1st century in Lebanon

none 1st century in Lebanon Key event(s): Birth of Christianity, Year of the Four Emperorsthumb|center|Herakles with the Apples of the Hesperides, Roman statue dating back to the 1st century CE, from a temple at Byblos, Lebanon. Chronology: * ← 1st century BC 1st century 2nd century → This article lists historical events that occurred between 1–100 in modern-day Lebanon or regarding its people. Administration Kingdom at the Beqaa The Itureans dwelt in the region of Mount Lebanon according to an inscription from 6–12 AD, in which Quintus Aemilius Secundus relates that he was sent by Quirinius against the Itureans in Mount Lebanon.Zeichmann Christopher B. 2018 Text sometimes related to the Augustan cohort of Acts 28 (i.e., cohors Augusta) https://armyofromanpalestine.com/0201 2022-10-28 Database of Military Inscriptions and Papyri of Early Roman Palestine thumb|252x252px|Map of Roman Palestine in the first century; according to Conder (1889) in AD 39, the district of ItureaA region that included Mount Lebanon,Steve Mason, Life of Josephus,Brill, 2007 p.54, n.306.Dau, Butros. "History of the Maronites: Religious, Cultural, and Political." Lebanon, 1984, p. 51 Chalcis, and the Beqaa ValleyBerndt Schaller, 'Ituraea' in Der Kleine Pauly: Lexicon der Antike, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 5 vols. Bd.2. 1979, p.1492. was given by Caligula to a certain Soemus,Also written as Sohemus he was also known as the 'tetrarch of Lebanon' by the Romano-Jewish historian Josephus.Josephus, Vita, 11 Soemus reigned until his death in AD 49, when his kingdom was incorporated into the province of Syria (Tacitus, Annals, xii. 23). thumb|Coin of Herod of Chalcis, showing him with his brother Agrippa of Judaea crowning Roman Emperor Claudius I.|left In AD 41, at Herod Agrippa's request, his brother Herod was given "Chalcis" in the Beqaa Valley, with its center of worship being Baalbek,Ragette, Baalbek, p. 16, quoting Josephus. and allowed the title of basileus by Claudius.1 Agrippa, Herod, I. 1 425 King Herod of Chalcis reigned until his death in AD 48, whereupon his kingdom was given to Agrippa's son Agrippa II, though only as a tetrarchy. http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=913&letter=A&search=Agrippa%20II Agrippa II: "In the year 50, without regard to the rights of the heir to the throne, he had himself appointed ... to the principality of Chalcis by the emperor."Herod Agrippa II - Livius https://www.livius.org/articles/person/herod-agrippa-ii/ 2022-10-15 www.livius.org In the Acts of the Apostles 12.20, in which Herod Agrippa is 'depicted as a typical persecuting tyrant', it is mentioned that the king furiously quarrelled with the people of Sidon and Tyre, and forbade the export of food to them. As they were dependent on delivery of food from Judea, and Judea was affected by famine, the two cities joined and sought an audience with him. After they secured support of Blastus, a trusted personal servant of the king, they asked for peace, because they depended on the king's country for their food supply.Alexander Loveday https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ The Oxford Bible Commentary 2007 Oxford University Press 978-0-19-927718-6 Barton John first (paperback) 1028–1061 62. Acts February 6, 2019 Muddiman John, p. 1043. Agrippa II expended large sums in beautifying Berytus (ancient Beirut), a Hellenised city in Phoenicia. His partiality for the Lebanese city rendered him unpopular amongst his Jewish subjects.Beirut, Inscription mentioning Queen Berenice and King Agrippa II - Livius https://www.livius.org/pictures/lebanon/beirut-berytus/beirut-museum-pieces/beirut-inscription-mentioning-queen-berenice-and-king-agrippa-ii/ 2022-10-15 www.livius.orgBerytus - Encyclopedia of The Bible - Bible Gateway https://www.biblegateway.com/resources/encyclopedia-of-the-bible/Berytus 2022-10-15 www.biblegateway.com en He invested heavily in building a theater for the people of the city, providing them with annual spectacles and spending large sums—tens of thousands of drachmas—on the project. In addition, he supplied the people with grain and distributed olive oil. He also enhanced the city by erecting statues and replicas of ancient sculptures, essentially transferring nearly all of the kingdom’s ornaments to Berytus. This caused resentment among his subjects, as they felt stripped of their possessions to beautify a 'foreign city'.Linda Jones Hall (2004), p. 62 He was forced to give up the tetrarchy of Chalcis in AD 53, but in exchange Claudius made him ruler with the title of king over the territories previously governed by Philip the Tetrarch.Josephus, Antiquities (book 20, chapter 7, verse 1); Josephus, Wars of the Jews (book 2, chapter 12, verse 8).Hoehner Harold W. Herod Antipas 108 Zondervan Contemporary evangelical perspectives: biblical history (Volume 17) 1980 1972 978-0-310-42251-8 https://books.google.com/books?id=Aw00tXpMSpIC&pg=PA108 2016-09-10Orr, James The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Delmarva 6669 2018 1939 https://books.google.com/books?id=zSDsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT6669 Reign of the Flavians When the Roman emperor Vespasian (1 July 69 23 June 79) and king Agrippa came to Tyre, the inhabitants of the city began to speak reproachfully of the king, and called him an enemy to the Romans; for they said that Philip, the general of his army, had betrayed the royal palace and the Roman forces that were in Jerusalem, and that it was done by his command. When Vespasian heard of this report, he rebuked the Tyrians for abusing a man who was "both a king and a friend to the Romans".The Life of Flavius Josephus — Flavius Josephus, 74. Moreover, Vespasian maintained ties with the soldier-colony of Berytus and, after departing from Caesarea, received declarations of allegiance in Berytus. These came from various embassies representing Syria and other provinces, as well as from the legions and the governor of Syria, Mucianus. Josephus highlights the connection between Berytus and the Flavians, describing Titus's journey through the East. After stopping in Caesarea in the winter of 70 CE, where he celebrated his brother's birthday with grand festivities, Titus moved to Berytus. He stayed there longer and marked his father's birthday on November 17 with extraordinary spectacles, showcasing great extravagance and ingenuity. Large numbers of Jewish captives from the Jewish War were executed in contests with wild beasts or with one another or in flames.Linda Jones Hall (2004), p. 47 End of Chalcis The tetrarchy of Chalcis previously surrendered by Agrippa II was subsequently in 57 given to his cousin Aristobulus, the son of Herod of Chalcis (Acts 25:13; 26:2,7 yes). After the death of Aristobulus in AD 92, Chalcis was absorbed into the province of Syria. According to Photius, Agrippa II died at the age of seventy in the third year of the reign of Trajan (AD 100),Photius cod. 33 but statements of Josephus, in addition to the contemporary epigraphy from his kingdom. The modern scholarly consensus holds that he died before 93/94.Rajak (1996), Iulius Agrippa (2) II, Marcus Following his death his realm of Chalcis at the Beqaa as well came under the direct rule of Rome. Events 30s thumb|Reputed site of the stoning of the Christian deacon Stephen in AD 34, Greek Orthodox Church of St Stephen, Kidron Valley, Jerusalem|left Persecution of Christians in Jerusalem forces many followers to seek refuge in Lebanon around AD 34.XXVII.IV 2020-05-09 Christianity's Roots In Lebanon, and The Maronites https://medium.com/@AsAbove_SoBelow/christianitys-roots-are-in-lebanon-18ff3e224d05 2022-10-14 Medium en Sohemus is tetrarch of Lebanon, AD 39. 40s Herod I of Chalcis reigns as ruler of Chalcis, a small ancient kingdom of the Beqaa Valley,Herod Agrippa II - Livius https://www.livius.org/articles/person/herod-agrippa-ii/ 2022-10-14 www.livius.org AD 41.Frederic William Madden https://books.google.com/books?id=T2JRAAAAcAAJ&dq=king+of+Chalcis&pg=PA113 History of Jewish Coinage, and of Money in the Old and New Testament January 1, 1864 B. Quaritch 113 thumb|Ruins at Qalaat Faqra.|left The tower of Claudius in Qalaat Faqra, Kisrawan is completed in 43 AD.Tower of Claudius http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/tower-of-claudius 2022-10-14 Atlas Obscura en The temple of Zeus Beelgalasos, a sanctuary of Atargatis dedicated to Agrippa II and his sister Berenice, and two altars, are built in AD 44 in Qalaat Faqra.Kropp Andreas J. M. https://books.google.com/books?id=fsoipziOWpYC&pg=PA333 Images and Monuments of Near Eastern Dynasts, 100 BC - AD 100 2013 OUP Oxford 978-0-19-967072-7 333–335 en 4 April 2018 50s Governor of Syria Ummidius Durmius Quadratus is in Tyre in 52 AD; he sat for court hearings there.Linda Jones Hall (2004), p. 86 In AD 53, Agrippa II is forced to give up the tetrarchy of Chalcis, in exchange Claudius made him ruler with the title of king over the territories previously governed by Philip. According to a milestone from Berytus, in 56 AD Ummidius supervises construction work on one of the main roads of the province which ran along the Mediterranean coast and linked Ptolemais with Antioch. The tetrarchy of Chalcis is given to Agrippa's cousin, Aristobulus, AD 57. Paul the Apostle visits Tyre in AD 58 and meet with the Disciples and stays with them for 7 days. They pleaded with him not to go to Jerusalem due to persecution against Christians there.(Acts of the Apostles 21:3–6). 60s Paul the Apostle is allowed, on his way to Rome as a prisoner around AD 60, to meet his friends in Sidon.(Acts of the Apostles 27:3) thumb|Symbol of the martyrdom of Thaddeus According to tradition, Thaddeus, together with Simon the Zealot, both apostles of Jesus, suffer martyrdom about AD 65 in Beirut.McDowell, Sean (2016). The Fate of the Apostles: Examining the Martyrdom Accounts of the Closest Followers of Jesus. Routledge. p. 247. 978-1-317-03189-5.admin_stj 2016-10-20 Who is Saint Jude? https://www.stjudeshrine.org.uk/about/who-saint-jude 2022-10-14 National Shrine of Saint Jude en2012-12-01 St. Jude Shrine Koothattukulam : St.Jude the Apostle http://www.stjudekoothattukulam.org/st_judeapostle.html 2022-10-14 https://web.archive.org/web/20121201074315/http://www.stjudekoothattukulam.org/st_judeapostle.html 2012-12-01 Golden Legend The city of Tyre helps the emperors Titus and Vespasian to suffocate the Jewish revolt in Palestine in AD 66.Tyre, Birthplace of Europe Roman ports https://www.romanports.org/en/articles/ports-in-focus/698-tyre-birthplace-of-europe.html 2022-10-14 www.romanports.org Shortly after the acclamation of Vespasian had occurred at Alexandria on July 1, he and Mucianus hold a conference at Berytus, planning their campaign in mid-July, AD 69.Leveritt Will 2015-07-03 On this day in AD69 Vespasian was acclaimed emperor by his troops in Judaea https://blogs.nottingham.ac.uk/mintimperials/2015/07/03/on-this-day-in-ad69-vespasian-was-acclaimed-emperor-by-his-troops-in-judaea/ 2022-10-14 Mint Imperials en-US Lucius Antonius Naso, native of Baalbek, serves as tribune of the Praetorian Guard in the year 69.Fields Nic https://books.google.com/books?id=jUERBQAAQBAJ AD69: Emperors, Armies and Anarchy 2014 Pen and Sword 978-1-4738-3814-7 English 2016-02-13Cotton Hannah https://books.google.com/books?id=7fVsvzHi8iQC From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in the Roman Near East 2009 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87581-3 51 2016-02-13 70s Titus celebrates his father's birthday on November 17, 70 AD in Berytus, showcasing costly spectacles and executing many Jewish captives. 90s Aristobulus of Chalcis dies in AD 92, causing Chalcis to be absorbed into the Roman province of Syria. Religion Paganism Despite the Roman control over Beirut and its surrounding areas, there is a strong element of continuity with the Hellenistic past. The Greek god Poseidon is represented on Roman coins issued by Berytus, and it is almost certain that there was a Temple in the Roman city.Paturel, Simone (2019), p 128. Ecclesiastical administration thumb|Disciples Erastus, Olympas, Rhodion, Sosipater, Quartus of Beirut and Tertius (Menologion of Basil II)|260x260px According to tradition, the diocese of Tripoli in Phoenicia was founded in the apostolic age with MaronNot to be confused with Maron, the 4th century religious figure chosen as the first bishop by the apostle Peter,Le Quien, Oriens christianus, vol. II, coll. 821-822. and Tyre was the seat of one of the oldest Christian communities, dating back to the dawn of Christianity, and Quartus was the bishop of Berytus (Beirut) AD 50.Quartus - Smith's Bible Dictionary - Bible Dictionary https://www.christianity.com/bible/dictionary/smiths-bible-dictionary/quartus.html 2022-10-15 www.christianity.com Traditionally, the Evangelist Mark is considered to have been the first Bishop of Byblos and Silas (Silouan) the first Bishop of Botris, both assigned to their sees by the Apostle Peter.Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of Mount Lebanon http://www.ortmtlb.org.lb/ 2022-10-15 Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of Mount Lebanon en-gb thumb|Crucifix graffiti on the walls of the ruined Savior Church in Tyre. It was built in a place where Jesus supposedly sat down on a rock and had a meal.|240x240px|left The city of Tyre is mentioned in the Gospels in a proverb quoted by Jesus himself (Matthew 11,21); according to the testimony of Luke (6.17), at the preaching of Jesus there were also faithful from the coast of Tyre and Sidon; and Jesus himself went to the region of Tyre and Sidon to work miracles such as the exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter (Mark 7,24-31). Soon a Christian community was formed in the city, which was visited by Paul the Apostle (Acts of the Apostles 21: 3-7) on his last journey to Jerusalem before his arrest. thumb|right|Arabic miniature painting of the exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter, 1684 AD. Economy During the reign of Vespasian, shops in the forum were restored. There is also evidence in Josephus of substantial Jewish interest in silk, both in trade and production, especially in Berytus and Tyre. In the Roman period, Jiyeh was a production site of Beirut Type 2 amphoraeThe form – Beirut Type 1 – has a projecting rim and fairly large handles. Beirut Type 2 is similar to the first form with a more defined rim and was produced in the Augustan period, suddenly ending by the late 1st century CE. transporting olive oil from the 1st century AD onwards,American University of Beirut Roman amphorae in the Near East: a study of the distribution of Spanish, North African, and local types by Naseem Naji Raad and local produce from Berytus, probably wine, was carried in locally made amphorae stamped with the name of the city, “BER,” and “COL”.Paturel, Simone (2019), p 145. Architecture Two lower Roman temples that date back to the 1st century AD, Niha, Zahlé.The Roman Near East: 31 BC-AD 337 (Carl Newell Jackson Lectures) Harvard University Press (March 15, 1995) p. 282 Roman temple of Bziza. Tower of Claudius, temple of Zeus, a sanctuary, and two altars, Qalaat Faqra, Kisrawan. In the mid-1st century, a number of Julio-Claudian emperors enriched the sanctuary of the Temple of Jupiter, Baabek, causing it to be largely completed by AD 60 as evidenced by a graffito located on one of the topmost column drums.Lyttelton 1996.Rowland 1956Kropp Lohmann 2011 A statue of Liber Pater, Roman Forum in Beirut, placed during the reign of Vespasian.Paturel, Simone (2019), p 126. Public buildings Historical records from Josephus highlight the construction of several notable public buildings in Berytus by Herod Agrippa, including a theatre, an amphitheatre, baths, and porticoes.Josephus, De Bello Judaico (Wars of the Jews) v.iv.§ 2 Additionally, Josephus recounts that during the inauguration of these structures, 1,400 prisoners were forced to participate in gladiatorial battles.Paturel, Simone (2019), p 129. People 20s thumb|Bronze prutah of Pontius Pilate (worn, clipped, 15mm, 1.97g.). Obverse: ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ surrounding lituus. Reverse: Wreath surrounding date LIϚ (year 16, 29/30 CE). Found in Lebanon. The Roman Latin grammarian, literature master, philologist and critic Marcus Valerius Probus, who flourished under the reign of Nero, is born in Berytus, AD 25.Marcus Valerius Probus Roman critic Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marcus-Valerius-Probus 2022-10-15 www.britannica.com en Probus, Marcus Valerius 22 408 1 40s thumb|Tombstone of Roman soldier Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera.|348x348px Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera, a Roman soldier of Phoenician descent born in Sidon, dies in AD 40, at the age of 62 years.Whitehead, James; Burns, Michael (2008). The Panther: Posthumous Poems. Springfield, Mo.: Moon City Press. pp. 15–17. 978-0-913785-12-6.Deissmann, Adolf; Strachan, Lionel R.M. (2003). Light From the Ancient East: The New Testament Illustrated by Recently Discovered Texts of the Graeco Roman World. Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger Pub. pp. 73–74. 0-7661-7406-9.Campbell, J.B. (1994). The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337: A Sourcebook. Routledge. p. 37. 0-415-07173-9. Antiquarian writer of grammatical, lexical and historical works and writer of Phoenician history Philo of Byblos is born AD 42. Philo, Herennius 21 413 1 Herod I dies in AD 48, passing his throne to his son, Herod Agrippa II. 70s The cartographer and mathematician Marinus of Tyre is born, AD 70. The projection method of his charts, from the Atlantic to China, will be picked up and revived by Mercator fourteen centuries later.George Sarton (1936). "The Unity and Diversity of the Mediterranean World", Osiris 2, p. 406-463 [430]. See also Christianity in the 1st century Notes References Sources Linda Jones Hall, Roman Berytus: Beirut in late antiquity (2004) 2 cols. 829–832 Kropp Andreas Lohmann Daniel Levant April 2011 1 38–50 'Master, look at the size of those stones! Look at the size of those buildings!' Analogies in Construction Techniques Between the Temples at Heliopolis (Baalbek) and Jerusalem 10.1179/007589111X12966443320819 Lyttelton, Margaret (1996). "Baalbek", 3, 1 3, in The Dictionary of Art, 34 volumes, edited by Jane Turner. New York: Grove. 978-1-884446-00-9. Rowland Benjamin Jr. Artibus Asiae 1956 19, No. 3/4 353–361 The Vine-Scroll in Gandhāra Paturel Simone https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004400733 Baalbek-Heliopolis, the Bekaa, and Berytus from 100 BCE to 400 CE 2019-07-01 BRILL 978-90-04-40073-3 Lebanon Category:Centuries in Lebanon