2004 United States presidential election in Virginia

none June 2025 September 2023 2004 United States presidential election 2004 United States presidential election in Virginia Virginia presidential no 2000 United States presidential election in Virginia 2000 2008 United States presidential election in Virginia 2008 70.79%Registration/Turnout Reports - Summary of Virginia Registration & Turnout Statistics https://www.elections.virginia.gov/resultsreports/registrationturnout-statistics/ Virginia Department of Elections November 2, 2004 x200px George-W-Bush (cropped).jpeg George W. Bush Republican Party (United States) Texas Dick Cheney 13 1,716,959 53.68% John F. Kerry (wide crop).jpg John Kerry Democratic Party (United States) Massachusetts John Edwards 0 1,454,742 45.48% 436px County and independent city results 436px Congressional district results 436px Precinct results Bush #f2b3be 40–50% #e27f90 50–60% #cc2f4a 60–70% #d40000 70–80% #aa0000 80–90% Kerry #b9d7ff 40–50% #86b6f2 50–60% #4389e3 60–70% #1666cb 70–80% #0645B4 80–90% #002B84 90–100% Tie/No Data #D4C4DC #808080 President George W. Bush Republican Party (United States) George W. Bush Republican Party (United States) The 2004 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 2, 2004, and was part of the 2004 United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Virginia was won by incumbent President George W. Bush by an 8.20% margin of victory. Prior to the election, all 12 news organizations considered this a state Bush would win, or otherwise a red state. The state had voted for the Republican candidate in all presidential elections since 1952 except for 1964's Democratic landslide. This pattern continued in 2004, although it would be broken four years later by the Democratic victory in 2008. 2024 11 As of the 2024 presidential election, this is the last time that Virginia has voted for a Republican candidate in a presidential election (or in any federal statewide election). This is also the last time Virginia and West Virginia have voted for the same presidential candidate. This was also the last time Buchanan County and Dickenson County would vote Democratic for president; and the last time Loudoun County, Prince William County, and Henrico County, and the independent cities of Winchester, Radford, Staunton, Harrisonburg, Manassas, Suffolk, Hopewell, and Manassas Park, would vote Republican for president. Kerry narrowly won Northern Virginia, which would transform into a Democratic stronghold in 2008. Bush became the first Republican to win the White House without carrying Fairfax County since Calvin Coolidge in 1924. Primaries 2004 Virginia Democratic presidential primary Campaign Predictions There were 12 news organizations who made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day.http://www.dcpoliticalreport.com/members/2004/Pred2.htm%23NW D.C.'s Political Report's 2004 Presidential Ratings 29 October 2004 www.dcpoliticalreport.com 26 January 2022 https://archive.today/20120729225933/http://www.dcpoliticalreport.com/members/2004/Pred2.htm%23NW 29 July 2012 usurped +SourceRankingD.C. Political ReportSolid RAssociated PressLean RCNNLikely RCook Political ReportLean RNewsweekLean RNew York TimesLean RRasmussen ReportsLikely RResearch 2000Solid RWashington PostLikely RWashington TimesSolid RZogby InternationalLikely RWashington DispatchLikely R Polling Bush won every single pre-election poll. The final 3 poll average showed Bush leading 50% to 45%.2004 Presidential Election Polls https://uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/GENERAL/CAMPAIGN/2004/polls.php?fips=51 Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Election Fundraising Bush raised $8,594,386.http://www.campaignmoney.com/political/campaigns/george_w_bush.asp?cycle=04 George W Bush — $374,659,453 raised, '04 election cycle, Republican Party, President campaignmoney.com 26 July 2017 Kerry raised $6,125,128.http://www.campaignmoney.com/political/campaigns/john_f_kerry.asp?cycle=04 John F Kerry — $345,826,176 raised, '04 election cycle, Democratic Party, President campaignmoney.com 26 July 2017 Advertising and visits Neither campaign advertised or visited this state during the fall election.http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/special/president/tracking/ CNN CNN.com Specialshttp://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/special/president/campaign.ads/ CNN CNN.com Specials Analysis For about 80 years after the Civil War, Virginia was, like most other former Confederate states, reliably Democratic at the presidential level. After the passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s, Virginia turned strongly Republican at the presidential level, being the only former Confederate state to vote for Gerald Ford over Jimmy Carter in 1976. Much of the Republican strength in the state was based in the large and growing Richmond- and Washington, D.C.-area suburbs of Henrico, Chesterfield, and Fairfax Counties. This trend would start to change in the 2000s; although Bush was widely expected to carry Virginia and did prevail in the state by over 8 points, this election set the stage for the state to become more competitive on the presidential level in the future. Though the state was uncontested by both campaigns,Sabato Larry J. Kerry Can Win Virginia…But Will He? – Sabato's Crystal Ball https://centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/ljs2004060301/ 2021-11-08 en-US John Kerry became the first Democrat since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 to carry Fairfax County, long a key Republican stronghold and the most populous county in the state. He was also the first Democrat since Harry S. Truman in 1948 to carry the independent city of Danville and Albermarle County.Menendez Albert J. The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004 2005 131, 328–331 0786422173 However, Bush managed to keep the margin in Virginia roughly unchanged with respect to 2000 by making further inroads in rural Virginia, particularly in Southwest Virginia, a heavily unionized region that had traditionally been one of the Democratic strongholds in the state. Bush became the first Republican to carry Russell County since 1972 and expanded his margin by over 10 points in Washington, Scott, Wise, Lee, and Smyth Counties. These countervailing trends would continue in subsequent elections, with Democrats expanding their support in Fairfax County while Republicans showed increasing support in Appalachian Virginia. Results 2004 United States presidential election in VirginiaClerk of the U.S. House of Representatives Clerk of the United States House of Representatives Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 2, 2004 https://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/2004election.pdfPartyCandidateRunning mateVotesPercentageElectoral votes Republican George W. Bush (inc.) Dick Cheney (incumbent) 1,716,959 53.68% 13 Democratic John Kerry John Edwards 1,454,742 45.48% 0 Libertarian Michael Badnarik Richard Campagna 11,032 0.34% 0 Constitution Michael Peroutka Chuck Baldwin 10,161 0.32% 0 Independent (Write-in) Ralph Nader (Write-in) Peter Camejo 2,393 0.07% 0 Green (Write-in) David Cobb (Write-in) Pat LaMarche 104 <0.01% 0 Write-ins 2,976 0.09% 0 Totals 3,198,367 100.00% 13 Voter turnout (Voting age population) 57.2% — By city/county County/cityGeorge W. BushRepublicanJohn KerryDemocraticOther candidatesVarious partiesMarginTotal votes cast # % # % # % # % Accomack 7,726 57.85% 5,518 41.31% 112 0.84% 2,208 16.54% 13,356Albemarle 21,189 48.46% 22,088 50.51% 449 1.03% -899 -2.05% 43,726Alexandria 19,844 32.26% 41,116 66.84% 555 0.90% -21,272 -34.58% 61,515 Alleghany 3,962 55.07% 3,203 44.52% 30 0.42% 759 10.55% 7,195 Amelia 3,499 64.83% 1,862 34.50% 36 0.67% 1,637 30.33% 5,397 Amherst 7,758 61.11% 4,866 38.33% 71 0.56% 2,892 22.78% 12,695 Appomattox 4,366 65.60% 2,191 32.92% 98 1.47% 2,175 32.68% 6,655Arlington 29,635 31.31% 63,987 67.60% 1,028 1.09% -34,352 -36.29% 94,650 Augusta 22,100 74.40% 7,019 23.63% 585 1.97% 15,081 50.77% 29,704 Bath 1,432 62.75% 828 36.28% 22 0.96% 604 26.47% 2,282 Bedford 21,925 69.82% 9,102 28.98% 377 1.20% 12,823 40.84% 31,404 Bedford City 1,472 57.91% 1,042 40.99% 28 1.10% 430 16.92% 2,542 Bland 1,962 68.48% 846 29.53% 57 1.99% 1,116 38.95% 2,865 Botetourt 10,865 68.78% 4,801 30.39% 131 0.83% 6,064 38.39% 15,797 Bristol 4,275 63.58% 2,400 35.69% 49 0.73% 1,875 27.89% 6,724Brunswick 2,852 41.18% 4,062 58.65% 12 0.17% -1,210 -17.47% 6,926Buchanan 4,507 45.85% 5,275 53.67% 47 0.48% -768 -7.82% 9,829 Buckingham 3,185 52.85% 2,789 46.28% 53 0.88% 396 6.57% 6,027 Buena Vista 1,417 59.31% 936 39.18% 36 1.51% 481 20.13% 2,389 Campbell 15,891 69.10% 6,862 29.84% 244 1.06% 9,029 39.26% 22,997 Caroline 4,999 50.22% 4,878 49.01% 77 0.77% 121 1.21% 9,954 Carroll 8,173 67.39% 3,888 32.06% 67 0.55% 4,285 35.33% 12,128Charles City 1,254 36.46% 2,155 62.66% 30 0.87% -901 -26.20% 3,439 Charlotte 3,166 58.22% 2,223 40.88% 49 0.90% 943 17.34% 5,438Charlottesville 4,172 27.00% 11,088 71.77% 190 1.23% -6,916 -44.77% 15,450 Chesapeake 52,283 57.11% 38,744 42.32% 514 0.56% 13,539 14.79% 91,541 Chesterfield 83,745 62.58% 49,346 36.88% 723 0.54% 34,399 25.70% 133,814 Clarke 3,741 57.51% 2,699 41.49% 65 1.00% 1,042 16.02% 6,505 Colonial Heights 6,129 74.46% 2,061 25.04% 41 0.50% 4,068 49.42% 8,231Covington 1,104 47.98% 1,179 51.24% 18 0.78% -75 -3.26% 2,301 Craig 1,706 65.09% 901 34.38% 14 0.53% 805 30.71% 2,621 Culpeper 10,026 64.25% 5,476 35.09% 103 0.66% 4,550 29.16% 15,605 Cumberland 2,377 57.61% 1,721 41.71% 28 0.68% 656 15.90% 4,126Danville 9,399 49.18% 9,436 49.37% 277 1.45% -37 -0.19% 19,112Dickenson 3,591 48.49% 3,761 50.78% 54 0.73% -170 -2.29% 7,406 Dinwiddie 6,193 57.14% 4,569 42.15% 77 0.71% 1,624 14.99% 10,839Emporia 970 43.67% 1,247 56.15% 4 0.18% -277 -12.48% 2,221 Essex 2,304 53.04% 2,007 46.20% 33 0.76% 297 6.84% 4,344Fairfax 211,980 45.94% 245,671 53.25% 3,728 0.81% -33,691 -7.31% 461,379Fairfax City 5,045 47.84% 5,395 51.16% 106 1.01% -350 -3.32% 10,546Falls Church 2,074 34.01% 3,944 64.68% 80 1.31% -1,870 -30.67% 6,098 Fauquier 19,011 63.55% 10,712 35.81% 192 0.64% 8,299 27.74% 29,915 Floyd 4,162 61.81% 2,488 36.95% 84 1.25% 1,674 24.86% 6,734 Fluvanna 6,458 58.94% 4,415 40.29% 84 0.77% 2,043 18.65% 10,957 Franklin 14,048 63.21% 8,002 36.01% 173 0.78% 6,046 27.20% 22,223Franklin City 1,613 45.62% 1,910 54.02% 13 0.37% -297 -8.40% 3,536 Frederick 19,386 67.93% 8,853 31.02% 301 1.05% 10,533 36.91% 28,540Fredericksburg 3,390 44.95% 4,085 54.16% 67 0.89% -695 -9.21% 7,542 Galax 1,336 57.22% 987 42.27% 12 0.51% 349 14.95% 2,335 Giles 4,320 57.62% 3,047 40.64% 131 1.75% 1,273 16.98% 7,498 Gloucester 11,084 67.86% 5,105 31.26% 144 0.88% 5,979 36.60% 16,333 Goochland 6,668 64.50% 3,583 34.66% 87 0.84% 3,085 29.84% 10,338 Grayson 4,655 65.22% 2,430 34.05% 52 0.73% 2,225 31.17% 7,137 Greene 4,570 65.86% 2,240 32.28% 129 1.86% 2,330 33.58% 6,939Greensville 1,732 40.68% 2,514 59.04% 12 0.28% -782 -18.36% 4,258 Halifax 8,363 57.06% 6,220 42.44% 73 0.50% 2,143 14.62% 14,656Hampton 23,399 41.98% 32,016 57.44% 326 0.58% -8,617 -15.46% 55,741 Hanover 35,404 71.36% 13,941 28.10% 266 0.54% 21,463 43.26% 49,611 Harrisonburg 6,165 55.89% 4,726 42.85% 139 1.26% 1,439 13.04% 11,030 Henrico 71,809 53.82% 60,864 45.62% 745 0.56% 10,945 8.20% 133,418 Henry 13,358 56.94% 9,851 41.99% 249 1.06% 3,507 14.95% 23,458 Highland 982 64.61% 522 34.34% 16 1.05% 460 30.27% 1,520 Hopewell 4,251 53.57% 3,573 45.02% 112 1.41% 678 8.55% 7,936 Isle of Wight 9,929 62.56% 5,871 36.99% 71 0.45% 4,058 25.57% 15,871 James City 18,949 60.95% 11,934 38.39% 207 0.67% 7,015 22.56% 31,090 King and Queen 1,737 52.86% 1,506 45.83% 43 1.31% 231 7.03% 3,286 King George 5,124 64.69% 2,739 34.58% 58 0.73% 2,385 30.11% 7,921 King William 4,397 63.98% 2,436 35.45% 39 0.57% 1,961 28.53% 6,872 Lancaster 3,724 59.78% 2,477 39.76% 29 0.47% 1,247 20.02% 6,230 Lee 5,664 57.97% 4,005 40.99% 101 1.03% 1,659 16.98% 9,770 Lexington 982 41.81% 1,340 57.05% 27 1.15% -358 -15.24% 2,349 Loudoun 60,382 55.69% 47,271 43.60% 777 0.72% 13,111 12.09% 108,430 Louisa 7,083 58.85% 4,844 40.25% 108 0.90% 2,239 18.60% 12,035 Lunenburg 2,858 54.49% 2,362 45.03% 25 0.48% 496 9.46% 5,245 Lynchburg 14,400 54.67% 11,727 44.52% 213 0.81% 2,673 10.15% 26,340 Madison 3,556 61.61% 2,176 37.70% 40 0.69% 1,380 23.91% 5,772 Manassas 7,257 56.24% 5,562 43.11% 84 0.65% 1,695 13.13% 12,903 Manassas Park 1,807 54.23% 1,498 44.96% 27 0.81% 309 9.27% 3,332Martinsville 2,538 45.30% 3,036 54.19% 29 0.52% -498 -8.89% 5,603 Mathews 3,497 68.18% 1,589 30.98% 43 0.84% 1,908 37.20% 5,129 Mecklenburg 7,319 57.27% 5,293 41.42% 168 1.31% 2,026 15.85% 12,780 Middlesex 3,336 62.04% 1,914 35.60% 127 2.36% 1,422 26.44% 5,377 Montgomery 17,070 54.16% 14,128 44.83% 317 1.01% 2,942 9.33% 31,515Nelson 3,539 49.57% 3,543 49.63% 57 0.80% -4 -0.06% 7,139 New Kent 5,414 68.13% 2,443 30.75% 89 1.12% 2,971 37.38% 7,946Newport News 32,208 47.40% 35,319 51.98% 425 0.63% -3,111 -4.58% 67,952Norfolk 26,401 37.41% 43,518 61.67% 651 0.92% -17,117 -24.26% 70,570Northampton 2,669 48.54% 2,775 50.46% 55 1.00% -106 -1.92% 5,499 Northumberland 3,832 59.79% 2,548 39.76% 29 0.45% 1,284 20.03% 6,409 Norton 768 51.06% 725 48.20% 11 0.73% 43 2.86% 1,504 Nottoway 3,303 54.78% 2,635 43.70% 92 1.53% 668 11.08% 6,030 Orange 7,749 59.94% 5,015 38.79% 164 1.27% 2,734 21.15% 12,928 Page 6,221 64.78% 3,324 34.61% 58 0.60% 2,897 30.17% 9,603 Patrick 5,507 67.04% 2,572 31.31% 136 1.66% 2,935 35.73% 8,215Petersburg 2,238 18.73% 9,682 81.03% 29 0.24% -7,444 -62.30% 11,949 Pittsylvania 17,673 64.46% 9,274 33.83% 470 1.71% 8,399 30.63% 27,417 Poquoson 5,004 77.22% 1,424 21.98% 52 0.80% 3,580 55.24% 6,480Portsmouth 15,212 38.48% 24,112 60.99% 210 0.53% -8,900 -22.51% 39,534 Powhatan 8,955 73.62% 3,112 25.59% 96 0.79% 5,843 48.03% 12,163Prince Edward 3,571 48.81% 3,632 49.64% 113 1.54% -61 -0.83% 7,316 Prince George 8,131 61.35% 5,066 38.22% 57 0.43% 3,065 23.13% 13,254 Prince William 69,776 52.84% 61,271 46.40% 1,016 0.77% 8,505 6.44% 132,063 Pulaski 8,769 61.53% 5,310 37.26% 172 1.21% 3,459 24.27% 14,251 Radford 2,564 52.92% 2,244 46.32% 37 0.76% 320 6.60% 4,845 Rappahannock 2,172 53.63% 1,837 45.36% 41 1.01% 335 8.27% 4,050 Richmond 2,082 61.95% 1,243 36.98% 36 1.07% 839 24.97% 3,361Richmond City 21,637 29.11% 52,167 70.19% 521 0.70% -30,530 -41.08% 74,325 Roanoke 30,596 65.14% 16,082 34.24% 295 0.63% 14,514 30.90% 46,973Roanoke City 16,661 46.28% 18,862 52.39% 477 1.33% -2,201 -6.11% 36,000 Rockbridge 5,412 58.95% 3,627 39.51% 142 1.55% 1,785 19.44% 9,181 Rockingham 21,737 74.40% 7,273 24.89% 206 0.71% 14,464 49.51% 29,216 Russell 6,077 53.20% 5,167 45.23% 179 1.57% 910 7.97% 11,423 Salem 7,115 61.96% 4,254 37.04% 115 1.00% 2,861 24.92% 11,484 Scott 6,479 65.00% 3,324 33.35% 164 1.65% 3,155 31.65% 9,967 Shenandoah 11,820 68.94% 5,186 30.25% 140 0.82% 6,634 38.69% 17,146 Smyth 7,906 64.18% 4,143 33.63% 270 2.19% 3,763 30.55% 12,319 Southampton 4,018 53.63% 3,431 45.80% 43 0.57% 587 7.83% 7,492 Spotsylvania 28,527 62.77% 16,623 36.58% 295 0.65% 11,904 26.19% 45,445 Stafford 28,500 61.98% 17,208 37.42% 278 0.60% 11,292 24.56% 45,986 Staunton 5,805 60.29% 3,756 39.01% 68 0.71% 2,049 21.28% 9,629 Suffolk 16,763 52.08% 15,233 47.32% 193 0.60% 1,530 4.76% 32,189Surry 1,543 43.81% 1,954 55.48% 25 0.71% -411 -11.67% 3,522Sussex 1,890 43.50% 2,420 55.70% 35 0.81% -530 -12.20% 4,345 Tazewell 10,039 57.43% 7,184 41.10% 257 1.47% 2,855 16.33% 17,480 Virginia Beach 103,752 59.06% 70,666 40.22% 1,269 0.72% 33,086 18.84% 175,687 Warren 8,600 61.13% 5,241 37.25% 227 1.61% 3,359 23.88% 14,068 Washington 14,749 65.51% 7,339 32.60% 426 1.89% 7,410 32.91% 22,514 Waynesboro 5,092 63.95% 2,792 35.06% 79 0.99% 2,300 28.89% 7,963 Westmoreland 3,433 50.13% 3,370 49.21% 45 0.66% 63 0.92% 6,848Williamsburg 2,064 47.78% 2,216 51.30% 40 0.93% -152 -3.52% 4,320 Winchester 5,283 56.55% 3,967 42.46% 93 1.00% 1,316 14.09% 9,343 Wise 8,330 58.20% 5,802 40.54% 180 1.26% 2,528 17.66% 14,312 Wythe 7,911 68.47% 3,581 30.99% 62 0.54% 4,330 37.48% 11,554 York 19,396 64.91% 10,276 34.39% 208 0.70% 9,120 30.52% 29,880Totals1,716,95953.68%1,454,74245.48%26,6660.84%262,2178.20%3,198,367 right 300px Swing by county and independent city Legend #00a1c8 Democratic — +>15% #00bdec Democratic — +12.5-15% #09ceff Democratic — +10-12.5% #4bdbff Democratic — +7.5-10% #77e3ff Democratic — +5-7.5% #aaeeff Democratic — +2.5-5% #d5f6ff Democratic — +0-2.5% #ffd5d5 Republican — +0-2.5% #ffaaaa Republican — +2.5-5% #ff8080 Republican — +5-7.5% #ff5555 Republican — +7.5-10% #ff2a2a Republican — +10-12.5% #ff0000 Republican — +12.5-15% #d40000 Republican — +>15% 300px Trend by county and independent city Legend #00a1c8 Democratic — +>15% #00bdec Democratic — +12.5-15% #09ceff Democratic — +10-12.5% #4bdbff Democratic — +7.5-10% #77e3ff Democratic — +5-7.5% #aaeeff Democratic — +2.5-5% #d5f6ff Democratic — +0-2.5% #ffd5d5 Republican — +0-2.5% #ffaaaa Republican — +2.5-5% #ff8080 Republican — +5-7.5% #ff5555 Republican — +7.5-10% #ff2a2a Republican — +10-12.5% #ff0000 Republican — +12.5-15% #d40000 Republican — +>15% 300px County and independent city flips Legend Democratic #92c5de Hold #0671b0 Flip Republican #f48882 Hold #ca0120 Flip Counties and independent cities that flipped from Democratic to Republican Caroline (largest municipality: Bowling Green) Russell (largest municipality: Lebanon) Southampton (largest municipality: Courtland) Norton (independent city) Suffolk (independent city) Counties and independent cities that flipped from Republican to Democratic Albemarle (largest municipality: Scottsville) Fairfax (largest municipality: Herndon) Nelson (largest municipality: Nellysford) Prince Edward (largest municipality: Farmville) Danville (independent city) Fairfax (independent city) Williamsburg (independent city) By congressional district Bush won nine of 11 congressional districts, including one that elected a Democrat.Leip Dave 2004 Presidential General Election Data - Virginia https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=2004&fips=51&f=0&off=0&elect=0&datatype=cd&def=1 Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Elections District Bush Kerry RepresentativeVirginia 1 1st 60% 39%Jo Ann DavisVirginia 2 2nd 58% 42%Thelma DrakeVirginia 3 3rd 33% 66%Bobby ScottVirginia 4 4th 57% 43%Randy ForbesVirginia 5 5th 56% 43%Virgil Goode Virginia 6 6th 63% 36%Bob GoodlatteVirginia 7 7th 61% 38%Eric CantorVirginia 8 8th 35% 64%Jim MoranVirginia 9 9th 59% 39%Rick BoucherVirginia 10 10th 55% 44%Frank WolfVirginia 11 11th 50% 49%Tom Davis Electors List of 2004 United States presidential electors Technically the voters of Virginia cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Virginia is allocated 13 electors because it has 11 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 13 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 13 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector. The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 13, 2004, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols. The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All 13 were pledged for Bush/Cheney: Yvonne McGee McCoy Loretta H. Tate Theodore C. Brown Woodrow Harris Keith C. Drake Wendell S. Walker Peter E. Broadbent Sean Michael Spicer Lloyd C. Martin Dorothy L. Simpson Carlton John Davis Charles E. Dane Rebecca Anne Stoeckel References Virginia 2004 Presidential