1876 in science

none 1876 science 1876 The year 1876 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy December 7 – First recorded observation of the Great White Spot on Saturn, made by American astronomer Asaph Hall, who uses it to calculate the planet's rotation period. Biology Robert Koch demonstrates that Bacillus anthracis is the source of anthrax, the first bacterium conclusively shown to cause disease.Koch R. 1876 Die Ätiologie der Milzbrand-Krankheit, begründet auf die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Bacillus anthracis Cohns Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 2 2 http://edoc.rki.de/documents/rk/508-5-26/PDF/5-26.pdf 277–310 2011-05-31 Koller's sickle in avian gastrulation is first described by August Rauber. Francis Galton invents the silent dog whistle.Galton Francis 1883 http://www.galton.org/books/human-faculty/index.html Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development 26–27 Meiosis is discovered and described for the first time in sea urchin eggs by the German biologist Oscar Hertwig. The Conchological Society of Great Britain & Ireland is founded. Chemistry Josiah Willard Gibbs publishes On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, a compilation of his work on thermodynamics and physical chemistry which lays out the concept of free energy to explain the physical basis of chemical equilibria.O'Connor J. J. Robertson E.F. Josiah Willard Gibbs MacTutor School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland 1997 http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Gibbs.html 2007-03-24 Exploration May 24 – End of the Challenger expedition.Rice A. L. Understanding the Oceans: Marine Science in the Wake of HMS Challenger London Routledge 1999 27–48 The Challenger Expedition 978-1-85728-705-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=F5agn3NSzEoC&pg=PA27 Mathematics Édouard Lucas demonstrates that 127 is a Mersenne prime, the largest that will be recorded for seventy-five years.The Largest Known Prime by Year: A Brief History Chris Caldwell http://primes.utm.edu/notes/by_year.html 2011-12-30 He also shows that the Mersenne number 267 − 1, or M67, must have factors. Medicine February 22 – Swedish woman Karolina Olsson lapses into a form of hibernation for 32 years. May 10 – Major pharmaceutical brand Eli Lilly is founded in Indiana, United States.Eli Lilly & Company http://www.indianahistory.org/our-services/books-publications/hbr/eli-lilly.pdf dead https://web.archive.org/web/20160729072945/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-services/books-publications/hbr/eli-lilly.pdf 2016-07-29 Indiana Historical Society June 6 – The Association of Medical Officers of American Institutions for Idiotic and Feebleminded Persons, later known as the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, is founded when several directors led by Édouard Séguin,https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/the-american-association-on-intellectual-and-developmental-disabilities-aaidd-diagnostic-criteria-for-intellectual-disability/ The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) Diagnostic Criteria for Intellectual Disability March 23, 2019 April 9, 2019 inspired by Centennial events, meet to improve the lives of those with disabilities.http://aaidd.org/about-aaidd/mission Mission aaidd.org April 9, 2019 David Ferrier publishes The Functions of the Brain. William Macewen demonstrates clinical diagnosis of the site of brain tumors and performs the first successful intercranial surgery. Patrick Manson begins studying filariasis infection in humans. Meharry Medical College founded in Nashville, Tennessee as the Medical Department of Central Tennessee College; it is the first medical school for African Americans in the Southern United States. Technology February 14 – Scottish American inventor Alexander Graham Bell and American electrical engineer Elisha Gray each file a patent for the telephone, initiating the Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy. March 7 – Alexander Graham Bell is granted a patent for the telephone.United States patent #174,466. March 10 – Alexander Graham Bell makes the first successful bi-directional telephone call, saying "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you". April – Joseph Zentmayer makes his Centennial microscope in the United States. April 15 – Russian-born electrical engineer Pavel Yablochkov first publicly demonstrates the 'Yablochkov candle', a form of arc lamp, in London.Nathan Brewer Engineering Hall of Fame: Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov https://insight.ieeeusa.org/articles/engineering-hall-of-fame-pavel-nikolayevich-yablochkov/ 2012-03-01 2024-07-27 IEEE USA InSight May 17 – Nicolaus Otto files his patent for the four-stroke engine using the Otto cycle.Stephen van Dulken Inventing the 19th Century London British Library 2001 0-7123-0881-4 104–5 August 8 – Thomas Edison is granted a United States patent for his mimeograph. Emile Berliner invents an improved form of microphone (the carbon-button type) which will be adopted for Alexander Graham Bell's telephone.Birth of the Microphone: How Sound Became Signal en-us Wired https://www.wired.com/2011/01/birth-of-the-microphone/ 2023-09-19 1059-1028Early History of the Microphone https://digilab.libs.uga.edu/scl/exhibits/show/steel_vintage_mics/mic_early_history UGA Special Collections Library Online Exhibitions 2023-09-19 Francis Edgar Stanley of Newton, Massachusetts, patents an atomizing paint distributor, a form of airbrush.United States patent #182,389. The Seth Thomas Clock Company is awarded a United States patent for an adjustable wind-up alarm clock. Thomas Hawksley first uses pressure grouting to control water leakage under an embankment dam at Tunstall Reservoir in Weardale, County Durham, England.http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12691 Hawksley, Thomas 2004 10.1093/ref:odnb/12691 2011-08-27R. W. Rennison https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv2BrOMo8cIC&pg=PA81 Civil Engineering Heritage: Northern England 81 9780727725189 1996A. Clive Houlsby Construction and Design of Cement Grouting; A Guide to Grouting in Rock Foundations Wiley 1990 0-471-51629-5Rudolph Glossop Rudolph Glossop The Invention and Development of Injection processes Part II: 1850-1960 British Geotechnical Association Géotechnique 11 4 1961 255–279 10.1680/geot.1961.11.4.255 Melville Reuben Bissell files a United States patent for an improved carpet sweeper.Baxter Albert 1891 History of the City of Grand Rapids, Michigan Munsell Institutions October 4 – First classes begin at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas.Henry C Dethloff Henry C. Dethloff Texas A&M University The Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/kct08 2011-11-18 Elizabeth Bragg becomes the first woman to graduate with a civil engineering degree in the United States, from University of California, Berkeley.University of California, Berkeley WEP Milestones http://coe.berkeley.edu/students/bpi/jmep/milestones.html Berkeley Engineering 2011-11-24 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120110020425/http://coe.berkeley.edu/students/bpi/jmep/milestones.html 2012-01-10 Awards Copley Medal: Claude BernardCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 23 July 2020 en Wollaston Medal: Thomas Henry Huxley Births January 5 – Lucien Bull (died 1972), Irish-born pioneer in chronophotography. January 23 – Otto Diels (died 1954), German Nobel Prize winner in chemistry. February 15 – E. H. "Chinese" Wilson (died 1930), English-born plant collector. April 22 – Robert Bárány (died 1936), Viennese-born Nobel Prize winner in medicine. June 13 – William Sealy Gosset (died 1937), English statistician. October 3 – Gabrielle Howard née Matthaei (died 1930), English-born plant physiologist. November 9 – Hideyo Noguchi (died 1928), Japanese bacteriologist. November 19 – Tatyana Afanasyeva (died 1964), Russian-born mathematician. November 25 – Paul Nitsche (executed 1948) Nazi German psychiatrist and eugenicist. Deaths November 26 – Karl Ernst von Baer (born 1792), Baltic German naturalist. Undated – Anna Volkova (born 1800), Russian chemist. References Category:19th century in science Category:1870s in science