1927 in science

none thumb | right | Solvay Conference on Quantum Mechanics 1927 science 1927 The year 1927 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy and astrophysics Edward Emerson Barnard's A Photographic Atlas of Selected Regions of the Milky Way is published posthumously. Botany The Cholodny-Went model of tropism in emerging monocotyledon shoots is first proposed by Nikolai Cholodny of the University of Kiev. Chemistry Fritz London and Walter Heitler apply quantum mechanics to explain covalent bonding in the hydrogen molecule,Heitler Walter London Fritz 1927 Wechselwirkung neutraler Atome und homöopolare Bindung nach der Quantenmechanik Zeitschrift für Physik 44 6–7 455–472 1927ZPhy...44..455H 10.1007/BF01397394 which marks the birth of quantum chemistry.Ivor Grattan-Guinness Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences Johns Hopkins University Press 2003 1266Jagdish Mehra Jagdish Mehra Helmut Rechenberg Helmut Rechenberg The Historical Development of Quantum Theory Springer 2001 540 Amphetamine is synthesized (for a second time) by American chemist Gordon Alles and reported to have sympathomimetic properties.Sulzer, D. Sonders, M. S. Poulsen, N. W. Galli, A. Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review Progress in Neurobiology 75 6 406–433 April 2005 15955613 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.04.003 2359509 Environment Carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning and industry reach one billion tonnes per year.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15874560 A brief history of climate change BBC 28 November 2011 2015-06-17 Genetics American biologist Raymond Pearl publishes an influential attack on the basic assumptions of eugenics.12 257–266 Pearl Raymond The biology of superiority American Mercury 1927Cambridge University Press 9780521275606 169‒202 Engelhardt, Hugo Tristram Caplan, Arthur Leonard Allen Garland E. Scientific controversies: case studies in the resolution and closure of disputes in science and technology The role of experts in scientific controversy 1987 Mathematics Publication of the 2nd edition of Principia Mathematica by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, one of the most important and seminal works in mathematical logic and philosophy. Medicine António Egas Moniz develops cerebral angiography.http://www.bookrags.com/biography/antonio-egas-moniz-wsd/ World of Scientific Discovery on Antonio Egas Moniz BookRags 2011-12-27 Microbiology Ronald Canti's ground-breaking stop-motion cinematic technique vividly illustrates the microscopic behaviour of normal and neoplastic cells: irradiation is shown to cause immobilisation and mitotic arrest in suspensions of cells.February 1929 Canti Film Demonstrates New Research Methods A.S.C.C. Campaign Notes 11Canti Ronald 1928 Cinematograph demonstration of living tissue cells growing in vitro Archiv für experimentelle Zellforschung 6 86–97 Physics February 23 – German theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg writes a letter to fellow physicist Wolfgang Pauli in which he describes his uncertainty principle for the first time. April – Abbé Georges Lemaître publishes in the Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles "Un Univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques"G. Lemaître Un Univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles 47 49–59 fr 1927ASSB...47...49L April 1927 ("A Homogeneous Universe of Constant Mass and Growing Radius Accounting for the Radial Velocity of Extra-galactic Nebulæ".) proposing the theory of the expansion of the Universe, deriving what will become known as Hubble's law, making the first estimation of what will become called the Hubble constant,Sidney van den Bergh Sidney van den Bergh The Curious Case of Lemaitre's Equation No. 24 Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 1106.1195 2011-06-06 105 4 151 2011JRASC.105..151V David L. Block A Hubble Eclipse: Lemaitre and Censorship 1106.3928 2011-06-20 10.1007/978-3-642-32254-9_8 Astrophysics and Space Science Library 89–96Eugenie Samuel Reich Edwin Hubble in translation trouble http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110627/full/news.2011.385.html 2011-06-27 Nature 10.1038/news.2011.385 2011-12-27 subscriptionLivio Mario Lost in translation: Mystery of the missing text solved Nature 479 7372 2011-11-10 171–3 10.1038/479171a 2011Natur.479..171L 22071745 free and proposing what becomes known as the Big Bang theory of the origin of the Universe, which he calls his 'hypothesis of the primeval atom'.https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dp27bi.html People and Discoveries Big bang theory is introduced, 1927 PBS 1998 2011-12-27http://www.chemsoc.org/timeline/pages/1927.html 1927: Lemaître – Big Bang Chemsoc Timeline Royal Society of Chemistry 2004 2011-12-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20021021140107/http://www.chemsoc.org/timeline/pages/1927.html 2002-10-21 dead April 16 – Publication of the key result of the Davisson–Germer experiment (concluded this year), confirming wave–particle duality.10.1038/119558a0 The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel Nature 119 2998 558 1927 Davisson C. Clinton Davisson Germer L. H. Lester Germer 1927Natur.119..558D 4104602 https://www.nature.com/articles/119558a0 subscription 2026-01-13Davisson C. Germer L. H. 1927 Diffraction of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel Physical Review 30 6 705–740 10.1103/PhysRev.30.705 1927PhRv...30..705D free September – Niels Bohr introduces the principle of complementarity during the Como Conference October – The fifth Solvay Conference meets in Brussels to discuss the newly formulated quantum mechanics. Albert Einstein attacks the theories of Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg. Technology August 2 – American electrical engineer Harold Stephen Black invents the negative-feedback amplifier. September 7 – Philo Farnsworth's electronic image dissector television camera tube transmits its first image at his laboratory at 202 Green Street in San Francisco. November 5 – Completion of a bridge by Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing in Turtle Creek, Pennsylvania, the world's first railroad bridge of wholly welded construction.Pescatore Jean-Pierre Borgeot Jean-Henri 2010 Chapter 10: Welding Steel Structures Blondeau Regis Metallurgy and mechanics of welding: processes and industrial application John Wiley & Sons 9780470393895 359 Date unknown Emil Lerp invents the transportable gasoline chainsaw. Vibraphone developed in its modern form by Henry Schluter of J.C. Deagan, Inc. in the United States. Zoology Last known specimens of the Syrian wild ass die. Awards Nobel Prizes Physics – Arthur Holly Compton, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson Chemistry – Heinrich Otto Wieland Medicine – Julius Wagner-Jauregg Copley Medal: Charles Sherrington Wollaston Medal for Geology: William Whitehead Watts Births January 13 – Sydney Brenner (died 2019) South African-born molecular biologist; recipient of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. January 29 – Lewis Urry (died 2004), Canadian inventor of the long-lasting alkaline battery. March 9 – Julian Tudor Hart (died 2018), British physician. March 16 – Vladimir Komarov (died 1967), Russian cosmonaut on Soyuz 1. April 4 – Frederick I. Ordway III (died 2014), American space scientist. April 10 – Marshall Warren Nirenberg (died 2010), American biochemist and geneticist; recipient of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. April 18 – Nicole Grasset (died 2009), Swiss-French medical virologist and microbiologist-epidemiologist. April 19 – Martin Wood (died 2021), English applied physicist. April 26 – Anne McLaren (died 2007), English developmental biologist. April 29 – Walter Thirring (died 2014), Austrian mathematical physicist. May 26 – Endel Tulving, Estonian-Canadian experimental psychologist, cognitive neuroscientist. June 10 – Eugene Parker (died 2022), American solar astrophysicist. June 21 – Ye Shuhua, Chinese astronomer. June 22 – Karl Schügerl (died 2018), Hungarian chemical engineer. July 2 – R. J. G. Savage (died 1998), Northern Ireland-born palaeontologist. July 29 – Gerald Westbury (died 2014), English cancer surgeon. August 2 – Gabriel Horn (died 2012), English biologist. August 9 – Marvin Minsky (died 2016), American computer scientist, pioneer of artificial intelligence. September 4 – John McCarthy (died 2011), American computer scientist and cognitive scientist. September 15 – Ricardo Miledi (died 2017), Mexican neuroscientist September 29 – Edith Eger (died 2026), Czech-born American psychologist October 27 – Mikhail Postnikov (died 2004), Soviet mathematician, known for his work in algebraic and differential topology. November 12 – Yutaka Taniyama (suicide 1958), Japanese mathematician. November 13 – Billy Klüver (died 2004), Swedish-American engineer, co-founded Experiments in Art and Technology November 20 – Kikuo Takano (died 2006), Japanese poet and mathematician. November 27 – Arnold Clark (died 2017), Scottish inventor. December 9 – Ralph Kohn (died 2016), German-born British medical scientist December 23 – Edith Irby Jones, born Edith Mae Irby (died 2019), African American physician. December 27 – George Streisinger (died 1984), Hungarian-born molecular biologist, first person to clone a vertebrate. Deaths January 19 – Carl Gräbe (born 1841), German chemist. February 9 – Charles Walcott (born 1850), American paleontologist. March 4 – Ira Remsen (born 1846), American chemist. March 27 – William Healey Dall (born 1845), American malacologist and explorer. May 2 – Ernest Starling (born 1866), English physiologist. August 3 – Edward B. Titchener (born 1867), American structuralist psychologist. August 13 – James Oliver Curwood (born 1887), American novelist and conservationist. September 14 – Julian Sochocki (born 1842), Polish-born mathematician. October 2 – Svante Arrhenius (born 1859), Swedish winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. November 11 – Wilhelm Johannsen (born 1857), Danish plant physiologist and geneticist. December 2 – Paul Heinrich von Groth (born 1843), German mineralogist. December 24 – Vladimir Bekhterev (born 1857), Russian psychologist. References Category:20th century in science Category:1920s in science