the cardinals attended, 35 Italians and 27 from other countries. The doors closed at 6:17 pm. Vatican Door Shut on 62 Cardinals as Conclave Opens to Elect Pope https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/03/02/91552841.pdf 4 November 2017 The New York Times 2 March 1939 Pacelli won a narrow victory on just the second ballot with the lowest possible two-thirds majority, 42 out of 62. He then asked for an additional ballot to confirm his election by a larger margin.Another account says he received 41 votes on the second ballot.Pham John-Peter Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession 2004 Oxford University Press https://archive.org/details/heirsoffisherman00pham registration 2 November 2017 114 978-0-19-517834-0 Another adds that Pacelli's ballot was examined after the second ballot to establish that he had not voted for himself. To the question posed by the presiding cardinal "la Acceptasne electionem de te canonice factam in Summum Pontificem?", Pacelli replied "la Accepto in crucem" ("I accept it as a cross"). He explained his choice of Pius XII by saying, "I call myself Pius; my whole life was under popes with this name, but especially as a sign of gratitude towards Pius XI."Joseph Brosch Pius XII, Lehrer der Wahrheit Trier Kreuzring 1968 45 thumb|Pope Pius XII on the central loggia of St. Peter's Basilica following his election The white smoke signifying a successful election appeared at 5:30 pm on 2 March, but began to turn black. Vincenzo Santoro, the conclave secretary, then sent a note to Vatican Radio to confirm that the smoke was white and Pacelli had been elected.Inside the Vatican http://www.insidethevatican.com/articles/siri-thesis.htm The "Siri Thesis" Unravels 11 April 2007 15 February 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20070215221200/http://insidethevatican.com/articles/siri-thesis.htm dead At 6:06 pm,Hailed by Throngs https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/03/03/103214340.pdf 4 November 2017 The New York Times 3 March 1939 the protodeacon, Cardinal Camillo Caccia-Dominioni, made the Habemus papam announcement in Latin from the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica. He said that the new pope had chosen the name Pius but did not mention the ordinal "the twelfth".https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRfvjvSLKXA https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/xRfvjvSLKXA 2021-12-13 live Habemus Papam – Pope Pius XII YouTube 21 December 2012https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcpPYyEtcA0 https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/YcpPYyEtcA0 2021-12-13 live Habemus Papam! – Pope Pio XII YouTube 17 March 2013 ithttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qPkr7zh8AY https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/8qPkr7zh8AY 2021-12-13 live Habemus Papam Pope Pius XII YouTube 10 October 2013 it The crowd below in St. Peter's Square began to sing the hymn Christus Vincit. New regulations Pius XII had been narrowly elected pope before seeking an additional ballot to demonstrate wider support, and he knew that a very close ballot in the 1914 conclave had raised the question of the impact of a cardinal's vote for himself. Pius XII promulgated the apostolic constitution Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis on 8 December 1945, more than six years after his election. He made only two significant changes in conclave procedures, otherwise following those established by Pius X on 25 December 1904 with the constitution Vacante Sede Apostolica.Hubert Jedin The Church in the Modern Age 157 https://books.google.com/books?id=LjLQwToInS4C&pg=PA157 25 November 2017 The Code and Development of Canon Law to 1974 X Burns & Oates London 1981 9780860120926 Firstly, he increased the majority required for election from two-thirds of those voting to two-thirds plus one, so that an elector's vote for himself would be insufficient to produce a two-thirds majority. He also eliminated the rule against voting for oneself, which the two-thirds-plus-one rule obviated.Pham John-Peter Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession 2004 Oxford University Press 333 978-0-19-517834-0 https://archive.org/details/heirsoffisherman00pham registration 25 November 2017Pope Pius XII 25 November 2017 8 December 1945 Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19451208_vacantis-apostolicae-sedis.html la Libreria Editrice Vaticana ; paragraph 68. It holds, though, that if one had an exact two-thirds majority, not counting one's own vote, a cardinal could cast the deciding vote for himself. Secondly, from 1621 to 1945, the ballots were signed with folded over flaps to conceal the signatures of the electors. Prior to 1621, the ballots were signed at the top or in the upper left corner.Behind Closed Doors, pages 46 & 146, Frederick Baumgartner Pius XII entirely removed the signature portion of the new form of ballot, so that a completely secret ballot is now cast by each elector with the oath taken at the same moment, now being anonymous. All this is clearly stated in the apostolic constitution Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis promulgated by Pius XII on 8 December 1945.Acts of the Apostolic See, Vol 38, 1946. pages 65-99 See also +Cardinal electors by regionRegionNumberItaly35Rest of Europe20North America4South America2Asia1Oceania0Africa0Total62 Cardinal electors for the 1939 conclave Notes References Citations Sources Alvarez David Graham Robert A. Nothing Sacred: Nazi Espionage Against the Vatican, 1939–1945 https://books.google.com/books?id=PVX5AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 2013 Routledge New York 978-1-135-21714-3 65–67 Kertzer David I. David Kertzer The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe 2014 Oxford University Press 9780198716167 https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc3QAgAAQBAJ Tornielli Andrea Pio XII: Eugenio Pacelli : un uomo sul trono di Pietro https://books.google.com/books?id=g-YRAQAAIAAJ 2007 Mondadori Milano it 978-88-04-57010-3 Ventresca Robert A. Soldier of Christ: The Life of Pope Pius XII https://books.google.com/books?id=N3KBY-VjSAAC&pg=PA39 2013 Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA 978-0-674-06730-1 129–138 4. A Tremendous Responsibility Acts of the Apostolic See established 1908 by St Pius X, under Vatican auspices and website External links Pope Pius XII 25 November 2017 8 December 1945 Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19451208_vacantis-apostolicae-sedis.html la Libreria Editrice Vaticana Catholicism Christianity Vatican City y Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/History y Category:Papal conclave y Category:Roman Catholic Church y Category:Popes y Category:Popes y Category:Christian History y Pope y Papal conclave Papal conclave Papal conclave Papal conclave Category:Elections in Vatican City