12 cm Lang staal

12 cm Lang staal 12 cm Lang staal in 1939 1940 AKL007797.jpg 300 A 12 cm Lang staal in 1939-1940 German Empire GermanySwitzerland Siege artillery YES YES 1880-1940 Netherlands World War II Krupp Krupp 158 1,420 kg (barrel).Staff editors MW 1881 2,925 mmStaff editors MW 1881 120 mmStaff Editor 1879 27 1.5 shots per minute 394 m/s.Van Alles Wat 1879 487 7,500 m in 1928 The 12 cm Lang staal was a 19th century Dutch siege gun made by Krupp. It was used by the Dutch field artillery in World War II. Context The Dutch army adopts breechloading The Franco-Prussian War, and the subsequent establishment of the German empire scared the Dutch government. Suddenly, the long neglected army got a lot of attention. However, decades of neglect could not be remedied in a few years. The most urgent measures consisted of procuring breechloading rifles and guns, which had been successfully used in that war. Meanwhile, the construction of fortresses and super heavy artillery for coastal defense against armored ships took a huge chunk out of the budgets. In these circumstances, procurement of the bronze 12 cm K.A. and 8 cm A. brons was a step in the right direction. This was also the case because they were produced domestically for a modest price, starting in 1874. Procurement of steel guns By 1875 it was clear that in a direct artillery duel, the Dutch bronze guns would be at a severe disadvantage against the newest steel guns. Therefore, these bronze guns would have to be supplemented with a number of steel (nl staal) guns. For 1876, the plan for the siege artillery was to procure 40 15 cm Lang staal L/24 (15 cm zwaar staal) guns at 22,570 guilders a piece all included, 20 12 cm Lang staal at 13,200 guilders a piece ditto, and 100 12 cm K.A. brons at 3,825 guilders a piece ditto.Enderlein 1875 185 For trials of the foreseen guns, single steel guns of 15 cm, 12 cm, and 8.7 cm(!) were bought in 1875.Enderlein 1875 180 In December 1875 the Minister of War declared that the inclusion of the 8,7 cm under the siege artillery was a mistake. Even while the procurement was urgent, no more than 40 15 cm zwaar staal guns, and 20 12 cm Lang staal siege guns to be ordered at Krupp were brought on the budget for 1876. It was sound practice to limit the first series, and it was not even clear whether Krupp could deliver more. The trials would serve to specify alterations which would make the guns fit with the rest of the Dutch equipment.Enderlein 1876 5 In December 1875, 833 guns of 12 cm Lang were thought to be needed, while 585 12 cm Lang were present on 1 January 1875.Enderlein 1876 19 From the context it can be derived that 12 cm Lang referred to 12 cm Long guns in general, and that many of these were simply 12-pounder smooth bore muzzle loaders. The 12 cm Lang staal is ordered thumb|Battery of Dutch 12 cm Lang staal siege guns in Gorinchem c 1928-1930. In September 1876 trials with the 15 cm zwaar staal and 12 cm Lang staal were held at the Krupp trial grounds. The results were very positive.Beijen 1876 214 Meanwhile, comparative trials in the Netherlands between the 8 cm A. Brons and the Krupp 8,7 mm steel breechloader led the artillery committee to recommend steel field guns.De Wit 1882 81 In light of the trials at the Krupp grounds, the Minister of War then decided to contract with Krupp. However, for the money that was voted on the 1876 budget, he bought less 15 cm zwaar staal guns and more 12 cm Lang staal guns.Beijen 1876 214 The House of Representatives was not amused, and wanted to know how many guns had been bought at Krupp for which price.De Roo van Alderwerelt 1877 12 In December 1876 the minister replied that the state had 20 15 cm zwaar staal guns and 60 12 cm Lang staal guns on order at Krupp. The 12 cm Lang staal gun would cost 7,980 mark, same price as before.Beijen 1877 28 For 1877 the Minister of War then asked money for 100 12 cm Lang staal.De Roo van Alderwerelt 1877 12 In November 1877 the Minister of War deemed 132 12 cm Lang staal to be required for the first line of the new Dutch Water Line. 62 had already been bought on the budgets for 1876 and 1877. Therefore, the minister asked for money for 57 more guns on the 1878 budget.De Roo van Alderwerelt 1878 94 On the final budget for 1879, a new Minister of War asked budget for 40 12 cm Lang staal, and little else.Den Beer Poortugael 1879 32 On 1 January 1880 there were 126 12 cm Lang staal available in the Netherlands. 32 still had to be delivered.Reuther 1880 129 The 12 cm Lang brons In 1880 a new steel bronze gun, the 12 cm Lang brons appeared. 60 were planned to be made by the nl Rijks Geschutgieterij (national gun foundry) in the Hague in 1880.Reuther 1880 114 The cost difference between the versions was 3,200 guilders per gun, while 193 12 cm Lang were still thought to be required.Reuther 1880 130 The switch to producing the 12 cm Lang brons meant that the minister put an end to the procurement of more 12 cm Lang staal from Krupp.Van der Schriek 1881 423 This is indeed what happened. On 1 January 1883 the available total of both steel and steel bronze 12 cm Lang was 248. 12 more 12 cm Lang brons would still be delivered. At least 105 more 12 cm Lang were thought to be required.Weitzel 1884 31 Gradual replacement The 12 cm Lang staal quickly became obsolete after 1897. In that year the Canon de 75 modèle 1897, the first gun with a recoil mechanism was introduced. Characteristics Barrel thumb|12 cm Lang staal gun in transport mode c. 1940 thumb|A Belgian horse The barrel of the 12 cm Lang staal was made by Krupp. It was a built-up gun barrel. It was 2,925 mm long and weighed 1,420 kg.Staff editors MW 1881 The caliber was 120 mm at the muzzle.Staff Editor 1879 27 The powder chamber was 29.2 cm long, and had a diameter of 125 mm.Staff Editor 1879 27 Carriage The carriage of the 12 cm Lang staal was made of steel. Gun barrel and carriage had a total weight of 2,790 kg. Others have 2,940 kg, and the carriage itself weighing 1,520 kg.Staff editors MW 1881 It meant that the gun could not just be placed on any underground.. It generally required the underground to be prepared in advance by placing a wooden floor, which was brought along.https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010532814:mpeg21:p009 De Tijd De legeroefeningen nabij Ede 20 August 1929 In combat this made that the gun could not exercise the artillery roles that required some mobility.Scherer 1879 48 Transport For short distances on plane and solid underground, the carriage could be moved, with or without gun. For this a siege limber could be used.Van Alles Wat 1880 820 The siege limber was a limber without an ammunition box or seats, or basically an axle with wheels and a pole to connect the horses. For more serious transport, the barrel would be moved so it's trunnions did not rest in their normal high position, but in a lower transport position.Scherer 1879 48 Moving the barrel required an iron sheerleg (de vestingbok)https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010036471:mpeg21:p006 N.R.C. Artillerie-demonstratie 19 December 1918 On rough terrain, or over larger distances, the siege limber was required. In most cases gun and carriage were then moved separately.Van Alles Wat 1880 820 Here the character of the 12 cm Lang staal as a siege gun again shows clearly. It was way too slow to follow the army. As part of the siege artillery, the 12 cm Lang staal batteries would always rely on hired horses. In order to be towed, they required four, preferably heavy, horses. This seems to be in contradiction to the lighter field guns having six horses. The difference was that the 12 cm Lang horses moved only in walk (c. 7 km/h). The field artillery had to move faster, especially the horse artillery, which could move at a canter (16–27 km/h). In the early thirties there were exercises with heavy horses hired from farmers. The Belgian Draught horse promised to be more suitable than the Oldenburgers. However, they proved much slower than military horses, making only 4.5 km/h.https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010014620:mpeg21:p006 Het Vaderland Proeven en oefeningen met artilleriemateriaal 2 March 1933 When the gun was re-assigned from the siege artillery to the field artillery, some changes were made. The regular wooden floor was replaced by a simpler 'field' version of 1,280 kg, which could be laid in about 30 minutes, instead of about 5 hours. To allow easier pulling in the field, the wheels of the carriage got 40 cm wide steel tires, and the tail of the carriage got a wide steel plate. The wheels of the limber got 15 cm wide steel tires. This was also when the exercises with hired horses started. For the 12 cm Lang staal it proved that with hired horses, on the paved road, four horses were enough, but in terrain six horses were required. Later, motorized traction became so powerful that the gun could easily be moved in one piece. However, this did not mean that the gun was assigned motorized traction. Capabilities The first serious tests of the gun were done by Krupp in Dülmen in June 1875. With a charge of 3.1 kg of prismatic powder, and a projectile of 14 kg, the average velocity was 469.1 m/s at 50 meters from the muzzle with a pressure of 1,900 atm. With 3.3 kg of another kind of gunpowder it was 466.1 m/s and a pressure of 1,383 atm. The first kind of powder gave the highest velocity.Scherer 1880 612 In the subsequent Dutch trials, which started in April 1876 many kinds of gunpowder were tested. Most of it was coarse gunpowder of about 350 grains per kg. Krupp had determined that the gas pressure inside the gun should not exceed 2,000 atm, and that a suitable gunpowder should propel the projectile to at least 465 m/s at 50 m from the muzzle.Scherer 1880 613 The next round of Dutch tests was done with a new set of two guns, which had grooves inside the chamber, and of which the 12 cm gun fired a heavier 16.7 kg projectile. With a charge of 3.3 kg a velocity of 450.6 m/s was achieved. With 3.5 kg this was 462.6 m/s, but then pressure was 1,950 atm.Scherer 1880 617 The trials were then invalidated by a change that was made to the guns as a result of trials in Germany. The change was that the angle of the grooves was changed from constant to progressive.Scherer 1880 620 After some tests, the commission noted very significant differences with regard to atmospheric pressure in July. After many investigations, it was found that in warm weather there was a slight increase in velocity, and a much higher increase in gas pressure inside the guns.Scherer 1880 622 The difference could be as much as 7 m/s and 145 atm.Scherer 1880 630 With a charge of 3 kg black gunpowder the initial velocity of the 20.3 kg shrapnel shell was 394 m/s.Van Alles Wat 1879 487 In 1928 some changes had been made to simplify the breech, and to prevent the escape of gasses. This increased the rate of fire to 3 shots every 2 minutes. By then range was about 7,500 m. In 1933 the gun was to get new aiming devices. It seems that an attempt to increase the range of the 12 cm Lang staal failed in 1934. Ammunition Some shrapnel shot (de granaatkartets) delivered by Krupp was tested on Scheveningen beach in 1879. The shell had 185 bullets of 25 gram each, made of an alloy of lead and antimony. The explosive charge at the back of the shell was 125 gram. The complete shell weighed 20.3 kg.Van Alles Wat 1879 487 Operations Post World War I In December 1918 the Society de Ons Leger (our army) gave a demonstration in The Hague to show the differences between modern and obsolete artillery. The message was that with the old heavy artillery, taking up a position took way too much time. Before the floor for a gun like the 12 cm Lang staal was laid, and the ammunition had been brought forward, an enemy with more accurate modern artillery would have destroyed the obsolete artillery from a distance which was outside of range for the old guns. That is if the old gun would even be ready fire before getting destroyed. There were many suggestions to make part of the siege artillery more mobile. In the 1920s the 12 cm Lang staal took part in several exercises. The first of these was an exercise in 1926.https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010028647:mpeg21:p005 N.R.C. Marine en Leger 23 September 1926 More exercises followed in 1927. Becomes part of the field artillery In December 1927 the siege artillery regiment ceased to exist as a unit. It was replaced by two regiments of dismounted artillery, one in Gorinchem, and one in Naarden. These would then be made mobile, so they could serve as field artillery.https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB23:001720049:mpeg21:p00003 De locomotief Belangrijke artillerieoefeningen in Nederland 20 September 1928 An improvement or repair, which was planned in 1926, was a change to the breech of the 12 cm Lang staal. It was to put an end to disturbances in its operation. There was also a change to the ammunition to increase range. These changes were necessary in every scenario where the gun was to be used.Van Santen 1926 656 There were doubts about making the 12 cm Lang staal mobile. This led to measures to get rid of the wooden floor (see above). However, the other main shortcomings of the gun, i.e. the very low rate of fire, and taking aim by moving the tail, could not be remedied economically. Therefore, the firepower of the gun remained very substandard. The cost of making the guns more mobile, was primarily in assigning the soldiers and transport means required to move the guns. As such, these cost could not be justified by the small increase in fire power that it would give. Therefore, there were ideas that only the strictly necessary measures, and the measures for getting rid of the floor would be executed. The gun would then continue to be organized in units which would only be transported after the front had stabilized.Van Santen 1926 656 In March 1931 exercises were held near Breda with a battery of 4 12 cm Lang staal which had been reassigned from the siege artillery to the field army.https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010013436:mpeg21:p010 Het Vaderland Vestinggeschut bij de leger artillerie 31 March 1933 Later in 1931, the regiment of unmounted artillery from Gorinchem held an exercise near Breda. The regiment was embarked in Gorinchem, and disembarked in Oosterhout. In Oosterhout horses from the 3rd Artillery regiment from Breda took the guns in tow.https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010013744:mpeg21:p014 Het Vaderland Oefeningen met een batterij van 12 staal 30 September 1931 In 1934 it was thought that the 12 cm Lang staal would finally be retired.https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB23:001975075:mpeg21:a00001 Dagblad van Noord-Brabant De Regeering en de Defensie 27 September 1934 The international situation might have prevented this. In March 1936 the 13th and 14th Artillery regiment were armed with the 12 cm Lang staal.Staff Editors 1936 189 Notes Sources Den Beer Poortugael 1879 Militaire Spectator, Bijblad Definitieve vastselling van het VIIIst hoofdstuk der Staatsbegrooting voor het dienstjaar 1879 Broese en Comp. Breda https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000640002:00001 17–36 Beijen H.J.R. 1876 Militaire Spectator, Bijblad Staatsbegrooting voor het dienstjaar 1876 Broese en Comp. Breda https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000630003:00001 197–224 Beijen 1877 Militaire Spectator, Bijblad Hoofdstuk VIII, Tweede memorie van Beantwoording Broese en Comp. Breda https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000655002:00001 20–31 Enderlein 1875 Militaire Spectator, Bijblad Staatsbegrooting voor het dienstjaar 1876 Broese en Comp. Breda https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000629003:00001 164–187 Enderlein 1876 Militaire Spectator, Bijblad Begrooting van uitgaven voor de voltooiing van het vestingstelsel, dienst 1876 Broese en Comp. Breda https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000630003:00001 1–21 Reuther 1880 Militaire Spectator, Bijblad Staatsbegrooting voor het dienstjaar 1881 Broese en Comp. Breda https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000664003:00001 75–153 De Roo van Alderwerelt 1877 Militaire Spectator, Bijblad Staatsbegrooting voor het dienstjaar 1877, voorlopig verslag n.a.v. tweede onderzoek in de afdeelingen Broese en Comp. Breda https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000655002:00001 1–14 De Roo van Alderwerelt J.K.H. 1878 Militaire Spectator Staatsbegrooting voor het dienstjaar 1878 Broese en Comp. Breda https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000639002:00001 83–102 Scherer F.G.A. 1879 Militaire Spectator Opmerkingen omtrent de uitrusting aan geschut der liniën en sterkten Broese en Comp. Breda https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000650002:00001 45–52 Scherer F.G.A. 1880 Militaire Spectator Overzicht van de verschillende hier te lande genomen proeven met grofkorrelig buskruit Broese en Comp. Breda https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000664002:00003 609–631 Van der Schriek 1881 Militaire Spectator, Bijblad Staatsbegrooting voor het dienstjaar 1882, voorlopig verslag der commissie van rapporteurs Broese en Comp. Breda https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000638002:00001 405–424 ((Staff Editor)) 1879 Militaire Spectator De formules van Sarrau, ter berekening van de snelheid van beweging van het projectiel in de ziel en van de spanning der buskruitgassen Broese en Comp. Breda https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000650002:00001 24–44 ((Staff editors MW)) 1881 Militair Weekblad Artillerie schietproeven van Krupp Gebroeders Belinfante, 's Gravenhage https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMNMM02:000395011:00002 ((Staff Editors)) 1936 Mavors Appendix: Samenstelling van het Veldleger Mavors, Arnhem https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMNMM02:000389001:00007 189 Van Alles Wat 1879 Militaire Spectator Onderzoek van granaatkartetsen tot stalen kanonnen van 15 en 12 cm Broese en Comp. Breda https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000650002:00001 487–488 Van Alles Wat 1880 Militaire Spectator Beproeving an vervoerstangen tot belegeringaffuiten Broese en Comp. Breda https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000664002:00003 819 Van Santen J.J. 1926 Militaire Spectator De Modernisering der Nederlandsche Artillerie getoetst aan tactische eisen Broese en Comp. Breda https://www.militairespectator.nl/sites/default/files/bestanden/uitgaven/1926/1926-0646-01-0121.PDF 646–658 Weitzel 1884 Militaire Spectator, Bijblad Staatsbegrooting voor het dienstjaar 1884 Broese en Comp. Breda https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000658003:00003 1–35 De Wit C. 1882 Militaire Spectator Het nieuwe Nederlandsche Veldgeschut Broese en Comp. Breda https://books.google.com/books?id=khxBAQAAMAAJ 81–93 External links 12 staal during World War II at War over Holland Category:Artillery of the Netherlands Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1880s