1920 Xalapa earthquake

Earthquake in Mexico 1920 Xalapa earthquake 22:25 CST A partially destroyed church in Saltillo Lafragua Saltillo Lafragua, earthquake 1920 - panoramio (5).jpg 19.27 N 97.08 W region:PE_type:event inline,titleSuter Carrillo-Martfnez Quintero-Legorreta 1996 1953 Mexico 1920-01-04 04:22:16 912397 iscgem912397 3 January 1920 15 km w yes 6.3–6.4 Normal Veracruz Puebla 12 continued until April 1920 648–4,000 killed A moment magnitude 6.3–6.4 earthquake affected southeastern Mexico, in the states of Puebla and Veracruz, on 3 January 1920 at 22:25 local time.National Seismological Service n.d. 1 A maximum Mercalli-Cancani intensity of XI–XII (Extreme) was recorded in the epicenter, between Chilchotla and Patlanalá. While estimates of the death toll vary across different sources, ranging from 648 to 4,000 fatalities, it is the second deadliest earthquake in Mexico, behind another earthquake in 1985 that killed more than 9,000 people. Many people died from mudslides that swept through settlements along the Huitzilapa and Pescado rivers. The cost of damage was estimated at 25,000,000 (US 25,000,000 1920 eq -2). The towns of Patlanalá, Barranca Grande, Cosautlán, Quimixtlán, Teocelo and Xalapa were severely affected, as many buildings were damaged or destroyed. The earthquake occurred in a geological region of the North American plate called the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. There are normal faults in the volcanic belt that form because the underlying crust undergoes extension. These earthquakes can occur near highly populated towns and pose a significant hazard. The 1920 earthquake may have been caused by rupture along one of these faults within the belt. After the earthquake, a seismograph was deployed in Xalapa to record the aftershocks. The data from the seismograph confirmed that the mainshock originated within the North American plate at a shallow depth. The Veracruz government immediately provided assistance; Governor Cándido Aguilar formed a disaster relief board and travelled to several towns to participate in distributing resources. The devastated towns of Xalapa, Coatepec, Cosautlán, Coscomatepec, Patlanalá, Quimixtlán, Huatusco and Ayahualco were given government funds for reconstruction. Civil society groups and civilians also participated in relief efforts, joining relief committees and raising funds. Bishop Rafael Guízar y Valencia assisted in the relief efforts and donations, raising more than 149,600 (US 149,550 1920 eq -2) with the help of some newspapers that promoted his initiative. Civil society groups and civilians also participated in the relief effort, joining relief committees and raising funds. The Salvadoran and Honduran governments, as well as Pope Benedict XV, also contributed monetary aid. Tectonic setting Plate tectonics thumb|right|Cross-section diagram showing change from flat slab subduction to steep plunging of the Cocos plate beneath central Mexico. Inset map shows plate boundaries and depth contours on the top of the Cocos plate slab and section location|alt=A cross-sectional diagram illustrates the flat slab subduction beneath Mexico, showing the Cocos plate sharply plunging beneath central Mexico. Near the Mexican coast, the slab dips to around 30–40 kilometers and continues at this depth for about 300 kilometers inland before bending steeply. It then descends further to approximately 250 kilometers, beyond which it is no longer detectable. Three tectonic plates converge off Mexico's west coast. Most of Mexico, except Baja California,Huesca-Pérez Gutierrez-Reyes Valenzuela Husker 2021 forms part of the westward-moving North American plate. Oceanic lithospheres of the Cocos and Rivera plates subduct northeastward along the Middle America Trench.Benz Dart Villaseñor Hayes 2011Pardo Suárez 1995 12357 Seismic strain at the subduction zone causes earthquakes and tsunamis when it is released. Volcanism occurs when the subducting plates (slabs) dehydrate during metamorphism: the released water causes the overlying mantle to partially melt and rise through the overriding North American plate, creating volcanoes.Tectonics Observatory 2009 These volcanoes are distributed along a 1,000 km 2 trend from the Pacific coast to the Gulf of Mexico, known as the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB).Suárez Caballero-Jiménez Novelo-Casanova 2019 3545 thumb|right|Normal faulting within the TMVB caused by extension Volcanism usually occurs directly above slabs that undergo metamorphism at around 100 km 1 depth. In southern Mexico, the slab reaches this depth 300 km 1 from the trench.Tectonics Observatory 2009 Beneath land, the Cocos plate generates earthquakes at 60–100 km 1 depth, but these cease abruptly some 100 km 1 south of the TMVB.Suárez Caballero-Jiménez Novelo-Casanova 2019 3545–3546 North of where the intraslab seismicity ceases are shallow intraplate earthquakes within the TMVB. Crustal deformation in the TMVB is characterized by extensionStretching of the crust. which occurs perpendicular to the general strike of the TMVB.Suárez Caballero-Jiménez Novelo-Casanova 2019 3545–3546Suter Martínez Legorreta Martínez 2001 693 East–west striking normal faults form because of extension; some of these fault scarps are mapped for up to 50 km 1.Suter Carrillo-Martfnez Quintero-Legorreta 1996 1952Viveros Reynoso Schroeder 2017 90 These faults move at an average rate of 2 mm per year and because of their active state, they can produce earthquakes.Viveros Reynoso Schroeder 2017 90 Mexico is one of the world's most seismically active regions;Agence France-Presse 2021 nearly 52 million people (or 40 percent) of the population live around the TMVB.Andrews 2019 In 2008, the Comisión Federal de Electricidad published its seismic hazard model,Suárez Caballero-Jiménez Novelo-Casanova 2019 3545Hernández Rocha 2008 9 classifying cities along the TMVB as a moderate-hazard region.Viveros Reynoso Schroeder 2017 88 Analysis of seismic records since 1912 indicated infrequent earthquakes,Viveros Reynoso Schroeder 2017 88 but extending the record to the 16th century revealed eight additional earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 to 7.6.Suárez Caballero-Jiménez Novelo-Casanova 2019 3547 A 2017 study in Geofísica Internacional re-evaluated earthquake records from 1858 and suggested a greater risk. The study estimated a return period of 150 years for w 7.0 or larger events using the instrumental and historical records. In contrast, solely analysing the instrumental record yielded a 12,000-year period.Viveros Reynoso Schroeder 2017 88 Although moderate in magnitude and occurring less frequent than subduction zone earthquakes, crustal events near cities such as Mexico City, Guadalajara, Puebla and Morelia can be destructive.Viveros Reynoso Schroeder 2017 90Andrews 2019 Earthquake characteristics thumb|left|Isoseismal map illustrating the Mercalli-Cancani intensity distribution|alt=A map of the Veracruz region overlaid by elliptical countours that denote the Mercalli-Cancani intensity during the earthquake varied with location. The earthquake had a moment magnitude (w) of 6.3–6.4 and a hypocenter about 15 km beneath the surface.Suárez Novelo-Casanova 2018 1896–1897ISC 2022 Although limited seismic data made determining the faulting mechanism challenging, the event was likely caused by movement on an east–west trending normal fault. Similar earthquakes in the TMVB with depths of less than 15 km have focal mechanisms corresponding to normal faulting, suggesting the mainshock had similar characteristics.Córdoba-Montiel Singh Iglesias Pérez-Campos 2018 93 Using scaling relationships between the seismic magnitude and rupture length, a fault length of 25 km was estimated. This length correlates with the extent of the meizoseismal areaThe area of maximum damage caused by an earthquake..Suárez Novelo-Casanova 2018 1897–1898 No ground faulting was observed, probably because it was too small, obscured by debris,Suárez Novelo-Casanova 2018 1897 or the rupture was entirely buried in the crust.Suter Carrillo-Martfnez Quintero-Legorreta 1996 1956 A 1996 study in the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America identified a 15 km east–northeast trending lineament near the meizoseismal area possibly being the fault.Suter Carrillo-Martfnez Quintero-Legorreta 1996 1956 Based on where the strongest shaking occurred, the epicenter was likely between the towns of Chilchotla and Patlanalá.Suárez Novelo-Casanova 2018 1896–1897 A 70.8 km2 area,Flores Camacho 1922 94–95 including Chilchotla, Ixhuacán, Quimixtlán and Patlanalá and the epicenter, was assigned a Mercalli-Cancani intensity of XI–XII (Extreme) based on the damage severity.Flores Camacho 1922 24 The region surrounding the meizoseismal area experienced lower intensities: 433.6 km2 experienced intensity X, and 955.2 km2 experienced intensity IX. The plotted isoseismal lines outlining these zones formed a concave footprint-like shape extending east–southeast to west–northwest.Flores Camacho 1922 94–95 In Xalapa, the assigned intensity was VIII–IX (Severe–Violent),Córdoba-Montiel Singh Iglesias Pérez-Campos 2018 90 and Ayahualulco, Cosautlán and Teocelo was IX–X (Violent–Extreme).Flores Camacho 1922 24 Light shaking was felt in Mexico City and parts of Oaxaca's Teotitlán, Cuicatlán and San Jerónimo districts.Flores Camacho 1922 25 Foreshocks preceded two months earlier,Suárez Novelo-Casanova 2018 1896–1897 while the aftershock sequence lasted until April 1920, with some felt 220 km away in Mexico City. To monitor the aftershocks, a Wiechert seismograph was installed in Xalapa.Suárez Pérez-Campos 2020 6 Data from the seismograph indicated that these aftershocks occurred 30–40 km away from the seismograph, confirming that the preceding mainshock occurred within the North American plate. In contrast, deeper intraslab earthquakes would be located further.Córdoba-Montiel Singh Iglesias Pérez-Campos 2018 92 Veracruz experiences moderate seismicity compared to Mexico's Pacific coast,Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 96 where the subduction zone causes frequent earthquakes.Stevens 2017 Since 1568, several earthquakes have occurred within the TMVB; the largest of which occurred in 1858 with an estimated magnitude of w 7.6.Suárez Caballero-Jiménez Novelo-Casanova 2019 3545–3547 Large earthquakes in the TMVB are infrequent and the 1912 Acambay (w 6.9) and 1920 Xalapa events are the most recent w 6.0 or larger earthquakes.Suárez Caballero-Jiménez Novelo-Casanova 2019 3547–3556 Some earthquakes affecting the state have epicenters outside the TMVB, such as in 1959 which occurred near the gulf coast.Singh Pacheco Pérez-Campos Ordaz 2015 294 Damage and casualties + Deaths by location (Geological Institute of Mexico)Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 101 Location Population DeathsInjuries Ayahualulco, Ver. 3,899 25no data Barranca Grande, Ver. 300 180All deaths caused by mudflow.no data Cosautlán, Ver. 1,500 8560 Ixhuacán, Ver. 3,305 1no data Patlanalá, Ver. 1,500 239All but one death caused by mudflow.2 Quimixtlán, Pue. no data 8010 Teocelo, Ver. 5,000 3585 Xalapa, Ver. 20,000 310Total648This figure from the Geological Institute of Mexico is the lowest estimate available. Various sources also states 700, 800, 1,500 and 4,000 deaths for which, no statistics exists.167 Reports on the death toll vary widely. Early newspaper accounts estimated between 2,000 and 4,000 casualties,Report Mexican village swallowed by earthquake https://books.google.com/books?id=YW1CAAAAIBAJ&dq=Mexico+earthquake&pg=PA7&article_id=1507,961983 28 November 2024 Biddeford Weekly Journal 11 LXXV 9 January 1920 7Mexican earthquake LXII 15272 5 https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TC19200112.2.26.36 28 November 2024 Colonist 12 January 1920Fernanda R. R. El terremoto que sacudió hace 100 años a Veracruz y Puebla The earthquake that shook Veracruz and Puebla 100 years ago es https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/cultura/el-terremoto-que-sacudio-hace-100-anos-veracruz-y-puebla/ 28 November 2024 El Universal 28 December 2019Death toll from eruptions large https://books.google.com/books?id=WwlRAAAAIBAJ&dq=Mexico+earthquake&pg=PA1&article_id=2292,2796 28 November 2024 The Newburgh Daily News 10582 9 January 1920 1National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) 1972 but a 1922 field report by the Geological Institute of Mexico documented 648 fatalities.Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 101 Later studies, published in 1988, 1996, 2018, and 2019, estimated the deaths at 4,000, 1,500, 700, and 800, respectively.Miyamura 1988 401–419Suter Carrillo-Martfnez Quintero-Legorreta 1996 1955Suárez Novelo-Casanova 2018 1896Suárez Caballero-Jiménez Novelo-Casanova 2019 3558 It is the second deadliest earthquake in Mexico's history, behind a w 8.0 event that struck Michoacan in 1985, killing more than 9,500.Torres Castillo Mora Leonardo 2012 21985 M 8.0 – 26 km NW of El Habillal, Mexico usp0002jwe The Catholic Telegraph reported the property damage at 25,000,000 (US 25,000,000 1920 eq -2Foreign exchange rates, 1922–1929 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/FRB/pages/1925-1929/28191_1925-1929.pdf Federal Reserve Board Federal Reserve Bulletin 1929).Mexican earthquake https://thecatholicnewsarchive.org/?a=d&d=TCT19200205-01.2.40&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------- The Catholic Telegraph 5 89 5 February 1920 Many buildings in Xalapa, Coatepec, Teocelo, Cosautlán, Ixhuacán, Ayahualulco, Calcahualco, Coscomatepec, Alpatláhuac, Rinconada, Huatusco and Córdoba were affected.Sánchez 2022Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 100 Masonry buildings in these areas that lacked seismic resistance were among the badly-affected structures.Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 100 Some masonry buildings cracked while wooden homes were less damaged.Flores Camacho 1922 30–31 A church, rectory, municipal building and shop were damaged or destroyed.Flores Camacho 1922 86–87 In Teocelo, a church tower partially collapsed and its roof caved-in and destroyed the altar. Cracks also appeared in the nave arches while its walls were severely cracked or crumbled.Flores Camacho 1922 33–34 A public office building and school were levelled.Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 103 The destruction in Saltillo Lafragua amounted to 209,400Historical cost in Mexican pesos: Mex$420,000 (US 209,370 1920 eq -2) and only 51 of the 375 homes remained intact. Though most adobe buildings appeared externally intact, their interiors were damaged beyond use. In the town's eastern district, where masonry buildings were scarce and most homes were wooden jacales, the impact was less extreme. There were also few masonry buildings in Agua de la Mina and the damage was limited.Flores Camacho 1922 84–85 In Chilchotla, a few wooden jacales were destroyed and a church tower partially collapsed.Flores Camacho 1922 86–87 In Xalapa, the partial collapse of Dos Corazones church ruined nearby houses and injured several people, and an orphanage, government palace and municipal building were damaged.Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 104 Nine streets including almost all the buildings on Enriquez Street were damaged.Flores Camacho 1922 34–35 The city's hospital walls cracked but the building remained operational.Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 104 In Orizaba, several people were killed when their homes collapsed while panic at a theater led several audience members to leap off the balcony, causing injuries.Two villages destroyed and scores killed when earthquake shook Mexico https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNlAAAAIBAJ&dq=Mexico+earthquake&pg=PA1&article_id=5222,464309 28 November 2024 Edmonton Journal 145 16 5 January 1920 1 The region's mountainous topography and 10 days of heavy precipitation destabilized slopes prior to 4 January.Flores Camacho 1922 90–92Carrasco-Núñez Díaz-Castellón Siebert Hubbard 2006 161 The earthquake triggered landslides that obstructed the Huitzilapa River and its tributaries.Carrasco-Núñez Díaz-Castellón Siebert Hubbard 2006 161 These landslide deposits combined with river debris, forming a mass that cascaded through multiple villages for 20 km and left a 10 m thick debris layer.Carrasco-Núñez Díaz-Castellón Siebert Hubbard 2006 161 Further downhill, it became a hyperconcentrated flow.Carrasco-Núñez Díaz-Castellón Siebert Hubbard 2006 161 After merging with the Pescado River near Teocelo, the flow travelled 80 km towards the Gulf of Mexico. It buried the villages of Acuatlatipa, El Rincón, Mecatitla and Petlacuacán along the way.Suárez Novelo-Casanova 2018 1896 Human and animal remains were strewn along the Pescado River bank and bodies were carried toward Jalcomulco and the Antigua River.Flores Camacho 1922 37 The mountains in the area exhibited landslide scars of dislocated earth, vegetation and bedrock.Flores Camacho 1922 90–92 Altogether, these landslides killed at least 419 people.National Seismological Service n.d. 5 Response vertical Saltillo Lafragua, earthquake 1920 - panoramio.jpg The interior of a church reveals outer walls still standing, while the floor is strewn with rubble from the collapsed roof above, leaving the space open to the sky. Saltillo Lafragua, earthquake 1920 - panoramio (1).jpg Ruined home in Saltillo Lafragua. Ruins of a church and home in Saltillo Lafragua Governmental and civilian relief efforts were immediately mobilised to provide aid. On 6 January, Veracruz governor Cándido Aguilar formed a disaster relief board and, with military assistance, traveled to four towns, distributing money, food and clothing.Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 106 Under his supervision, public infrastructure and buildings were rebuilt, and refugee shelters were established in severely impacted areas such as Teocelo.Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 109 Aguilar also ordered civic and military forces in affected towns to support Harry Hopkins and Haner Borst of the American Red Cross, who, accompanied by Catholic priest Francisco J. Krill, assessed the impact and offered aid.Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 115–116 Additional Red Cross members and medical personnel treated the wounded and managed burials. Charities and civil organizations contributed significantly to the recovery.Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 109 The San Francisco de las Peñas municipal government initiated a donation drive, while some state employees donated a day's wages.Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 104 For reconstruction, the local government allocated between 2,500Historical cost in Mexican pesos: Mex$5,000 (US 2,492 1920 eq -2) and 29,900Historical cost in Mexican pesos: Mex$60,000 (US 29,910 1920 eq -2) for each of the eight affected towns with Xalapa, Coatepec, and Cosautlán receiving the largest amount.Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 109–110 They also reserved 19,940Historical cost in Mexican pesos: Mex$40,000 (US 19,940 1920 eq -2) for affected individuals.Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 103 The Sonora governor, Adolfo de la Huerta, donated 2,000Historical cost in Mexican pesos: Mex$4,000 (US 2,033 1920 eq -2) to relief groups in Puebla and Veracruz.Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 111 In Xalapa, the police inspected and evicted residents from buildings at risk of collapse.Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 105 Restoring the government palace's ceiling lights, paintings, and decorations cost over 6,600Historical cost in Mexican pesos: Mex$13,300 (US 6,630 1920 eq -2).Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 95 Rafael Guízar y Valencia, the Bishop of Veracruz, coordinated a donation drive.Flores Lorenzo Rodríguez Marcilhacy 2019 111–112 El Dictamen promoted and organised Guízar's fundraising efforts while in Mexico City, El Universal and Excélsior initiated public donation drives. With assistance from these newspapers, Guízar raised more than 149,600Historical cost in Mexican pesos: Mex$300,000 (US 149,550 1920 eq -2) by 9 January.Freixa Redondo 2021 112 The Mexican diaspora in the United States also contributed to Guízar's fund, among them, the San Antonio-based Spanish-language newspaper La Presna raised 15,000 (US 15,000 1920 eq -2). In Teocelo, he preached a sermon and distributed 1,500Historical cost in Mexican pesos: Mex$3,000 (US 1,496 1920 eq -2) to residents. The El Salvador and Honduras government and Red Cross donated 10,000 (US 10,000 1920 eq -2) each while Pope Benedict XV donated an undisclosed amount.Red Cross sends $10,000 for Mexico quake victims https://books.google.com/books?id=YxwbAAAAIBAJ&dq=Mexico+earthquake&pg=PA71&article_id=1955,1182168 28 November 2024 United Press The Pittsburgh Press 18 January 1920 71 See also Geography of Mexico List of earthquakes in Mexico List of earthquakes in 1920 Notes References Sources Agence France-Presse The seismic zone worrying quake-hit Mexico https://phys.org/news/2021-09-seismic-zone-quake-hit-mexico.html Phys.org 26 August 2022 9 September 2021 Andrews R. G. 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Dávalos J.L. Álvarez M. Rodríguez Maps of Seismic Intensity in the Metropolitan Area Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/WCEE2012_1196.pdf 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Lisbon 2012 January 2, 2021 Viveros J. A. B. Reynoso G. S. Schroeder M. G. O. A probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, Mexico based on historical and instrumentally recorded seismicity Geofísica Internacional 2017 56 1 87–101 10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2017.56.1.1749 https://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/geoint/v56n1/0016-7169-geoint-56-01-87.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20240503230128/https://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/geoint/v56n1/0016-7169-geoint-56-01-87.pdf 3 May 2024 Xalapa Xalapa Earthquake 1920 Earthquake Category:History of Veracruz Category:History of Puebla Category:Landslides in North America Category:Earthquakes in Mexico Category:Buried rupture earthquakes Xalapa earthquake Xalapa earthquake