1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak

none sr August 2026 Smallpox PHIL 3278.tif Field physicians checking an immunization reaction in a man during a smallpox epidemic, Kosovo, 1972 SFR Yugoslavia SR Serbia SAP Kosovo Belgrade 175 35 A Muslim pilgrim from SAP Kosovo Smallpox Variola 16 February - 11 April 1972 The 1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak was the largest outbreak of smallpox in Europe after the Second World War.Ilic Irena Ilic Milena Historical review: Towards the 50th anniversary of the last major smallpox outbreak (Yugoslavia, 1972) Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 11 April 2022 48 102327 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102327 35421599 1873-0442 It was centered in Kosovo, a province of Serbia within Yugoslavia, and the capital city of Belgrade. A Kosovar Albanian Muslim pilgrim had contracted the virus in the Middle East. Upon returning to his home in Kosovo, he started the epidemic in which 175 people were infected, killing 35. The epidemic was efficiently contained by enforced quarantine and mass vaccination. The 1982 film Variola Vera is based on the event.Markovic Goran Variola Vera 1982-07-09 https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0083275/ Rade Serbedzija, Erland Josephson, Dusica Zegarac 2017-12-18 Background By 1972 the disease was considered to be eradicated in Europe. The population of Yugoslavia had been regularly vaccinated for 50 years, and the last case was reported in 1930. This was the major cause of the initial slow reaction by doctors, who did not promptly recognize the disease.Ferhadbegović Sabina Cultures of History Forum : Past and Present Health Crises: How Yugoslavia Managed the Smallpox Epidemic of 1972 https://www.cultures-of-history.uni-jena.de/focus/kleio-in-pandemia/past-and-present-health-crises-how-yugoslavia-managed-the-smallpox-epidemic-of-1972/ 2021-07-06 www.cultures-of-history.uni-jena.de en In October 1970, an Afghan family went on pilgrimage from Afghanistan, where smallpox was endemic, to Mashhad in Iran, triggering an epidemic of smallpox in Iran that would last until September 1972. By late 1971, smallpox-infected pilgrims had carried smallpox from Iran into Syria and Iraq.1972 SMALLPOX SURVEILLANCE — Worldwide https://www.jstor.org/stable/44070661 Morbidity and Mortality 21 16 137–139 44070661 0091-0031 Outbreak thumb|Patient with smallpox, Kosovo, Yugoslavia epidemic, March and April 1972. In early 1972, a 38-year-old Kosovo Albanian Muslim clergyman named Ibrahim Hoti, from Damnjan near Gjakova, Kosovo, undertook the Hajj.MATIC Katarina SUBASIC and Jovan Memories Of Smallpox Outbreak Stir Nostalgia For Tito's Time https://www.barrons.com/articles/memories-of-smallpox-outbreak-stir-nostalgia-for-tito-s-time-01588303808 2021-07-06 www.barrons.com en-US He visited holy sites in Iraq, where cases of smallpox were known. He returned home on February 15.1972-09-22 Smallpox in Yugoslavia https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/refs/SmallpoxYugoslavia-EPI-72-91-2.pdf 2022-09-01 The Climate Change and Public Health Law Site The following morning he suffered aches and was tired. After feeling feverish for a couple of days and developing a rash, he recovered,Bliss Dominic 2020-04-16 What will be the psychological legacy of quarantine? History may have answers https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2020/04/what-will-be-psychological-legacy-of-quarantine-history-may-have 2022-09-01 National Geographic en-gb likely because he had been vaccinated two months earlier.Billauer Barbara P. 2016 Weapons of Mass Hysteria (WMH), Faulty Bio-Threat Predictions and its Impact on National (In)Security http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2749658 Health Matrix: The Journal of Law-Medicine 10.2139/ssrn.2749658 1556-5068 subscription free On March 3, Latif Mumdžić, a thirty-year-old teacher, who had just arrived in Đakovica to attend school, fell ill. He had no known direct contact with Hoti. He may have been infected by one of the clergyman's friends or relatives who visited during his illness, or simply by passing the clergyman in the street. When Mumdžić visited the local medical center two days later, doctors attempted to treat his fever with penicillin (smallpox is a virus, so this was ineffective). His condition did not improve, and after a couple of days, his brother took him to the hospital in Čačak, 150 km to the north in Serbia. The doctors there could not help him, so he was transferred by ambulance to the central hospital in Belgrade. On March 9, Mumdžić was shown to medical students and staff as a case of an atypical reaction to penicillin, which was a plausible explanation for his condition. On the following day, Mumdžić suffered massive internal bleeding and, despite efforts to save his life, died that evening. The cause of death was listed as "reaction to penicillin". In fact, he had contracted Hemorrhagic Smallpox , a highly contagious form of smallpox. Before his death, Mumdžić directly infected 38 people (including nine doctors and nurses), eight of whom died.BBC - History - British History in depth: Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/smallpox_01.shtml 2021-07-06 www.bbc.co.uk en-GB A few days after Mumdžić's death, 140 smallpox cases erupted across Kosovo province.Litvinjenko S. Arsic B. Borjanovic S. 1972-11-24 Epidemiological Aspects of Smallpox in Yugoslavia in 1972 https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/67617/WHO_SE_73.57.pdf 2022-09-01 World Health Organization On 16 March, the smallpox virus was isolated in Belgrade by Ana Gligić, the head of the national smallpox laboratory, which was followed by strict measures that prevented the spread of the disease in the city and thus a major disaster.https://www.24ur.com/novice/tujina/kako-se-je-jugoslavija-spopadla-s-smrtonosno-epidemijo-in-jo-premagala.html sl Jugoslavija nad črne koze: Popolna izolacija, cepljenje in delovni dan od 'zore do mraka' Yugoslavia Against Smallpox: Complete Isolation, Vaccination, and Working From 'Dawn to Dusk' 29 January 2020 24ur.comhttps://www.24ur.com/novice/tujina/umrla-jugoslovanska-virologinja-ki-je-izolirala-virus-crnih-koz.html Umrla jugoslovanska virologinja, ki je izolirala virus črnih koz sl The Yugoslav Virologist Who Isolated the Smallpox Virus Is Deceased 5 January 2024 24ur.com Reaction The government's reaction was swift. Martial law was declared on March 16. Measures included cordons sanitaires of villages and neighborhoods, roadblocks, a prohibition of public assembly, closure of borders and prohibition of all non-essential travel. Hotels were requisitioned for quarantines in which 10,000 people who may have been in contact with the virus were held under guard by the Yugoslav People's Army.2020-04-29 Football Lockdowns: Smallpox outbreak in 1972 https://www.footballmakeshistory.eu/smallpox-outbreak-in-1972/ 2021-07-06 Football Makes History en-US 2021-07-09 https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183647/https://www.footballmakeshistory.eu/smallpox-outbreak-in-1972/ dead Mumdžić's brother developed a smallpox rash on March 20, resulting in medical authorities realizing that Mumdžić had died of smallpox. The authorities undertook massive revaccination of the population, helped by the World Health Organization (WHO), "almost the entire Yugoslavian population of 18 million people was vaccinated". Leading experts on smallpox were flown in to help, including Donald Henderson and Don Francis.Herskovitz Jon 2016-08-22 D.A. Henderson, who led effort to eradicate smallpox, dies at 87 Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-henderson-idUSKCN10X00K 2021-07-06 By mid-May, the outbreak was contained and the country returned to normal life. During the epidemic, 175 people contracted smallpox and 35 died.2021-01-26 Director of hit Yugoslav film about smallpox epidemic gets COVID jab Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-serbia-vaccine-idUSKBN29V1J5 2021-07-06 Legacy The Yugoslav government received international praise for the successful containment of the epidemic, which was one of the finest hours for Donald Henderson and the WHO, as well as one of the crucial steps in the eradication of smallpox. In 1982, Serbian director Goran Marković made the film Variola Vera about the outbreak.Jakiša M 12 October 2022 The Virus of Dissolution: Yugoslavia in Goran Marković's Variola Vera (1982) Apparatus 15 10.17892/app.2022.00015.323 References Sources Flight, Colette (2002). Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge hosted by BBC History. Verified availability 2005-03-12. Zwerdling, Daniel (October 23, 2001). Bioterrorism: Civil Liberties Under Quarantine. American Radio Works. Verified availability 2005-03-12. External links Variola vera. Internet Movie Database entry for a film based on the 1972 smallpox outbreak in Yugoslavia. Verified availability 2005-03-12. Smallpox 2002: Silent Weapon hosted by Drama. Drama-documentary about a hypothetical bioterrorism attack involving smallpox. Verified availability 2005-03-12. Epidemiologic Aspectsof Smallpox in Yugoslavia in 1972 Litvinkenko S. WHO 1973 en http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/67617/WHO_SE_73.57.pdf Arsic B. Borjanovic S. Smallpox in Yugoslavia CDC 1972 en https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/refs/SmallpoxYugoslavia-EPI-72-91-2.pdf Category:1972 in Kosovo Category:Smallpox epidemics Category:Smallpox eradication Smallpox, 1972 outbreak Category:1972 disease outbreaks Category:Disease outbreaks in Kosovo Category:Disasters in Yugoslavia